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<!-- The PBB_Controls template provides controls for Protein Box Bot, please see Template:PBB_Controls for details. -->
{{Infobox_gene}}
{{PBB_Controls
'''Paired box gene 9''', also known as '''PAX9''', is a [[protein]] which in humans is encoded by the ''PAX9''  [[gene]].<ref name="entrez">{{cite web | title = Entrez Gene: PAX9 paired box gene 9| url = https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=5083| accessdate = }}</ref><ref name="pmid7981748">{{cite journal | vauthors = Stapleton P, Weith A, Urbánek P, Kozmik Z, Busslinger M | title = Chromosomal localization of seven PAX genes and cloning of a novel family member, PAX-9 | journal = Nature Genetics | volume = 3 | issue = 4 | pages = 292–8 | date = April 1993 | pmid = 7981748 | doi = 10.1038/ng0493-292 }}</ref> It is also found in other [[mammal]]s.<ref name="pereira">{{cite journal | vauthors = Pereira TV, Salzano FM, Mostowska A, Trzeciak WH, Ruiz-Linares A, Chies JA, Saavedra C, Nagamachi C, Hurtado AM, Hill K, Castro-de-Guerra D, Silva-Júnior WA, Bortolini MC | title = Natural selection and molecular evolution in primate PAX9 gene, a major determinant of tooth development | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | volume = 103 | issue = 15 | pages = 5676–81 | date = April 2006 | pmid = 16585527 | pmc = 1458632 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.0509562103 }}</ref>
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<!-- The GNF_Protein_box is automatically maintained by Protein Box Bot.  See Template:PBB_Controls to Stop updates. -->
== Expression and function ==
{{GNF_Protein_box
| image =
| image_source =
| PDB =
| Name = Paired box gene 9
| HGNCid = 8623
| Symbol = PAX9
| AltSymbols =;
| OMIM = 167416
| ECnumber = 
| Homologene = 31360
| MGIid = 97493
| GeneAtlas_image1 = PBB_GE_PAX9_207059_at_tn.png
| Function = {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0003677 |text = DNA binding}}
| Component = {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0005634 |text = nucleus}}
| Process = {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0006350 |text = transcription}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0006355 |text = regulation of transcription, DNA-dependent}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0007275 |text = multicellular organismal development}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0007492 |text = endoderm development}}
| Orthologs = {{GNF_Ortholog_box
    | Hs_EntrezGene = 5083
    | Hs_Ensembl = ENSG00000198807
    | Hs_RefseqProtein = NP_006185
    | Hs_RefseqmRNA = NM_006194
    | Hs_GenLoc_db = 
    | Hs_GenLoc_chr = 14
    | Hs_GenLoc_start = 36200857
    | Hs_GenLoc_end = 36215837
    | Hs_Uniprot = P55771
    | Mm_EntrezGene = 18511
    | Mm_Ensembl = ENSMUSG00000001497
    | Mm_RefseqmRNA = NM_011041
    | Mm_RefseqProtein = NP_035171
    | Mm_GenLoc_db = 
    | Mm_GenLoc_chr = 12
    | Mm_GenLoc_start = 57613651
    | Mm_GenLoc_end = 57629242
    | Mm_Uniprot = Q3V1K1
  }}
}}
'''Paired box gene 9''', also known as '''PAX9''', is a human [[gene]]<ref name="entrez">{{cite web | title = Entrez Gene: PAX9 paired box gene 9| url = http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=5083| accessdate = }}</ref> which is also found in [[mammal]]s generally.<ref name="pereira">{{cite journal | journal = Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. | date = 2006 April 11 | volume = 103 | issue = 15 | pages = 5676–5681 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.0509562103 | title = Natural selection and molecular evolution in primate PAX9 gene, a major determinant of tooth development | author = Tiago V. Pereira, Francisco M. Salzano, Adrianna Mostowska, Wieslaw H. Trzeciak, Andrés Ruiz-Linares, José A. B. Chies, Carmen Saavedra, Cleusa Nagamachi, Ana M. Hurtado, Kim Hill, Dinorah Castro-de-Guerra, Wilson A. Silva-Júnior,§and Maria-Cátira Bortolini | url = http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=1458632 }}</ref>


<!-- Here we would have the PBB_Summary template, which can be automatically maintained by Protein Box Bot. However, we have it turned off on this page (see Template:PBB_Controls), because the entrez summary is misleading (says function is unknown when a link to teeth is well-established in the literature). -->
This gene is a member of the [[Pax genes|paired box (PAX) family]] of [[transcription factor]]s.  During mouse embryogenesis Pax9 expression starts from embryonic day 8.5 and becomes more evident by E9.5; at this stage its expression is restricted to the pharyngeal endoderm.<ref name="Peters_1998">{{cite journal | vauthors = Peters H, Neubüser A, Kratochwil K, Balling R | title = Pax9-deficient mice lack pharyngeal pouch derivatives and teeth and exhibit craniofacial and limb abnormalities | journal = Genes & Development | volume = 12 | issue = 17 | pages = 2735–47 | date = September 1998 | pmid = 9732271 | pmc = 317134 | doi = 10.1101/gad.12.17.2735 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Neubüser A, Koseki H, Balling R | title = Characterization and developmental expression of Pax9, a paired-box-containing gene related to Pax1 | journal = Developmental Biology | volume = 170 | issue = 2 | pages = 701–16 | date = August 1995 | pmid = 7649395 | doi = 10.1006/dbio.1995.1248 }}</ref> Later on, Pax9 is also expressed in the axial skeleton.<ref name="Peters_1998" /> Pax9 is required for craniofacial, tooth and limb development,<ref name="pereira"/><ref name="Peters_1998" /> and may more generally involve development of [[Stratified squamous epithelium|stratified squamous epithelia]] as well as various organs and [[skeleton|skeletal]] elements.<ref name="entrez"/>  PAX9 plays a role in the absence of [[wisdom teeth]] in some human populations (possibly along with the less well studied [[AXIN2]] and [[MSX1]]).<ref name="pereira"/>


This gene is a member of the [[Pax genes|paired box (PAX) family]] of [[transcription factor]]s.  PAX9 is responsible for tooth development<ref name="pereira"/> and may more generally involve development of [[Stratified squamous epithelium|stratified squamous epithelia]] as well as various organs and [[skeleton|skeletal]] elements.<ref name="entrez">{{cite web | title = Entrez Gene: PAX9 paired box gene 9| url = http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=5083| accessdate = }}</ref>  PAX9 plays a role in the absence of [[wisdom teeth]] in some human populations (possibly along with the less well studied [[AXIN2]] and [[MSX1]]).<ref name="pereira"/>
== Clinical significance ==


==References==
This gene was found amplified in [[lung cancer]].  The amplification covers three tissue developmental genes - [[NK2 homeobox 1|TTF1]], [[NKX2-8]], and PAX9.<ref name="pmid17925434">{{cite journal | vauthors = Kendall J, Liu Q, Bakleh A, Krasnitz A, Nguyen KC, Lakshmi B, Gerald WL, Powers S, Mu D | title = Oncogenic cooperation and coamplification of developmental transcription factor genes in lung cancer | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | volume = 104 | issue = 42 | pages = 16663–8 | date = October 2007 | pmid = 17925434 | pmc = 2034240 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.0708286104 }}</ref> It appears that certain lung cancer cells select for DNA copy number amplification and increased RNA/protein expression of these three coamplified genes for functional advantages.
{{reflist|2}}


==Further reading==
=== Oligodontia ===
{{refbegin | 2}}
A genetic disorder caused by the mutation of the PAX 9 gene. This disorder results in the congenital absence of 6 or more permanent teeth, with the exception of the third molar.<ref name="Stockton_2000">{{cite journal | vauthors = Stockton DW, Das P, Goldenberg M, D'Souza RN, Patel PI | title = Mutation of PAX9 is associated with oligodontia | journal = Nature Genetics | volume = 24 | issue = 1 | pages = 18–9 | date = January 2000 | pmid = 10615120 | doi = 10.1038/71634 }}</ref> Also known as selective tooth agenesis (STHAG), it is the most common disorder in regard to human dentition, affecting a little less than one fourth of the population.<ref name="Stockton_2000" /> The gene PAX 9 which can be found on chromosome 14 encodes a group of transcription factors that play an important role in early tooth development.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Chi N, Epstein JA | title = Getting your Pax straight: Pax proteins in development and disease | journal = Trends in Genetics | volume = 18 | issue = 1 | pages = 41–7 | date = January 2002 | pmid = 11750700 }}</ref> In humans, a frameshift mutation in the paired domain of PAX 9 was discovered in those affected with oligodontia.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Klein ML, Nieminen P, Lammi L, Niebuhr E, Kreiborg S | title = Novel mutation of the initiation codon of PAX9 causes oligodontia | journal = Journal of Dental Research | volume = 84 | issue = 1 | pages = 43–7 | date = January 2005 | pmid = 15615874 | doi = 10.1177/154405910508400107 }}</ref> Multiple mechanisms are possible by which the mutation may arise. Recently, a study involving the missense mutation of a PAX 9 gene suggests that the loss of function due to the absence DNA binding domain is a mechanism that causes oligodontia.<ref name="Jumlongras_2004">{{cite journal | vauthors = Jumlongras D, Lin JY, Chapra A, Seidman CE, Seidman JG, Maas RL, Olsen BR | title = A novel missense mutation in the paired domain of PAX9 causes non-syndromic oligodontia | journal = Human Genetics | volume = 114 | issue = 3 | pages = 242–9 | date = February 2004 | pmid = 14689302 | doi = 10.1007/s00439-003-1066-6 }}</ref> Those who express the PAX 9 mutation and develop the disorder continue to have a normal life expectancy. Along with the mutation of the PAX 9 gene, MSX1 gene mutations have also shown to affect dental development in fetuses.<ref name="Jumlongras_2004" />
{{PBB_Further_reading
 
| citations =  
== Interactions ==
*{{cite journal  | author=Kobielak A, Kobielak K, Wiśniewski AS, ''et al.'' |title=The novel polymorphic variants within the paired box of the PAX9 gene are associated with selective tooth agenesis. |journal=Folia Histochem. Cytobiol. |volume=39 |issue= 2 |pages= 111-2 |year= 2001 |pmid= 11374781 |doi= }}
 
*{{cite journal  | author=Bannykh SI, Emery SC, Gerber JK, ''et al.'' |title=Aberrant Pax1 and Pax9 expression in Jarcho-Levin syndrome: report of two Caucasian siblings and literature review. |journal=Am. J. Med. Genet. A |volume=120 |issue= 2 |pages= 241-6 |year= 2004 |pmid= 12833407 |doi= 10.1002/ajmg.a.20192 }}
PAX9 has been shown to [[Protein-protein interaction|interact]] with [[JARID1B]].<ref name=pmid12657635>{{cite journal | vauthors = Tan K, Shaw AL, Madsen B, Jensen K, Taylor-Papadimitriou J, Freemont PS | title = Human PLU-1 Has transcriptional repression properties and interacts with the developmental transcription factors BF-1 and PAX9 | journal = The Journal of Biological Chemistry | volume = 278 | issue = 23 | pages = 20507–13 | date = June 2003 | pmid = 12657635 | doi = 10.1074/jbc.M301994200 }}</ref>
*{{cite journal | author=Stapleton P, Weith A, Urbánek P, ''et al.'' |title=Chromosomal localization of seven PAX genes and cloning of a novel family member, PAX-9. |journal=Nat. Genet. |volume=3 |issue= 4 |pages= 292-8 |year= 1995 |pmid= 7981748 |doi= 10.1038/ng0493-292 }}
 
*{{cite journal  | author=Peters H, Schuster G, Neubüser A, ''et al.'' |title=Isolation of the Pax9 cDNA from adult human esophagus. |journal=Mamm. Genome |volume=8 |issue= 1 |pages= 62-4 |year= 1997 |pmid= 9021154 |doi= }}
== References ==
*{{cite journal  | author=Stockton DW, Das P, Goldenberg M, ''et al.'' |title=Mutation of PAX9 is associated with oligodontia. |journal=Nat. Genet. |volume=24 |issue= 1 |pages= 18-9 |year= 2000 |pmid= 10615120 |doi= 10.1038/71634 }}
{{reflist|33em}}
*{{cite journal  | author=Hetzer-Egger C, Schorpp M, Boehm T |title=Evolutionary conservation of gene structures of the Pax1/9 gene family. |journal=Biochim. Biophys. Acta |volume=1492 |issue= 2-3 |pages= 517-21 |year= 2000 |pmid= 10899593 |doi= }}
 
*{{cite journal  | author=Nieminen P, Arte S, Tanner D, ''et al.'' |title=Identification of a nonsense mutation in the PAX9 gene in molar oligodontia. |journal=Eur. J. Hum. Genet. |volume=9 |issue= 10 |pages= 743-6 |year= 2002 |pmid= 11781684 |doi= 10.1038/sj.ejhg.5200715 }}
== Further reading ==
*{{cite journal | author=Das P, Stockton DW, Bauer C, ''et al.'' |title=Haploinsufficiency of PAX9 is associated with autosomal dominant hypodontia. |journal=Hum. Genet. |volume=110 |issue= 4 |pages= 371-6 |year= 2002 |pmid= 11941488 |doi= 10.1007/s00439-002-0699-1 }}
{{refbegin|33em}}
*{{cite journal | author=Ikegawa S, Mabuchi A, Ogawa M, Ikeda T |title=Allele-specific PCR amplification due to sequence identity between a PCR primer and an amplicon: is direct sequencing so reliable? |journal=Hum. Genet. |volume=110 |issue= 6 |pages= 606-8 |year= 2002 |pmid= 12107448 |doi= 10.1007/s00439-002-0735-1 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Kobielak A, Kobielak K, Wiśniewski AS, Mostowska A, Biedziak B, Trzeciak WH | title = The novel polymorphic variants within the paired box of the PAX9 gene are associated with selective tooth agenesis | journal = Folia Histochemica et Cytobiologica | volume = 39 | issue = 2 | pages = 111–2 | year = 2001 | pmid = 11374781 | doi = }}
*{{cite journal | author=Gerber JK, Richter T, Kremmer E, ''et al.'' |title=Progressive loss of PAX9 expression correlates with increasing malignancy of dysplastic and cancerous epithelium of the human oesophagus. |journal=J. Pathol. |volume=197 |issue= 3 |pages= 293-7 |year= 2002 |pmid= 12115874 |doi= 10.1002/path.1115 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Bannykh SI, Emery SC, Gerber JK, Jones KL, Benirschke K, Masliah E | title = Aberrant Pax1 and Pax9 expression in Jarcho-Levin syndrome: report of two Caucasian siblings and literature review | journal = American Journal of Medical Genetics. Part A | volume = 120A | issue = 2 | pages = 241–6 | date = July 2003 | pmid = 12833407 | doi = 10.1002/ajmg.a.20192 }}
*{{cite journal | author=Strausberg RL, Feingold EA, Grouse LH, ''et al.'' |title=Generation and initial analysis of more than 15,000 full-length human and mouse cDNA sequences. |journal=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. |volume=99 |issue= 26 |pages= 16899-903 |year= 2003 |pmid= 12477932 |doi= 10.1073/pnas.242603899 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Peters H, Schuster G, Neubüser A, Richter T, Höfler H, Balling R | title = Isolation of the Pax9 cDNA from adult human esophagus | journal = Mammalian Genome | volume = 8 | issue = 1 | pages = 62–4 | date = January 1997 | pmid = 9021154 | doi = 10.1007/s003359900351 }}
*{{cite journal | author=Peck S, Peck L, Kataja M |title=Concomitant occurrence of canine malposition and tooth agenesis: evidence of orofacial genetic fields. |journal=American journal of orthodontics and dentofacial orthopedics : official publication of the American Association of Orthodontists, its constituent societies, and the American Board of Orthodontics |volume=122 |issue= 6 |pages= 657-60 |year= 2003 |pmid= 12490878 |doi= 10.1067/mod.2002.129915 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Stockton DW, Das P, Goldenberg M, D'Souza RN, Patel PI | title = Mutation of PAX9 is associated with oligodontia | journal = Nature Genetics | volume = 24 | issue = 1 | pages = 18–9 | date = January 2000 | pmid = 10615120 | doi = 10.1038/71634 }}
*{{cite journal | author=Tan K, Shaw AL, Madsen B, ''et al.'' |title=Human PLU-1 Has transcriptional repression properties and interacts with the developmental transcription factors BF-1 and PAX9. |journal=J. Biol. Chem. |volume=278 |issue= 23 |pages= 20507-13 |year= 2003 |pmid= 12657635 |doi= 10.1074/jbc.M301994200 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Hetzer-Egger C, Schorpp M, Boehm T | title = Evolutionary conservation of gene structures of the Pax1/9 gene family | journal = Biochimica et Biophysica Acta | volume = 1492 | issue = 2-3 | pages = 517–21 | date = July 2000 | pmid = 10899593 | doi = 10.1016/s0167-4781(00)00130-5 }}
*{{cite journal | author=Mostowska A, Kobielak A, Biedziak B, Trzeciak WH |title=Novel mutation in the paired box sequence of PAX9 gene in a sporadic form of oligodontia. |journal=Eur. J. Oral Sci. |volume=111 |issue= 3 |pages= 272-6 |year= 2003 |pmid= 12786960 |doi= }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Nieminen P, Arte S, Tanner D, Paulin L, Alaluusua S, Thesleff I, Pirinen S | title = Identification of a nonsense mutation in the PAX9 gene in molar oligodontia | journal = European Journal of Human Genetics | volume = 9 | issue = 10 | pages = 743–6 | date = October 2001 | pmid = 11781684 | doi = 10.1038/sj.ejhg.5200715 }}
*{{cite journal | author=Lammi L, Halonen K, Pirinen S, ''et al.'' |title=A missense mutation in PAX9 in a family with distinct phenotype of oligodontia. |journal=Eur. J. Hum. Genet. |volume=11 |issue= 11 |pages= 866-71 |year= 2004 |pmid= 14571272 |doi= 10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201060 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Das P, Stockton DW, Bauer C, Shaffer LG, D'Souza RN, Wright T, Patel PI | title = Haploinsufficiency of PAX9 is associated with autosomal dominant hypodontia | journal = Human Genetics | volume = 110 | issue = 4 | pages = 371–6 | date = April 2002 | pmid = 11941488 | doi = 10.1007/s00439-002-0699-1 }}
*{{cite journal | author=Mensah JK, Ogawa T, Kapadia H, ''et al.'' |title=Functional analysis of a mutation in PAX9 associated with familial tooth agenesis in humans. |journal=J. Biol. Chem. |volume=279 |issue= 7 |pages= 5924-33 |year= 2004 |pmid= 14607846 |doi= 10.1074/jbc.M305648200 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Ikegawa S, Mabuchi A, Ogawa M, Ikeda T | title = Allele-specific PCR amplification due to sequence identity between a PCR primer and an amplicon: is direct sequencing so reliable? | journal = Human Genetics | volume = 110 | issue = 6 | pages = 606–8 | date = June 2002 | pmid = 12107448 | doi = 10.1007/s00439-002-0735-1 }}
*{{cite journal | author=Jumlongras D, Lin JY, Chapra A, ''et al.'' |title=A novel missense mutation in the paired domain of PAX9 causes non-syndromic oligodontia. |journal=Hum. Genet. |volume=114 |issue= 3 |pages= 242-9 |year= 2004 |pmid= 14689302 |doi= 10.1007/s00439-003-1066-6 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Gerber JK, Richter T, Kremmer E, Adamski J, Höfler H, Balling R, Peters H | title = Progressive loss of PAX9 expression correlates with increasing malignancy of dysplastic and cancerous epithelium of the human oesophagus | journal = The Journal of Pathology | volume = 197 | issue = 3 | pages = 293–7 | date = July 2002 | pmid = 12115874 | doi = 10.1002/path.1115 }}
*{{cite journal | author=Gerhard DS, Wagner L, Feingold EA, ''et al.'' |title=The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC). |journal=Genome Res. |volume=14 |issue= 10B |pages= 2121-7 |year= 2004 |pmid= 15489334 |doi= 10.1101/gr.2596504 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Peck S, Peck L, Kataja M | title = Concomitant occurrence of canine malposition and tooth agenesis: evidence of orofacial genetic fields | journal = American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics | volume = 122 | issue = 6 | pages = 657–60 | date = December 2002 | pmid = 12490878 | doi = 10.1067/mod.2002.129915 }}
}}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Mostowska A, Kobielak A, Biedziak B, Trzeciak WH | title = Novel mutation in the paired box sequence of PAX9 gene in a sporadic form of oligodontia | journal = European Journal of Oral Sciences | volume = 111 | issue = 3 | pages = 272–6 | date = June 2003 | pmid = 12786960 | doi = 10.1034/j.1600-0722.2003.00036.x }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Lammi L, Halonen K, Pirinen S, Thesleff I, Arte S, Nieminen P | title = A missense mutation in PAX9 in a family with distinct phenotype of oligodontia | journal = European Journal of Human Genetics | volume = 11 | issue = 11 | pages = 866–71 | date = November 2003 | pmid = 14571272 | doi = 10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201060 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Mensah JK, Ogawa T, Kapadia H, Cavender AC, D'Souza RN | title = Functional analysis of a mutation in PAX9 associated with familial tooth agenesis in humans | journal = The Journal of Biological Chemistry | volume = 279 | issue = 7 | pages = 5924–33 | date = February 2004 | pmid = 14607846 | doi = 10.1074/jbc.M305648200 }}
{{refend}}
{{refend}}


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Revision as of 17:36, 7 September 2017

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Identifiers
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External IDsGeneCards: [1]
Orthologs
SpeciesHumanMouse
Entrez

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Ensembl

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UniProt

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RefSeq (mRNA)

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RefSeq (protein)

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Location (UCSC)n/an/a
PubMed searchn/an/a
Wikidata
View/Edit Human

Paired box gene 9, also known as PAX9, is a protein which in humans is encoded by the PAX9 gene.[1][2] It is also found in other mammals.[3]

Expression and function

This gene is a member of the paired box (PAX) family of transcription factors. During mouse embryogenesis Pax9 expression starts from embryonic day 8.5 and becomes more evident by E9.5; at this stage its expression is restricted to the pharyngeal endoderm.[4][5] Later on, Pax9 is also expressed in the axial skeleton.[4] Pax9 is required for craniofacial, tooth and limb development,[3][4] and may more generally involve development of stratified squamous epithelia as well as various organs and skeletal elements.[1] PAX9 plays a role in the absence of wisdom teeth in some human populations (possibly along with the less well studied AXIN2 and MSX1).[3]

Clinical significance

This gene was found amplified in lung cancer. The amplification covers three tissue developmental genes - TTF1, NKX2-8, and PAX9.[6] It appears that certain lung cancer cells select for DNA copy number amplification and increased RNA/protein expression of these three coamplified genes for functional advantages.

Oligodontia

A genetic disorder caused by the mutation of the PAX 9 gene. This disorder results in the congenital absence of 6 or more permanent teeth, with the exception of the third molar.[7] Also known as selective tooth agenesis (STHAG), it is the most common disorder in regard to human dentition, affecting a little less than one fourth of the population.[7] The gene PAX 9 which can be found on chromosome 14 encodes a group of transcription factors that play an important role in early tooth development.[8] In humans, a frameshift mutation in the paired domain of PAX 9 was discovered in those affected with oligodontia.[9] Multiple mechanisms are possible by which the mutation may arise. Recently, a study involving the missense mutation of a PAX 9 gene suggests that the loss of function due to the absence DNA binding domain is a mechanism that causes oligodontia.[10] Those who express the PAX 9 mutation and develop the disorder continue to have a normal life expectancy. Along with the mutation of the PAX 9 gene, MSX1 gene mutations have also shown to affect dental development in fetuses.[10]

Interactions

PAX9 has been shown to interact with JARID1B.[11]

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 "Entrez Gene: PAX9 paired box gene 9".
  2. ↑ Stapleton P, Weith A, Urbánek P, Kozmik Z, Busslinger M (April 1993). "Chromosomal localization of seven PAX genes and cloning of a novel family member, PAX-9". Nature Genetics. 3 (4): 292–8. doi:10.1038/ng0493-292. PMID 7981748.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Pereira TV, Salzano FM, Mostowska A, Trzeciak WH, Ruiz-Linares A, Chies JA, Saavedra C, Nagamachi C, Hurtado AM, Hill K, Castro-de-Guerra D, Silva-Júnior WA, Bortolini MC (April 2006). "Natural selection and molecular evolution in primate PAX9 gene, a major determinant of tooth development". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 103 (15): 5676–81. doi:10.1073/pnas.0509562103. PMC 1458632. PMID 16585527.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Peters H, Neubüser A, Kratochwil K, Balling R (September 1998). "Pax9-deficient mice lack pharyngeal pouch derivatives and teeth and exhibit craniofacial and limb abnormalities". Genes & Development. 12 (17): 2735–47. doi:10.1101/gad.12.17.2735. PMC 317134. PMID 9732271.
  5. ↑ Neubüser A, Koseki H, Balling R (August 1995). "Characterization and developmental expression of Pax9, a paired-box-containing gene related to Pax1". Developmental Biology. 170 (2): 701–16. doi:10.1006/dbio.1995.1248. PMID 7649395.
  6. ↑ Kendall J, Liu Q, Bakleh A, Krasnitz A, Nguyen KC, Lakshmi B, Gerald WL, Powers S, Mu D (October 2007). "Oncogenic cooperation and coamplification of developmental transcription factor genes in lung cancer". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 104 (42): 16663–8. doi:10.1073/pnas.0708286104. PMC 2034240. PMID 17925434.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Stockton DW, Das P, Goldenberg M, D'Souza RN, Patel PI (January 2000). "Mutation of PAX9 is associated with oligodontia". Nature Genetics. 24 (1): 18–9. doi:10.1038/71634. PMID 10615120.
  8. ↑ Chi N, Epstein JA (January 2002). "Getting your Pax straight: Pax proteins in development and disease". Trends in Genetics. 18 (1): 41–7. PMID 11750700.
  9. ↑ Klein ML, Nieminen P, Lammi L, Niebuhr E, Kreiborg S (January 2005). "Novel mutation of the initiation codon of PAX9 causes oligodontia". Journal of Dental Research. 84 (1): 43–7. doi:10.1177/154405910508400107. PMID 15615874.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Jumlongras D, Lin JY, Chapra A, Seidman CE, Seidman JG, Maas RL, Olsen BR (February 2004). "A novel missense mutation in the paired domain of PAX9 causes non-syndromic oligodontia". Human Genetics. 114 (3): 242–9. doi:10.1007/s00439-003-1066-6. PMID 14689302.
  11. ↑ Tan K, Shaw AL, Madsen B, Jensen K, Taylor-Papadimitriou J, Freemont PS (June 2003). "Human PLU-1 Has transcriptional repression properties and interacts with the developmental transcription factors BF-1 and PAX9". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 278 (23): 20507–13. doi:10.1074/jbc.M301994200. PMID 12657635.

Further reading

  • Kobielak A, Kobielak K, Wiśniewski AS, Mostowska A, Biedziak B, Trzeciak WH (2001). "The novel polymorphic variants within the paired box of the PAX9 gene are associated with selective tooth agenesis". Folia Histochemica et Cytobiologica. 39 (2): 111–2. PMID 11374781.
  • Bannykh SI, Emery SC, Gerber JK, Jones KL, Benirschke K, Masliah E (July 2003). "Aberrant Pax1 and Pax9 expression in Jarcho-Levin syndrome: report of two Caucasian siblings and literature review". American Journal of Medical Genetics. Part A. 120A (2): 241–6. doi:10.1002/ajmg.a.20192. PMID 12833407.
  • Peters H, Schuster G, Neubüser A, Richter T, Höfler H, Balling R (January 1997). "Isolation of the Pax9 cDNA from adult human esophagus". Mammalian Genome. 8 (1): 62–4. doi:10.1007/s003359900351. PMID 9021154.
  • Stockton DW, Das P, Goldenberg M, D'Souza RN, Patel PI (January 2000). "Mutation of PAX9 is associated with oligodontia". Nature Genetics. 24 (1): 18–9. doi:10.1038/71634. PMID 10615120.
  • Hetzer-Egger C, Schorpp M, Boehm T (July 2000). "Evolutionary conservation of gene structures of the Pax1/9 gene family". Biochimica et Biophysica Acta. 1492 (2–3): 517–21. doi:10.1016/s0167-4781(00)00130-5. PMID 10899593.
  • Nieminen P, Arte S, Tanner D, Paulin L, Alaluusua S, Thesleff I, Pirinen S (October 2001). "Identification of a nonsense mutation in the PAX9 gene in molar oligodontia". European Journal of Human Genetics. 9 (10): 743–6. doi:10.1038/sj.ejhg.5200715. PMID 11781684.
  • Das P, Stockton DW, Bauer C, Shaffer LG, D'Souza RN, Wright T, Patel PI (April 2002). "Haploinsufficiency of PAX9 is associated with autosomal dominant hypodontia". Human Genetics. 110 (4): 371–6. doi:10.1007/s00439-002-0699-1. PMID 11941488.
  • Ikegawa S, Mabuchi A, Ogawa M, Ikeda T (June 2002). "Allele-specific PCR amplification due to sequence identity between a PCR primer and an amplicon: is direct sequencing so reliable?". Human Genetics. 110 (6): 606–8. doi:10.1007/s00439-002-0735-1. PMID 12107448.
  • Gerber JK, Richter T, Kremmer E, Adamski J, Höfler H, Balling R, Peters H (July 2002). "Progressive loss of PAX9 expression correlates with increasing malignancy of dysplastic and cancerous epithelium of the human oesophagus". The Journal of Pathology. 197 (3): 293–7. doi:10.1002/path.1115. PMID 12115874.
  • Peck S, Peck L, Kataja M (December 2002). "Concomitant occurrence of canine malposition and tooth agenesis: evidence of orofacial genetic fields". American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics. 122 (6): 657–60. doi:10.1067/mod.2002.129915. PMID 12490878.
  • Mostowska A, Kobielak A, Biedziak B, Trzeciak WH (June 2003). "Novel mutation in the paired box sequence of PAX9 gene in a sporadic form of oligodontia". European Journal of Oral Sciences. 111 (3): 272–6. doi:10.1034/j.1600-0722.2003.00036.x. PMID 12786960.
  • Lammi L, Halonen K, Pirinen S, Thesleff I, Arte S, Nieminen P (November 2003). "A missense mutation in PAX9 in a family with distinct phenotype of oligodontia". European Journal of Human Genetics. 11 (11): 866–71. doi:10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201060. PMID 14571272.
  • Mensah JK, Ogawa T, Kapadia H, Cavender AC, D'Souza RN (February 2004). "Functional analysis of a mutation in PAX9 associated with familial tooth agenesis in humans". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 279 (7): 5924–33. doi:10.1074/jbc.M305648200. PMID 14607846.

External links

This article incorporates text from the United States National Library of Medicine, which is in the public domain.


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