The WikiDoc Living Textbook of Cardiology
ANATOMY
Arteries | Coronary arteries | Head and Neck | Upper Limbs | Torso-Chest | Torso-Abdomen | Lower Limbs | All
Veins | Head and Neck | Upper Extremity | Torso | Lower Extremity
Atria | Atria | Left atrium | Right atrium | Interatrial septum | Musculi pectinati
Ventricles | Ventricles | Left ventricle | Right ventricle | Interventricular septum | Trabeculae carneae | Chordae tendinae | Papillary muscle
Valves | Valves | Aortic valve | Mitral valve | Pulmonic valve | Tricuspid valve | Cusps
Grooves | Coronary/atrioventricular | Interatrial | Anterior interventricular | Posterior interventricular
Surfaces | Sternocostal | Diaphragmatic
Right heart | Vena cavae | Coronary sinus | Right atrium | Right auricle | Fossa ovalis | Limbus of fossa ovalis | Crista terminalis | Valve of the inferior vena cava | Valve of the coronary sinus | Tricuspid valve | Right ventricle | Conus arteriosus | Moderator band/septomarginal trabecula | Pulmonary valve | Pulmonary artery | Pulmonary circulation
Left heart | Pulmonary veins | Left atrium | Left Auricle | Mitral valve | Left ventricle | Aortic valve | Aortic sinus | Aorta | Systemic circulation
Pericardium | Pericardium | Fibrous pericardium | Serous pericardium | Pericardial cavity | Epicardium/visceral layer | Pericardial sinus
Myocardium | Myocardium | Endocardium | Cardiac skeleton | Fibrous trigone | Fibrous rings
Conduction system | Conduction system | Cardiac pacemaker | SA node | AV node | Bundle of His | Purkinje fibers
PHYSIOLOGY
Volumes | Preload | Afterload | End-systolic volume | End-diastolic volume | Frank-Starling law of the heart | Cardiac output
Interactions | Wiggers diagram | Pressure volume diagram
Tropism | Chronotropy | Dromotropy | Inotropy
Hemodynamics | Hemodynamics | Baroreflexes | Kinin-kallikrein system | Renin-angiotensin system | Vasoconstrictors | Vasodilators | Compliance | Vascular resistance
Conduction | Electrical conduction system of the heart | Cardiac action potential
Cardiopulmonary | Respiratory physiology | Blood | Pulmonary circulation | Perfusion (Q) | Hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction | Pulmonary shunt | Ventilation/perfusion scan | ventilation/perfusion ratio (V/Q) | Zones of the lung | Gas exchange | Pulmonary gas pressures | Alveolar gas equation | Hemoglobin | Oxygen-haemoglobin dissociation curve | 2,3-DPG | Bohr effect | Haldane effect | Carbonic anhydrase | Chloride shift | Oxyhemoglobin | Respiratory quotient | Arterial blood gas | Diffusion capacity | Dlco
DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY
Arteries | Dorsal aorta | Aortic arches | Vitelline arteries | Ductus arteriosus | Umbilical artery
Veins | Cardinal veins | Ducts of Cuvier | Vitelline veins | Ductus venosus | Umbilical vein
Heart Development | Primitive heart tube | Truncus arteriosus | Bulbus cordis | Primitive ventricle | Primitive atrium | Sinus venosus | Septum primum | Ostium primum | Ostium secundum | Septum secundum | Foramen ovale | Endocardial cushions | Septum intermedium | Aorticopulmonary septum | Atrial canal
BASIC SCIENCE
Molecular Biology | Biochemistry | Organic Chemistry | Enzymes | Immunology
DIAGNOSTIC MODALITIES IN CARDIOLOGY
Chest Pain | Claudication | Cough | Dyspnea | Orthopnea | Palpitations | Paroxysmal Nocturnal Dyspnea | Pedal Edema
The Pulse | The Neck | The Heart | Lungs | The Extremities
Intervals | PR Interval | QRS Interval | QT Interval | T Wave | U Wave
Hypertrophy | Electrocardiographic Findings in LVH | Electrocardiographic Findings in Right Ventricular Hypertrophy (RVH) | Biventricular Hypertrophy
Bundle Branch Block | LBBB | LAHB | RBBB | Trifascicular block
Atrial Arrhythmias | Premature Atrial Contractions (PACs) | Ectopic Atrial Rhythm | Paroxysmal Atrial Tachycardia (PAT) | Paroxysmal Atrial Tachycardia (PAT) with Block | Multifocal Atrial Tachycardia (MAT) | Atrial Flutter | Atrial Fibrillation
Ventricular Arrhythmias | Differential Diagnosis of Tachycardia with a Wide QRS Complex | Accelerated Idioventricular Rhythm | Ventricular Parasystole | Premature Ventricular Contractions | Ventricular Tachycardia Including Torsades De Pointes and Polymorphic Ventricular Tachycardia
Conduction Abnormalities | First Degree AV Block | Second Degree AV Block | Complete or Third-Degree AV Block | Concealed conduction | AV Junctional Rhythms | Wolff-Parkinson-White Syndrome
Electrocardiographic Abnormalities in Different Disease States | The EKG in the Patient with an Atrial Septal Defect (ASD) | EKG Changes of Hypothermia | EKG Abnormalities in CNS Disease | The EKG of Cardiac Transplantation | The EKG in a Patient with a Pacemaker | Electrocardiography of Traumatic Heart Disease
Drug Effects on the EKG | Digitalis | Quinidine | Procainamide | Disopyramide | Lidocaine | Tocainide and Mexiletine | Phenytoin | Encainide, Flecainide and Propafenone | β-blockers | Amiodarone | Bretylium | Ca Channel Blockers | Adenosine | Phenothiazines | Tricyclic Antidepressants | Lithium
EKG in Electrolyte Disturbances | The EKG in Hyperkalemia | The EKG in Hypokalemia | The EKG in Hypercalcemia | The EKG in Hypocalcemia | Nonspecific ST-Segment and T-Wave Changes
Creatine Kinase | Cytokines and their receptors | Lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 (Lp-PLA2) | Metalloproteinases (MMPs) | Natriuretic peptides | Prothrombin fragment 1.2 (F1.2) | Prothrombin time (PT) | Soluble CD40 ligand (sCD40L) | Thrombus precursor protein (TpP) | Von Willebrand factor (vWF) | White blood cell (WBC) count
CARDIAC DISEASE STATES
Click on Show on the right to expand:
Aortic Stenosis | Aortic Regurgitation | Mitral Stenosis | Mitral Regurgitation | Mitral Valve Prolapse | Pulmonic Regurgitation | Pulmonic Stenosis | Tricuspid Valve Prolapse | Tricuspid Regurgitation | Tricuspid Stenosis | Infective Endocarditis
Cardiomegaly | Cardiomyopathy | Congestive Heart Failure | Left Ventricular Hypertrophy | Myocarditis
VASCULAR MEDICINE
Hyperthyroidism | Hypothyroidism | Hypoparathyroidism | Acromegaly
Ankylosing Spondylitis | Antiphospholipid Syndrome | Behçet | Chagas | Crohn | Essential Mixed Cryoglobulinemia | Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis | Kawasaki | Lupus | Mixed Connective Tissue Disorder | Polyarteritis Nodosa | Polychondritis | Polymyositis & Dermatomyositis | Psoriasis | Rheumatoid Arthritis | Scleroderma | Sarcoidosis | Takayasu | Temporal Arteritis | Ulcerative Colitis | Wegener's Granulomatosis | Wilson
HEMOCARDIOLOGY
CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE
Introduction | Definition | Historical Perspective | Epidemiology | Pathophysiology | Presentation | Recognition of Clinical Subsets | Risk Factors | Diagnosis | Differential Diagnosis of Chest Pain | Treatment | Prognosis | Rehabilitation | Prevention
Overview | Epidemiology and Demographics | Pathophysiology of Reperfusion | Risk Factors | Pathophysiology | Triggers | Classification
Diagnosis | Symptoms | Physical Examination | Electrocardiogram | Cardiac Markers | Coronary Angiography | Histopathology
Treatment | Pre-Hospital Care | Initial Care | Thrombolytic Therapy | Primary Percutaneous Coronary Intervention | Rescue Percutaneous Coronary Intervention | Facilitated Percutaneous Coronary Intervention | Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery | Barriers to Implementing Clinical Guidelines
ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction Arrhythmia Monitoring | Secondary Prevention | Complications | Prognosis | ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction | Cardiac Rehabilitation
PHARMACOTHERAPY
Adrenergic Agonists
Adrenergic Agonists Overview
Direct Acting | Dobutamine | Dopamine | Epinephrine | Formoterol | Isoproterenol | Metaproterenol | Methoxamine | Norepinephrine | Phenylephrine | Salmeterol | Tamsulosin | Terbutaline
Indirect Acting | Amphetamine | Tyramine
Mixed Action | Ephedrine
Angiotensin-Renin Inhibitors (C09)
ACE Inhibitor Overview | Benazepril | Captopril | Enalapril | Fosinopril | Lisinopril | Perindopril | Quinapril | Ramipril | Spirapril | Trandolapril
Angiotensin II receptor antagonist Overview | Candesartan | Eprosartan | Irbesartan | Losartan | Olmesartan | Tasosartan | Telmisartan | Valsartan
Renin Inhibitors Overview | Aliskiren | Remikiren
Antiarrhythmic agents
Antiarrhythmic Agents Overview (C01B)
Class Ia | Ajmaline | Disopyramide | Prajmaline | Procainamide | Quinidine | Sparteine
Class Ib | Aprindine | Lidocaine | Mexiletine | Tocainide
Class Ic | Encainide | Flecainide | Lorcainide | Moricizine | Propafenone
Class II | Propranolol | Metoprolol | Nadolol | Atenolol | Acebutolol | Pindolol see Beta blockers (C07)
Class III | Amiodarone | Bretylium tosylate | Bunaftine | Dofetilide | Ibutilide | Sotalol
Class IV | Verapamil | Diltiazem see Calcium channel blockers (C08)
Class V | Adenosine | Atropine | Digoxin
Anticoagulants
Anticoagulants Overview
Vitamin K Antagonists Overview | Acenocoumarol | Clorindione | Coumatetralyl | Dicumarol (Dicoumarol) | Diphenadione | Ethyl biscoumacetate | Phenprocoumon | Phenindione | Tioclomarol | Warfarin
Antihypertensives and Diuretics
Antihypertensive Overview (C02) and Diuretic Overview (C03)
Sympatholytic Agents Overview (including Alpha Blockers Overview)
- Centrally Acting Antiadrenergics Overview | Clonidine | Guanfacine | Methyldopa | Moxonidine | Rescinnamine | Reserpine | Rilmenidine
- Ganglionic Blocker Overview / Nicotinic Antagonist Overview | Mecamylamine | Trimethaphan
- Peripherally acting/Antiadrenergics | Prazosin | Guanethidine | Indoramin | Doxazosin
Vasodilators Overview | Diazoxide | Hydralazine | Minoxidil | Nitroprusside | Phentolamine
Other antihypertensives
- Serotonin Antagonist Overview |Ketanserin
- Endothelin Receptor Antagonist Overview | Bosentan | Ambrisentan | Sitaxsentan
Low ceiling diuretics
- Thiazide Overview | Bendroflumethiazide | Chlorothiazide | Hydrochlorothiazide
- Non-thiazides | Chlortalidone | Indapamide | Quinethazone | Mersalyl | Metolazone | Theobromine | Cicletanine
High ceiling diuretics
- Loop Diuretic Overview | Bumetanide | Furosemide | Torasemide)
- Potassium-Sparing Diuretics Overview
- Epithelial Sodium Channel Overview |Amiloride | Triamterene)
- Aldosterone Antagonist Overview |Spironolactone | Eplerenone | Potassium canrenoate | Canrenone
Antiplatelet Agents
Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa Inhibitors Overview | Abciximab | Eptifibatide | Tirofiban
ADP Receptor Antagonists | Clopidogrel | Ticlopidine | Prasugrel
Prostaglandin Analogues Overview | Beraprost | Prostacyclin | Iloprost | Treprostinil
Other Antiplatelet Agents Acetylsalicylic acid/Aspirin | Aloxiprin | Ditazole | Carbasalate calcium | Cloricromen | Dipyridamole | Indobufen | Picotamide | Triflusal
Antithrombins
Direct Thrombin Inhibitors Overview | Argatroban | Bivalirudin | Dabigatran | Desirudin | Hirudin | Lepirudin | Melagatran | Ximelagatran
Indirect Thrombin Inhibitors
- Heparins | Danaparoid | Heparin | Sulodexide
- Low Molecular Weight Heparins | Bemiparin | Dalteparin | Enoxaparin | Nadroparin | Parnaparin | Reviparin | Tinzaparin
Other Antithrombotics | Defibrotide | Dermatan sulfate | Fondaparinux | Rivaroxaban
Non-Medicinal Antithrombins Overview | Citrate | EDTA | Oxalate
Beta Blockers
Non-selective β antagonists | Metipranolol | Nadolol | Oxprenolol | Penbutolol | Pindolol | Propranolol | Timolol | Sotalol
β1 antagonists (cardioselective) | Atenolol | Acebutolol | Betaxolol | Bisoprolol | Esmolol | Metoprolol | Nebivolol
Mixed α1/β antagonists | Carvedilol | Labetalol
Calcium Channel Blockers
Calcium Channel Blocker Overview
Class I Phenylalkylamines (C08DA) | Verapamil
Class II Dihydropyridines (C08CA) | Amlodipine | Felodipine | Isradipine | Lacidipine | Lercanidipine | Nicardipine | Nifedipine | Nimodipine | Nisoldipine
Class III Benzothiazepines (C08DB) | Diltiazem
Cardiac Glycosides
Cardiac Glycoside Overview (C01A)
Digitalis Glycosides Overview | Acetyldigitoxin | Acetyldigoxin | Digitalis leaves | Digitoxin | Digoxin | Lanatoside C | Deslanoside | Metildigoxin | Gitoformate
Scilla Glycosides Overview | Proscillaridin
Strophantus Glycosides Overview | G-strophanthin | Cymarin
Other Cardiac Glycosides | Peruvoside
Cardiac Stimulants Excluding Cardiac Glycosides
Cardiac stimulants excluding cardiac glycosides (C01C)
Adrenergic Overview and Dopaminergic Overview agents | Etilefrine | Isoprenaline | Norepinephrine | Dopamine | Norfenefrine | Phenylephrine | Dobutamine | Oxedrine | Metaraminol | Methoxamine | Mephentermine | Dimetofrine | Prenalterol | Dopexamine | Gepefrine | Ibopamine | Midodrine | Octopamine | Fenoldopam | Cafedrine | Arbutamine | Theodrenaline | Epinephrine
Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors Overview (PDE3I) | Amrinone | Milrinone | Enoximone | Bucladesine
Other cardiac stimulants | Angiotensinamide | Xamoterol | Levosimendan
Fibrinolytics
Alteplase | Reteplase | Tenecteplase | Streptokinase, Urokinase | Saruplase | Anistreplase
Hypolipidemic Agents
Statins Overview | Atorvastatin | Cerivastatin | Fluvastatin | Lovastatin | Mevastatin | Pitavastatin | Pravastatin | Rosuvastatin | Simvastatin
Fibrates Overview | Clofibrate | Bezafibrate | Aluminium clofibrate | Gemfibrozil | Fenofibrate | Simfibrate | Ronifibrate | Ciprofibrate | Etofibrate | Clofibride
Bile Acid Sequestrant Overview | Colestyramine | Colestipol | Colextran | Colesevelam
Niacin and Derivatives | Niceritrol | Niacin | Nicofuranose | Aluminium nicotinate | Nicotinyl alcohol | Acipimox
Other | Dextrothyroxine | Probucol | Tiadenol | Benfluorex | Meglutol | Omega-3-triglycerides | Magnesium pyridoxal 5-phosphate glutamate | Policosanol | Ezetimibe
Nitrates
Nitrates Overview | Glyceryl trinitrate | Isosorbide dinitrate | Isosorbide mononitrate | Molsidomine | Pentaerythritol tetranitrate
Pulmonary Artery Hypertension
Medications used in the management of pulmonary arterial hypertension Overview (B01, C02)
Prostacyclin Overview | Beraprost | Epoprostenol | Iloprost | Treprostinil
Endothelin Receptor Antagonists Overview | Ambrisentan | Bosentan | Sitaxsentan
PDE5 Inhibitors Overview | Sildenafil | Tadalafil | Vardenafil
Adjunctive therapy | Calcium channel blockers | Diuretics | Digoxin | Oxygen therapy | Warfarin
Vasodilators
Quinolone Vasodilators Overview | Flosequinan
Other Vasodilators | Heptaminol | Molsidomine | Nicorandil | Nesiritide
INTERVENTIONAL CARDIOLOGY
Diagnostic Catheterization | Risk Stratification and the Benefits of PCI vs Medical Therapy | Conscious Sedation | Preparation of the Patient for Diagnostic Catheterization | Technical Aspects of the Cardiac Catheterization Laboratory | Obtaining Venous and Arterial Access | Equipment Used in Diagnostic Cardiac Catheterizaiton | Hemodynamic Assessment in the Cardiac Catheterization Laboratory | Radiation Safety
Assesement of coronary lesions | Coronary Fractional Flow Reserve (FFR)) | Coronary flow reserve(CFR) | Intravascular ultrasound (IVUS)
PCI | Preparation of the Patient for Percutaneous Coronary Intervention (PCI) | Percutaneous Coronary Intervention (PCI): Basic Principles and Guidelines | Equipment Used in Percutaneous Coronary Intervention | Pharmacotherapy to Support PCI | Antiplatelet therapy | Antithrombotic therapy | Angiography and PCI in Special Patient Populations | Management Of Specific Lesion Types | High Risk Percutaneous Coronary Intervention (PCI) | Vascular Closure Devices | Post PCI Medical Management of the Interventional Patient | Complications During and Following Cardiac Catheterization and Percutaneous Coronary Intervention | Coronary stent thrombosis
PCI in Specific Populations and Lesion Types
- Assessment of Lesion Complexity and Morphology Using Coronary Lesion Classification Systems
- Angiographically Visible Thrombus
- The Calcified Leison
- The Ostial Lesion
- The Angulated or Tortuous Lesion
- Management of the Bifurcation Lesion
- The Long Lesion
- Management of a Coronary Bridge Lesion and Kinks
- Management of Coronary Vasospasm
- The Chronic Total Occlusion (CTO)
- Intervention in Small Vessels
- Intervention in Diffusely Diseased Vessels
- Intervention in Saphenous Vein Grafts (SVG)
- Intervention in the LIMA
- Intervention in the RIMA
- Intervention in a Free Radial and other Conduits
- Multivessel Intervention
- PCI in the Patient with Restenosis
- Management of the Patient with Stent Thrombosis
- Treatment of Distal Anastomotic Lesions
- Coronary Artery Perforation
- Left Main Intervention
- Management of the Thrombotic Lesion
High Risk PCI | PCI in the Patient in Cardiogenic Shock | PCI in the Patient Requiring CPR and Refractory Ventricular Arrhythmias | PCI in the Patient with Severely Depressed Ventricular Function | PCI in the Patient with Critical Valve Stenosis | PCI in the Sole Remaining Conduit | PCI in the Unprotected Left Main Patient | Adjuncts for High Risk Percuatenous Coronary Intervention
Mechanical circulatory support | Mechanical circulatory support | Intra-aortic balloon pump | Ventricular assist devices
Other TopicsNon Coronary Interventions in the Cardiac Catheterization Laboratory | Transfusion in ACS management | Revascularization in the "No Option" Patient
Cardiac Surgery
Vascular Surgery
BIOSTATISTICS