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{{About|proteins|the Islamic TV channel|MTA 3}}
{{PBB_Controls
{{Infobox_gene}}
| update_page = yes
'''Metastasis-associated protein MTA3''' is a [[protein]] that in humans is encoded by the ''MTA3'' [[gene]].<ref name="Simpson">{{cite journal | vauthors = Simpson A, Uitto J, Rodeck U, Mahoney MG | title = Differential expression and subcellular distribution of the mouse metastasis-associated proteins Mta1 and Mta3 | journal = Gene | volume = 273 | issue = 1 | pages = 29–39 | date = Jul 2001 | pmid = 11483358 | doi=10.1016/s0378-1119(01)00563-7}}</ref><ref name="pmid12705869">{{cite journal | vauthors = Fujita N, Jaye DL, Kajita M, Geigerman C, Moreno CS, Wade PA | title = MTA3, a Mi-2/NuRD complex subunit, regulates an invasive growth pathway in breast cancer | journal = Cell | volume = 113 | issue = 2 | pages = 207–19 | date = Apr 2003 | pmid = 12705869 | pmc = | doi = 10.1016/S0092-8674(03)00234-4 }}</ref><ref name="pmid14613024">{{cite journal | vauthors = Kumar R, Wang RA, Bagheri-Yarmand R | title = Emerging roles of MTA family members in human cancers | journal = Seminars in Oncology | volume = 30 | issue = 5 Suppl 16 | pages = 30–7 | date = Oct 2003 | pmid = 14613024 | pmc = | doi = 10.1053/j.seminoncol.2003.08.005 }}</ref><ref name="entrez">{{cite web | title = Entrez Gene: MTA3 metastasis associated 1 family, member 3| url = https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=57504| accessdate = }}</ref> MTA3 protein localizes in the nucleus as well as in other cellular compartments<ref name="2-Liu">{{cite journal | vauthors = Liu J, Wang H, Huang C, Qian H | title = Subcellular localization of MTA proteins in normal and cancer cells | journal = Cancer Metastasis Reviews | volume = 33 | issue = 4 | pages = 843–56 | date = Dec 2014 | pmid = 25398252 | doi = 10.1007/s10555-014-9511-7 }}</ref> MTA3 is a component of the nucleosome remodeling and deacetylate ([[NuRD]]) complex and participates in gene expression.<ref name="3-Li D">{{cite journal | vauthors = Li DQ, Kumar R | title = Unravelling the Complexity and Functions of MTA Coregulators in Human Cancer | journal = Advances in Cancer Research | volume = 127 | pages = 1–47 | date = 2015 | pmid = 26093897 | doi = 10.1016/bs.acr.2015.04.005 }}</ref><ref name="4-sen">{{cite journal | vauthors = Sen N, Gui B, Kumar R | title = Physiological functions of MTA family of proteins | journal = Cancer Metastasis Reviews | volume = 33 | issue = 4 | pages = 869–77 | date = Dec 2014 | pmid = 25344801 | doi = 10.1007/s10555-014-9514-4 | pmc=4245464}}</ref><ref name="5-kumar">{{cite journal | vauthors = Kumar R | title = Functions and clinical relevance of MTA proteins in human cancer. Preface | journal = Cancer Metastasis Reviews | volume = 33 | issue = 4 | pages = 835 | date = Dec 2014 | pmid = 25348751 | doi = 10.1007/s10555-014-9509-1 | pmc=4245326}}</ref> The expression pattern of MTA3 is opposite to that of [[MTA1]] and [[MTA2]] during mammary gland tumorigenesis.<ref name="6-zhang">{{cite journal | vauthors = Zhang H, Stephens LC, Kumar R | title = Metastasis tumor antigen family proteins during breast cancer progression and metastasis in a reliable mouse model for human breast cancer | journal = Clinical Cancer Research | volume = 12 | issue = 5 | pages = 1479–86 | date = Mar 2006 | pmid = 16533771 | doi = 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-05-1519 }}</ref><ref name="7-siw">{{cite journal | vauthors = Si W, Huang W, Zheng Y, Yang Y, Liu X, Shan L, Zhou X, Wang Y, Su D, Gao J, Yan R, Han X, Li W, He L, Shi L, Xuan C, Liang J, Sun L, Wang Y, Shang Y | title = Dysfunction of the Reciprocal Feedback Loop between GATA3- and ZEB2-Nucleated Repression Programs Contributes to Breast Cancer Metastasis | journal = Cancer Cell | volume = 27 | issue = 6 | pages = 822–36 | date = Jun 2015 | pmid = 26028330 | doi = 10.1016/j.ccell.2015.04.011 }}</ref> However, MTA3 is also overexpressed in a variety of human cancers.<ref name="8-li">{{cite journal | vauthors = Li H, Sun L, Xu Y, Li Z, Luo W, Tang Z, Qiu X, Wang E | title = Overexpression of MTA3 Correlates with Tumor Progression in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer | journal = PLoS One | volume = 8 | issue = 6 | pages = e66679 | date = 2013 | pmid = 23840517 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0066679 | pmc=3686714}}</ref><ref name="9-brunning">{{cite journal | vauthors = Brüning A, Makovitzky J, Gingelmaier A, Friese K, Mylonas I | title = The metastasis-associated genes MTA1 and MTA3 are abundantly expressed in human placenta and chorionic carcinoma cells | journal = Histochemistry and Cell Biology | volume = 132 | issue = 1 | pages = 33–8 | date = Jul 2009 | pmid = 19363681 | doi = 10.1007/s00418-009-0595-z }}</ref><ref name="10-bruning">{{cite journal | vauthors = Brüning A, Blankenstein T, Jückstock J, Mylonas I | title = Function and regulation of MTA1 and MTA3 in malignancies of the female reproductive system | journal = Cancer Metastasis Reviews | volume = 33 | issue = 4 | pages = 943–51 | date = Dec 2014 | pmid = 25319202 | doi = 10.1007/s10555-014-9520-6 }}</ref>
| require_manual_inspection = no
 
| update_protein_box = yes
== Discovery ==
| update_summary = yes
 
| update_citations = yes
Mouse Mta3 was initially identified as a partial [[cDNA]] with [[open reading frame]]s in screening of a mouse [[keratinocyte]] cDNA library with a human MTA1 partial fragment by My G. Mahoney's research team.<ref name="Simpson" /> The full length Mta3 cDNA was cloned through [[5'-RACE]] methodology using RNA from [[C57BL/6|C57B1/6J]] mouse skin.<ref name="Simpson" /> The deduced amino acids and its comparison with the sequences in the GeneBank established MTA3 as the third MTA family member.
}}<!-- The GNF_Protein_box is automatically maintained by Protein Box Bot. See Template:PBB_Controls to Stop updates. -->
 
{{GNF_Protein_box
== Gene and spliced variants ==
| image = PBB_Protein_MTA3_image.jpg
 
| image_source = [[Protein_Data_Bank|PDB]] rendering based on 2crg.
The Mta3 is localized on chromosome 12p in mice and MTA3 on 2p21 in human. The human MTA3 gene contains 20 exons, and 19 alternative spliced transcripts. Of these, nine MTA3 transcripts are predicted to code six proteins of 392, 514, 515, 537, 590 and 594 amino acids long, two MTA3 transcripts code 18 amino acids and 91 amino acids polypeptides.<ref name="11-Kumar">{{cite journal | vauthors = Kumar R, Wang RA | title = Structure, expression and functions of MTA genes | journal = Gene | volume = 582 | issue = 2 | pages = 112–21 | date = May 2016 | pmid = 26869315 | doi = 10.1016/j.gene.2016.02.012 }}</ref> The remaining 10 transcripts are non-coding RNAs. The murine Mta3 gene contains nine transcripts, six of which are predicted to code proteins ranging from 251 amino acids to 591 amino acids while one transcript codes for 40 amino acids polypeptide. The murine Mta3 gene contains two predicted non-coding RNAs.
  | PDB = {{PDB2|2crg}}
 
| Name = Metastasis associated 1 family, member 3
== Structure ==
| HGNCid = 23784
 
| Symbol = MTA3
The overall organization of MTA3 protein domains is similar to the other two family members with a BAH (Bromo-Adjacent Homology), a ELM2 (egl-27 and MTA1 homology), a SANT (SWI, ADA2, N-CoR, TFIIIB-B), a GATA-like zinc finger, and one predicted bipartite nuclear localization signal (NLS).<ref name="Simpson" /><ref name="3-Li D" /><ref name="10-bruning" /> The SH3 motif of Mta3 allows it to interact with Fyn and Grb2 – both SH3 containing signaling proteins.<ref name="Simpson" />
| AltSymbols =; KIAA1266
 
| OMIM = 609050
== Function ==
| ECnumber =
 
| Homologene = 14282
Functions of MTA3 are believed to be differentially regulated in the context of cancer-types. For example, MTA3 expression is downregulated in breast cancer<ref name="6-zhang" /><ref name="7-siw" /> and endometrioid adenocarcinomas.<ref name="10-bruning" /> MTA3 is overexpressed in non-small cell lung cancer<ref name="8-li" /> and human placenta and chorionic carcinoma cells.<ref name="9-brunning" /> In breast cancer, loss of MTA3 promotes EMT and invasiveness of breast cancer cells via upregulating Snail, which in turn represses E-cadherin adhesion molecule.<ref name="12-fujita" /> In the mammary epithelium and breast cancer cells, MTA3 is an estrogen regulated gene and part of a larger regulatory network involving MTA1 and MTAs, all modifiers of hormone response, and participate in the processes involved in growth and differentiation.<ref name="12-fujita" /><ref name="13-mishra" /><ref name="14-fujita" /><ref name="21-kumar">{{cite journal | vauthors = Kumar R | title = Another tie that binds the MTA family to breast cancer | journal = Cell | volume = 113 | issue = 2 | pages = 142–3 | date = Apr 2003 | pmid = 12705862 | doi=10.1016/s0092-8674(03)00274-5}}</ref> Accordingly, the MTA3-NuRD complex regulates the expression of Wnt4 in mammary epithelial cells and mice, and controls Wnt4-dependent ductal morphogenesis.<ref name="17-zhang" />
| MGIid = 2151172
 
| Function = {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0003700 |text = transcription factor activity}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0008270 |text = zinc ion binding}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0043565 |text = sequence-specific DNA binding}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0046872 |text = metal ion binding}}  
In contrast to its repressive actions, MTA3 also stimulates the expression of HIF1α as well as its target genes under hypoxic conditions in trophoblasts and is thought to be involved in differentiation during pregnancy.<ref name="20-wang" /> MTA3-NuRD complex and downstream targets have been shown to participate in primitive hematopoietic and angiogenesis in a zebrafish model system<ref name="4-sen" /><ref name="22-li">{{cite journal | vauthors = Li X, Jia S, Wang S, Wang Y, Meng A | title = Mta3-NuRD complex is a master regulator for initiation of primitive hematopoiesis in vertebrate embryos | journal = Blood | volume = 114 | issue = 27 | pages = 5464–72 | date = Dec 2009 | pmid = 19864643 | doi = 10.1182/blood-2009-06-227777 }}</ref> As a part of BCL6 corepressor complex, MTA3 regulates BCL6-dependent repression of target genes, including PRDM1, and modulates the differentiation of B-cells.<ref name="18-fujita" /><ref name="19-parekh" />
| Component = {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0005634 |text = nucleus}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0005737 |text = cytoplasm}}  
 
| Process = {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0006355 |text = regulation of transcription, DNA-dependent}}  
== Regulation ==
| Orthologs = {{GNF_Ortholog_box
 
    | Hs_EntrezGene = 57504
The estrogen receptor-stimulates the expression of MTA3 in breast cancer cells.<ref name="12-fujita">{{cite journal | vauthors = Fujita N, Jaye DL, Kajita M, Geigerman C, Moreno CS, Wade PA | title = MTA3, a Mi-2/NuRD complex subunit, regulates an invasive growth pathway in breast cancer | journal = Cell | volume = 113 | issue = 2 | pages = 207–19 | date = Apr 2003 | pmid = 12705869 | doi=10.1016/S0092-8674(03)00234-4}}</ref><ref name="13-mishra">{{cite journal | vauthors = Mishra SK, Talukder AH, Gururaj AE, Yang Z, Singh RR, Mahoney MG, Francí C, Vadlamudi RK, Kumar R | title = Upstream determinants of estrogen receptor-alpha regulation of metastatic tumor antigen 3 pathway | journal = The Journal of Biological Chemistry | volume = 279 | issue = 31 | pages = 32709–15 | date = Jul 2004 | pmid = 15169784 | doi = 10.1074/jbc.M402942200 | pmc=1262658}}</ref><ref name="14-fujita">{{cite journal | vauthors = Fujita N, Kajita M, Taysavang P, Wade PA | title = Hormonal regulation of metastasis-associated protein 3 transcription in breast cancer cells | journal = Molecular Endocrinology | volume = 18 | issue = 12 | pages = 2937–49 | date = Dec 2004 | pmid = 15358836 | doi = 10.1210/me.2004-0258 }}</ref> The SP1 transcription factor stimulates the transcription of MTA3.<ref name="14-fujita" /> MicroRNA-495 inhibits the level of MTA3 mRNA as well as the growth and migration of non-small cell lung cancer cells.<ref name="15-chu">{{cite journal | vauthors = Chu H, Chen X, Wang H, Du Y, Wang Y, Zang W, Li P, Li J, Chang J, Zhao G, Zhang G | title = MiR-495 regulates proliferation and migration in NSCLC by targeting MTA3 | journal = Tumour Biology | volume = 35 | issue = 4 | pages = 3487–94 | date = Apr 2014 | pmid = 24293376 | doi = 10.1007/s13277-013-1460-1 }}</ref> The β-elemene - a traditional Chinese medicine, upregulates MTA3’s expression in breast cancer cells<ref name="16-zhang">{{cite journal | vauthors = Zhang X, Zhang Y, Li Y | title = β-elemene decreases cell invasion by upregulating E-cadherin expression in MCF-7 human breast cancer cells | journal = Oncology Reports | volume = 30 | issue = 2 | pages = 745–50 | date = Aug 2013 | pmid = 23732279 | doi = 10.3892/or.2013.2519 }}</ref>
    | Hs_Ensembl = ENSG00000057935
    | Hs_RefseqProtein = NP_065795
    | Hs_RefseqmRNA = NM_020744
    | Hs_GenLoc_db =
    | Hs_GenLoc_chr = 2
    | Hs_GenLoc_start = 42649390
    | Hs_GenLoc_end = 42837590
    | Hs_Uniprot = Q9BTC8
    | Mm_EntrezGene = 116871
    | Mm_Ensembl = ENSMUSG00000055817
    | Mm_RefseqmRNA = NM_054082
    | Mm_RefseqProtein = NP_473423
    | Mm_GenLoc_db =
    | Mm_GenLoc_chr = 17
    | Mm_GenLoc_start = 83614525
    | Mm_GenLoc_end = 83726845
    | Mm_Uniprot = Q3U3A7
  }}
}}
'''Metastasis associated 1 family, member 3''', also known as '''MTA3''', is a human [[gene]].<ref name="entrez">{{cite web | title = Entrez Gene: MTA3 metastasis associated 1 family, member 3| url = http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=57504| accessdate = }}</ref>


<!-- The PBB_Summary template is automatically maintained by Protein Box Bot.  See Template:PBB_Controls to Stop updates. -->
== Targets ==
{{PBB_Summary
| section_title =  
| summary_text =  
}}


==References==
The MTA3-NuRD complex represses Snail, a master regulator of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT),<ref name="12-fujita" /> Wnt4 expression in mammary epithelial cells,<ref name="17-zhang">{{cite journal | vauthors = Zhang H, Singh RR, Talukder AH, Kumar R | title = Metastatic tumor antigen 3 is a direct corepressor of the Wnt4 pathway | journal = Genes & Development | volume = 20 | issue = 21 | pages = 2943–8 | date = Nov 2006 | pmid = 17050676 | doi = 10.1101/gad.1461706 | pmc=1620027}}</ref> and BCL6-corepressor target genes<ref name="18-fujita">{{cite journal | vauthors = Fujita N, Jaye DL, Geigerman C, Akyildiz A, Mooney MR, Boss JM, Wade PA | title = MTA3 and the Mi-2/NuRD complex regulate cell fate during B lymphocyte differentiation | journal = Cell | volume = 119 | issue = 1 | pages = 75–86 | date = Oct 2004 | pmid = 15454082 | doi = 10.1016/j.cell.2004.09.014 }}</ref><ref name="19-parekh">{{cite journal | vauthors = Parekh S, Polo JM, Shaknovich R, Juszczynski P, Lev P, Ranuncolo SM, Yin Y, Klein U, Cattoretti G, Dalla Favera R, Shipp MA, Melnick A | title = BCL6 programs lymphoma cells for survival and differentiation through distinct biochemical mechanisms | journal = Blood | volume = 110 | issue = 6 | pages = 2067–74 | date = Sep 2007 | pmid = 17545502 | doi = 10.1182/blood-2007-01-069575 | pmc=1976344}}</ref> The MTA3-NuRD complex interacts with GATA3 to regulate the expression of GATA3 downstream targets.<ref name="7-siw" /> In addition, MTA3 upregulates HIF1 and its transactivation activity in hypoxic conditions.<ref name="20-wang">{{cite journal | vauthors = Wang K, Chen Y, Ferguson SD, Leach RE | title = MTA1 and MTA3 Regulate HIF1a Expression in Hypoxia-Treated Human Trophoblast Cell Line HTR8/Svneo | journal = Medical Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology | volume = 1 | issue = 3 | date = Dec 2013 | pmid = 25705708 | pmc=4332396}}</ref>
{{reflist|2}}


==Further reading==
==Notes==
{{refbegin | 2}}
{{Academic-written review
{{PBB_Further_reading
| wikidate = 2016
| citations =  
| journal = [[Gene (journal)|Gene]]
*{{cite journal | author=Kumar R, Wang RA, Bagheri-Yarmand R |title=Emerging roles of MTA family members in human cancers. |journal=Semin. Oncol. |volume=30 |issue= 5 Suppl 16 |pages= 30-7 |year= 2003 |pmid= 14613024 |doi=  }}
| title  = {{#property:P1476|from=Q28273245}}
*{{cite journal  | author=Wade PA, Gegonne A, Jones PL, ''et al.'' |title=Mi-2 complex couples DNA methylation to chromatin remodelling and histone deacetylation. |journal=Nat. Genet. |volume=23 |issue= 1 |pages= 62-6 |year= 1999 |pmid= 10471500 |doi= 10.1038/12664 }}
| authors = {{#property:P2093|from=Q28273245}}
*{{cite journal  | author=Nagase T, Ishikawa K, Kikuno R, ''et al.'' |title=Prediction of the coding sequences of unidentified human genes. XV. The complete sequences of 100 new cDNA clones from brain which code for large proteins in vitro. |journal=DNA Res. |volume=6 |issue= 5 |pages= 337-45 |year= 2000 |pmid= 10574462 |doi=  }}
| date    = {{#property:P577|from=Q28273245}}
*{{cite journal  | author=Venter JC, Adams MD, Myers EW, ''et al.'' |title=The sequence of the human genome. |journal=Science |volume=291 |issue= 5507 |pages= 1304-51 |year= 2001 |pmid= 11181995 |doi= 10.1126/science.1058040 }}
| volume = {{#property:P478|from=Q28273245}}
*{{cite journal  | author=Simpson A, Uitto J, Rodeck U, Mahoney MG |title=Differential expression and subcellular distribution of the mouse metastasis-associated proteins Mta1 and Mta3. |journal=Gene |volume=273 |issue= 1 |pages= 29-39 |year= 2001 |pmid= 11483358 |doi=  }}
| issue   = {{#property:P433|from=Q28273245}}
*{{cite journal  | author=Strausberg RL, Feingold EA, Grouse LH, ''et al.'' |title=Generation and initial analysis of more than 15,000 full-length human and mouse cDNA sequences. |journal=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. |volume=99 |issue= 26 |pages= 16899-903 |year= 2003 |pmid= 12477932 |doi= 10.1073/pnas.242603899 }}
| pages   = {{#property:P304|from=Q28273245}}
*{{cite journal  | author=Fujita N, Jaye DL, Kajita M, ''et al.'' |title=MTA3, a Mi-2/NuRD complex subunit, regulates an invasive growth pathway in breast cancer. |journal=Cell |volume=113 |issue= 2 |pages= 207-19 |year= 2003 |pmid= 12705869 |doi=  }}
| doi     = {{#property:P356|from=Q28273245}}
*{{cite journal  | author=Yao YL, Yang WM |title=The metastasis-associated proteins 1 and 2 form distinct protein complexes with histone deacetylase activity. |journal=J. Biol. Chem. |volume=278 |issue= 43 |pages= 42560-8 |year= 2004 |pmid= 12920132 |doi= 10.1074/jbc.M302955200 }}
| pmid   = {{#property:P698|from=Q28273245}}
*{{cite journal  | author=Ota T, Suzuki Y, Nishikawa T, ''et al.'' |title=Complete sequencing and characterization of 21,243 full-length human cDNAs. |journal=Nat. Genet. |volume=36 |issue= 1 |pages= 40-5 |year= 2004 |pmid= 14702039 |doi= 10.1038/ng1285 }}
| pmc    = {{#property:P932|from=Q28273245}}
*{{cite journal  | author=Mishra SK, Talukder AH, Gururaj AE, ''et al.'' |title=Upstream determinants of estrogen receptor-alpha regulation of metastatic tumor antigen 3 pathway. |journal=J. Biol. Chem. |volume=279 |issue= 31 |pages= 32709-15 |year= 2004 |pmid= 15169784 |doi= 10.1074/jbc.M402942200 }}
*{{cite journal  | author=Fujita N, Kajita M, Taysavang P, Wade PA |title=Hormonal regulation of metastasis-associated protein 3 transcription in breast cancer cells. |journal=Mol. Endocrinol. |volume=18 |issue= 12 |pages= 2937-49 |year= 2005 |pmid= 15358836 |doi= 10.1210/me.2004-0258 }}
*{{cite journal  | author=Fujita N, Jaye DL, Geigerman C, ''et al.'' |title=MTA3 and the Mi-2/NuRD complex regulate cell fate during B lymphocyte differentiation. |journal=Cell |volume=119 |issue= 1 |pages= 75-86 |year= 2004 |pmid= 15454082 |doi= 10.1016/j.cell.2004.09.014 }}
*{{cite journal  | author=Gerhard DS, Wagner L, Feingold EA, ''et al.'' |title=The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC). |journal=Genome Res. |volume=14 |issue= 10B |pages= 2121-7 |year= 2004 |pmid= 15489334 |doi= 10.1101/gr.2596504 }}
*{{cite journal  | author=Zhang H, Singh RR, Talukder AH, Kumar R |title=Metastatic tumor antigen 3 is a direct corepressor of the Wnt4 pathway. |journal=Genes Dev. |volume=20 |issue= 21 |pages= 2943-8 |year= 2006 |pmid= 17050676 |doi= 10.1101/gad.1461706 }}
}}
}}
{{refend}}
 
== References ==
{{reflist|33em}}


== External links ==
== External links ==
* {{MeshName|MTA3+protein,+human}}
* {{MeshName|MTA3+protein,+human}}


{{PDB Gallery|geneid=57504}}
{{Transcription factors|g2}}


{{protein-stub}}
{{Transcription factors}}
[[Category:Transcription factors]]
[[Category:Transcription factors]]
{{WikiDoc Sources}}

Latest revision as of 02:09, 25 October 2017

This article is about proteins. For the Islamic TV channel, see MTA 3.
VALUE_ERROR (nil)
Identifiers
Aliases
External IDsGeneCards: [1]
Orthologs
SpeciesHumanMouse
Entrez

n/a

n/a

Ensembl

n/a

n/a

UniProt

n/a

n/a

RefSeq (mRNA)

n/a

n/a

RefSeq (protein)

n/a

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Location (UCSC)n/an/a
PubMed searchn/an/a
Wikidata
View/Edit Human

Metastasis-associated protein MTA3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MTA3 gene.[1][2][3][4] MTA3 protein localizes in the nucleus as well as in other cellular compartments[5] MTA3 is a component of the nucleosome remodeling and deacetylate (NuRD) complex and participates in gene expression.[6][7][8] The expression pattern of MTA3 is opposite to that of MTA1 and MTA2 during mammary gland tumorigenesis.[9][10] However, MTA3 is also overexpressed in a variety of human cancers.[11][12][13]

Discovery

Mouse Mta3 was initially identified as a partial cDNA with open reading frames in screening of a mouse keratinocyte cDNA library with a human MTA1 partial fragment by My G. Mahoney's research team.[1] The full length Mta3 cDNA was cloned through 5'-RACE methodology using RNA from C57B1/6J mouse skin.[1] The deduced amino acids and its comparison with the sequences in the GeneBank established MTA3 as the third MTA family member.

Gene and spliced variants

The Mta3 is localized on chromosome 12p in mice and MTA3 on 2p21 in human. The human MTA3 gene contains 20 exons, and 19 alternative spliced transcripts. Of these, nine MTA3 transcripts are predicted to code six proteins of 392, 514, 515, 537, 590 and 594 amino acids long, two MTA3 transcripts code 18 amino acids and 91 amino acids polypeptides.[14] The remaining 10 transcripts are non-coding RNAs. The murine Mta3 gene contains nine transcripts, six of which are predicted to code proteins ranging from 251 amino acids to 591 amino acids while one transcript codes for 40 amino acids polypeptide. The murine Mta3 gene contains two predicted non-coding RNAs.

Structure

The overall organization of MTA3 protein domains is similar to the other two family members with a BAH (Bromo-Adjacent Homology), a ELM2 (egl-27 and MTA1 homology), a SANT (SWI, ADA2, N-CoR, TFIIIB-B), a GATA-like zinc finger, and one predicted bipartite nuclear localization signal (NLS).[1][6][13] The SH3 motif of Mta3 allows it to interact with Fyn and Grb2 – both SH3 containing signaling proteins.[1]

Function

Functions of MTA3 are believed to be differentially regulated in the context of cancer-types. For example, MTA3 expression is downregulated in breast cancer[9][10] and endometrioid adenocarcinomas.[13] MTA3 is overexpressed in non-small cell lung cancer[11] and human placenta and chorionic carcinoma cells.[12] In breast cancer, loss of MTA3 promotes EMT and invasiveness of breast cancer cells via upregulating Snail, which in turn represses E-cadherin adhesion molecule.[15] In the mammary epithelium and breast cancer cells, MTA3 is an estrogen regulated gene and part of a larger regulatory network involving MTA1 and MTAs, all modifiers of hormone response, and participate in the processes involved in growth and differentiation.[15][16][17][18] Accordingly, the MTA3-NuRD complex regulates the expression of Wnt4 in mammary epithelial cells and mice, and controls Wnt4-dependent ductal morphogenesis.[19]

In contrast to its repressive actions, MTA3 also stimulates the expression of HIF1α as well as its target genes under hypoxic conditions in trophoblasts and is thought to be involved in differentiation during pregnancy.[20] MTA3-NuRD complex and downstream targets have been shown to participate in primitive hematopoietic and angiogenesis in a zebrafish model system[7][21] As a part of BCL6 corepressor complex, MTA3 regulates BCL6-dependent repression of target genes, including PRDM1, and modulates the differentiation of B-cells.[22][23]

Regulation

The estrogen receptor-stimulates the expression of MTA3 in breast cancer cells.[15][16][17] The SP1 transcription factor stimulates the transcription of MTA3.[17] MicroRNA-495 inhibits the level of MTA3 mRNA as well as the growth and migration of non-small cell lung cancer cells.[24] The β-elemene - a traditional Chinese medicine, upregulates MTA3’s expression in breast cancer cells[25]

Targets

The MTA3-NuRD complex represses Snail, a master regulator of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT),[15] Wnt4 expression in mammary epithelial cells,[19] and BCL6-corepressor target genes[22][23] The MTA3-NuRD complex interacts with GATA3 to regulate the expression of GATA3 downstream targets.[10] In addition, MTA3 upregulates HIF1 and its transactivation activity in hypoxic conditions.[20]

Notes


References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 Simpson A, Uitto J, Rodeck U, Mahoney MG (Jul 2001). "Differential expression and subcellular distribution of the mouse metastasis-associated proteins Mta1 and Mta3". Gene. 273 (1): 29–39. doi:10.1016/s0378-1119(01)00563-7. PMID 11483358.
  2. ↑ Fujita N, Jaye DL, Kajita M, Geigerman C, Moreno CS, Wade PA (Apr 2003). "MTA3, a Mi-2/NuRD complex subunit, regulates an invasive growth pathway in breast cancer". Cell. 113 (2): 207–19. doi:10.1016/S0092-8674(03)00234-4. PMID 12705869.
  3. ↑ Kumar R, Wang RA, Bagheri-Yarmand R (Oct 2003). "Emerging roles of MTA family members in human cancers". Seminars in Oncology. 30 (5 Suppl 16): 30–7. doi:10.1053/j.seminoncol.2003.08.005. PMID 14613024.
  4. ↑ "Entrez Gene: MTA3 metastasis associated 1 family, member 3".
  5. ↑ Liu J, Wang H, Huang C, Qian H (Dec 2014). "Subcellular localization of MTA proteins in normal and cancer cells". Cancer Metastasis Reviews. 33 (4): 843–56. doi:10.1007/s10555-014-9511-7. PMID 25398252.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Li DQ, Kumar R (2015). "Unravelling the Complexity and Functions of MTA Coregulators in Human Cancer". Advances in Cancer Research. 127: 1–47. doi:10.1016/bs.acr.2015.04.005. PMID 26093897.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Sen N, Gui B, Kumar R (Dec 2014). "Physiological functions of MTA family of proteins". Cancer Metastasis Reviews. 33 (4): 869–77. doi:10.1007/s10555-014-9514-4. PMC 4245464. PMID 25344801.
  8. ↑ Kumar R (Dec 2014). "Functions and clinical relevance of MTA proteins in human cancer. Preface". Cancer Metastasis Reviews. 33 (4): 835. doi:10.1007/s10555-014-9509-1. PMC 4245326. PMID 25348751.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Zhang H, Stephens LC, Kumar R (Mar 2006). "Metastasis tumor antigen family proteins during breast cancer progression and metastasis in a reliable mouse model for human breast cancer". Clinical Cancer Research. 12 (5): 1479–86. doi:10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-05-1519. PMID 16533771.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 Si W, Huang W, Zheng Y, Yang Y, Liu X, Shan L, Zhou X, Wang Y, Su D, Gao J, Yan R, Han X, Li W, He L, Shi L, Xuan C, Liang J, Sun L, Wang Y, Shang Y (Jun 2015). "Dysfunction of the Reciprocal Feedback Loop between GATA3- and ZEB2-Nucleated Repression Programs Contributes to Breast Cancer Metastasis". Cancer Cell. 27 (6): 822–36. doi:10.1016/j.ccell.2015.04.011. PMID 26028330.
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Li H, Sun L, Xu Y, Li Z, Luo W, Tang Z, Qiu X, Wang E (2013). "Overexpression of MTA3 Correlates with Tumor Progression in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer". PLoS One. 8 (6): e66679. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0066679. PMC 3686714. PMID 23840517.
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 Brüning A, Makovitzky J, Gingelmaier A, Friese K, Mylonas I (Jul 2009). "The metastasis-associated genes MTA1 and MTA3 are abundantly expressed in human placenta and chorionic carcinoma cells". Histochemistry and Cell Biology. 132 (1): 33–8. doi:10.1007/s00418-009-0595-z. PMID 19363681.
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 Brüning A, Blankenstein T, Jückstock J, Mylonas I (Dec 2014). "Function and regulation of MTA1 and MTA3 in malignancies of the female reproductive system". Cancer Metastasis Reviews. 33 (4): 943–51. doi:10.1007/s10555-014-9520-6. PMID 25319202.
  14. ↑ Kumar R, Wang RA (May 2016). "Structure, expression and functions of MTA genes". Gene. 582 (2): 112–21. doi:10.1016/j.gene.2016.02.012. PMID 26869315.
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 15.2 15.3 Fujita N, Jaye DL, Kajita M, Geigerman C, Moreno CS, Wade PA (Apr 2003). "MTA3, a Mi-2/NuRD complex subunit, regulates an invasive growth pathway in breast cancer". Cell. 113 (2): 207–19. doi:10.1016/S0092-8674(03)00234-4. PMID 12705869.
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 Mishra SK, Talukder AH, Gururaj AE, Yang Z, Singh RR, Mahoney MG, Francí C, Vadlamudi RK, Kumar R (Jul 2004). "Upstream determinants of estrogen receptor-alpha regulation of metastatic tumor antigen 3 pathway". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 279 (31): 32709–15. doi:10.1074/jbc.M402942200. PMC 1262658. PMID 15169784.
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 17.2 Fujita N, Kajita M, Taysavang P, Wade PA (Dec 2004). "Hormonal regulation of metastasis-associated protein 3 transcription in breast cancer cells". Molecular Endocrinology. 18 (12): 2937–49. doi:10.1210/me.2004-0258. PMID 15358836.
  18. ↑ Kumar R (Apr 2003). "Another tie that binds the MTA family to breast cancer". Cell. 113 (2): 142–3. doi:10.1016/s0092-8674(03)00274-5. PMID 12705862.
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 Zhang H, Singh RR, Talukder AH, Kumar R (Nov 2006). "Metastatic tumor antigen 3 is a direct corepressor of the Wnt4 pathway". Genes & Development. 20 (21): 2943–8. doi:10.1101/gad.1461706. PMC 1620027. PMID 17050676.
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 Wang K, Chen Y, Ferguson SD, Leach RE (Dec 2013). "MTA1 and MTA3 Regulate HIF1a Expression in Hypoxia-Treated Human Trophoblast Cell Line HTR8/Svneo". Medical Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1 (3). PMC 4332396. PMID 25705708.
  21. ↑ Li X, Jia S, Wang S, Wang Y, Meng A (Dec 2009). "Mta3-NuRD complex is a master regulator for initiation of primitive hematopoiesis in vertebrate embryos". Blood. 114 (27): 5464–72. doi:10.1182/blood-2009-06-227777. PMID 19864643.
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 Fujita N, Jaye DL, Geigerman C, Akyildiz A, Mooney MR, Boss JM, Wade PA (Oct 2004). "MTA3 and the Mi-2/NuRD complex regulate cell fate during B lymphocyte differentiation". Cell. 119 (1): 75–86. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2004.09.014. PMID 15454082.
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 Parekh S, Polo JM, Shaknovich R, Juszczynski P, Lev P, Ranuncolo SM, Yin Y, Klein U, Cattoretti G, Dalla Favera R, Shipp MA, Melnick A (Sep 2007). "BCL6 programs lymphoma cells for survival and differentiation through distinct biochemical mechanisms". Blood. 110 (6): 2067–74. doi:10.1182/blood-2007-01-069575. PMC 1976344. PMID 17545502.
  24. ↑ Chu H, Chen X, Wang H, Du Y, Wang Y, Zang W, Li P, Li J, Chang J, Zhao G, Zhang G (Apr 2014). "MiR-495 regulates proliferation and migration in NSCLC by targeting MTA3". Tumour Biology. 35 (4): 3487–94. doi:10.1007/s13277-013-1460-1. PMID 24293376.
  25. ↑ Zhang X, Zhang Y, Li Y (Aug 2013). "β-elemene decreases cell invasion by upregulating E-cadherin expression in MCF-7 human breast cancer cells". Oncology Reports. 30 (2): 745–50. doi:10.3892/or.2013.2519. PMID 23732279.

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