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<!-- The PBB_Controls template provides controls for Protein Box Bot, please see Template:PBB_Controls for details. -->
{{Infobox_gene}}
{{PBB_Controls
'''Heart- and neural crest derivatives-expressed protein 2''' is a [[protein]] that in humans is encoded by the ''HAND2'' [[gene]].<ref name="pmid9878849">{{cite journal | vauthors = Russell MW, Kemp P, Wang L, Brody LC, Izumo S | title = Molecular cloning of the human HAND2 gene | journal = Biochimica et Biophysica Acta | volume = 1443 | issue = 3 | pages = 393–9 | date = December 1998 | pmid = 9878849 | pmc =  | doi = 10.1016/S0167-4781(98)00237-1 }}</ref><ref name="entrez">{{cite web | title = Entrez Gene: HAND2 heart and neural crest derivatives expressed 2| url = https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=9464| accessdate = }}</ref>
| update_page = yes
| require_manual_inspection = no
| update_protein_box = yes
| update_summary = yes
| update_citations = yes
}}


<!-- The GNF_Protein_box is automatically maintained by Protein Box Bot.  See Template:PBB_Controls to Stop updates. -->
== Function ==
{{GNF_Protein_box
| image =
| image_source =
| PDB =
| Name = Heart and neural crest derivatives expressed 2
| HGNCid = 4808
| Symbol = HAND2
| AltSymbols =; DHAND2; FLJ16260; Hed; MGC125303; MGC125304; Thing2; dHand
| OMIM = 602407
| ECnumber = 
| Homologene = 32092
| MGIid = 103580
| GeneAtlas_image1 = PBB_GE_HAND2_220480_at_tn.png
| Function = {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0003700 |text = transcription factor activity}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0030528 |text = transcription regulator activity}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0042802 |text = identical protein binding}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0046982 |text = protein heterodimerization activity}}
| Component = {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0005634 |text = nucleus}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0005667 |text = transcription factor complex}}
| Process = {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0001525 |text = angiogenesis}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0001701 |text = in utero embryonic development}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0001947 |text = heart looping}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0006355 |text = regulation of transcription, DNA-dependent}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0006366 |text = transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0007275 |text = multicellular organismal development}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0007512 |text = adult heart development}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0014032 |text = neural crest cell development}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0030154 |text = cell differentiation}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0045449 |text = regulation of transcription}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0045944 |text = positive regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter}}
| Orthologs = {{GNF_Ortholog_box
    | Hs_EntrezGene = 9464
    | Hs_Ensembl = ENSG00000164107
    | Hs_RefseqProtein = NP_068808
    | Hs_RefseqmRNA = NM_021973
    | Hs_GenLoc_db = 
    | Hs_GenLoc_chr = 4
    | Hs_GenLoc_start = 174684918
    | Hs_GenLoc_end = 174687015
    | Hs_Uniprot = P61296
    | Mm_EntrezGene = 15111
    | Mm_Ensembl = ENSMUSG00000038193
    | Mm_RefseqmRNA = XM_973609
    | Mm_RefseqProtein = XP_978703
    | Mm_GenLoc_db = 
    | Mm_GenLoc_chr = 8
    | Mm_GenLoc_start = 60213125
    | Mm_GenLoc_end = 60216659
    | Mm_Uniprot = Q9EPN2
  }}
}}
'''Heart and neural crest derivatives expressed 2''', also known as '''HAND2''', is a human [[gene]].<ref name="entrez">{{cite web | title = Entrez Gene: HAND2 heart and neural crest derivatives expressed 2| url = http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=9464| accessdate = }}</ref>


<!-- The PBB_Summary template is automatically maintained by Protein Box Bot.  See Template:PBB_Controls to Stop updates. -->
The protein encoded by this gene belongs to the basic helix-loop-helix family of transcription factors. This gene product is one of two closely related family members, the HAND proteins [[HAND1|Hand1]] and Hand2, which are asymmetrically expressed in the developing ventricular chambers and play an essential role in cardiac morphogenesis. Working in a complementary fashion, they function in the formation of the right ventricle and aortic arch arteries, implicating them as mediators of congenital heart disease. In addition, this transcription factor plays an important role in limb and branchial arch development.<ref name="entrez"/> In one study, it was found that a [[missense mutation]] of the Hand2 protein in patients with the [[Congenital Heart Disease|congenital heart disease]] (CHD) [[Tetralogy of Fallot]] experienced significantly decreased Hand2 interactions with other key developmental genes such as [[GATA4]] and [[Homeobox protein Nkx-2.5|NKX2.5]].<ref name=":0">{{cite journal | vauthors = Lu CX, Gong HR, Liu XY, Wang J, Zhao CM, Huang RT, Xue S, Yang YQ | title = A novel HAND2 loss-of-function mutation responsible for tetralogy of Fallot | journal = International Journal of Molecular Medicine | volume = 37 | issue = 2 | pages = 445–51 | date = February 2016 | pmid = 26676105 | doi = 10.3892/ijmm.2015.2436 }}</ref> Hand2 mutations have the potential to be genes for the future study of [[Pulmonary valve stenosis|right ventricle stenosis]] and its pathogenesis.<ref name=":1" /> In [[Bird|avian]] species, Hand2 has been shown to be expressed in developing gut tissue and is believed to contribute to the formation of [[Enteric nervous system|enteric neurons]].<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Wu X, Howard MJ | title = Transcripts encoding HAND genes are differentially expressed and regulated by BMP4 and GDNF in developing avian gut | journal = Gene Expression | volume = 10 | issue = 5-6 | pages = 279–93 | date = 2002-01-01 | pmid = 12450220 }}</ref>
{{PBB_Summary
| section_title =
| summary_text = The protein encoded by this gene belongs to the basic helix-loop-helix family of transcription factors. This gene product is one of two closely related family members, the HAND proteins, which are asymmetrically expressed in the developing ventricular chambers and play an essential role in cardiac morphogenesis. Working in a complementary fashion, they function in the formation of the right ventricle and aortic arch arteries, implicating them as mediators of congenital heart disease. In addition, this transcription factor plays an important role in limb and branchial arch development.<ref name="entrez">{{cite web | title = Entrez Gene: HAND2 heart and neural crest derivatives expressed 2| url = http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=9464| accessdate = }}</ref>
}}


==References==
<!-- HAND2 also is involved in attachment of an embryo to the wall of a uterus., at least in mice. -->
{{reflist|2}}
Hand2 also plays a critical role in the establishment of a proper implantation environment for pregnancy in mice. The induction of Hand2 by [[progesterone]]-dependent mechanisms in [[Uterus|uterine]] stromal tissue suppresses [[fibroblast growth factor]]s (FGFs) that would otherwise stimulate [[estrogen]] producing pathways and impair [[Implantation (human embryo)|embryo implantation]].<ref name="antiproliferative">{{cite journal | vauthors = Li Q, Kannan A, DeMayo FJ, Lydon JP, Cooke PS, Yamagishi H, Srivastava D, Bagchi MK, Bagchi IC | title = The antiproliferative action of progesterone in uterine epithelium is mediated by Hand2 | journal = Science | volume = 331 | issue = 6019 | pages = 912–6 | date = February 2011 | pmid = 21330545 | pmc = 3320855 | doi = 10.1126/science.1197454 }}</ref>
==Further reading==
 
{{refbegin | 2}}
Hand2 plays a role in lower jaw formation and tongue morphogenesis in mice by suppressing the homeobox genes [[DLX5|Dlx5]] and [[DLX6|Dlx6]].<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Barron F, Woods C, Kuhn K, Bishop J, Howard MJ, Clouthier DE | title = Downregulation of Dlx5 and Dlx6 expression by Hand2 is essential for initiation of tongue morphogenesis | journal = Development | volume = 138 | issue = 11 | pages = 2249–59 | date = June 2011 | pmid = 21558373 | pmc = 3091495 | doi = 10.1242/dev.056929 }}</ref>
{{PBB_Further_reading
 
| citations =  
== Interactions ==
*{{cite journal | author=Srivastava D |title=HAND proteins: molecular mediators of cardiac development and congenital heart disease. |journal=Trends Cardiovasc. Med. |volume=9 |issue= 1-2 |pages= 11-8 |year= 1999 |pmid= 10189962 |doi= }}
 
*{{cite journal | author=Firulli AB, McFadden DG, Lin Q, ''et al.'' |title=Heart and extra-embryonic mesodermal defects in mouse embryos lacking the bHLH transcription factor Hand1. |journal=Nat. Genet. |volume=18 |issue= 3 |pages= 266-70 |year= 1998 |pmid= 9500550 |doi= 10.1038/ng0398-266 }}
HAND2 has been shown to [[Protein-protein interaction|interact]] with [[GATA4]],<ref name=pmid11994297>{{cite journal | vauthors = Dai YS, Cserjesi P, Markham BE, Molkentin JD | title = The transcription factors GATA4 and dHAND physically interact to synergistically activate cardiac gene expression through a p300-dependent mechanism | journal = The Journal of Biological Chemistry | volume = 277 | issue = 27 | pages = 24390–8 | date = July 2002 | pmid = 11994297 | doi = 10.1074/jbc.M202490200 }}</ref> [[Homeobox protein Nkx-2.5|NKX2.5]],<ref name=":0" /> [[PPP2R5D]],<ref name=pmid14636580>{{cite journal | vauthors = Firulli BA, Howard MJ, McDaid JR, McIlreavey L, Dionne KM, Centonze VE, Cserjesi P, Virshup DM, Firulli AB | title = PKA, PKC, and the protein phosphatase 2A influence HAND factor function: a mechanism for tissue-specific transcriptional regulation | journal = Molecular Cell | volume = 12 | issue = 5 | pages = 1225–37 | date = November 2003 | pmid = 14636580 | doi = 10.1016/S1097-2765(03)00425-8 }}</ref> [[PHOX2A]].,<ref name=pmid14506227>{{cite journal | vauthors = Rychlik JL, Gerbasi V, Lewis EJ | title = The interaction between dHAND and Arix at the dopamine beta-hydroxylase promoter region is independent of direct dHAND binding to DNA | journal = The Journal of Biological Chemistry | volume = 278 | issue = 49 | pages = 49652–60 | date = December 2003 | pmid = 14506227 | doi = 10.1074/jbc.M308577200 }}</ref> [[TWIST1]], and [[TWIST2]].
*{{cite journal | author=Russell MW, Kemp P, Wang L, ''et al.'' |title=Molecular cloning of the human HAND2 gene. |journal=Biochim. Biophys. Acta |volume=1443 |issue= 3 |pages= 393-9 |year= 1999 |pmid= 9878849 |doi=  }}
 
*{{cite journal  | author=Firulli BA, Hadzic DB, McDaid JR, Firulli AB |title=The basic helix-loop-helix transcription factors dHAND and eHAND exhibit dimerization characteristics that suggest complex regulation of function. |journal=J. Biol. Chem. |volume=275 |issue= 43 |pages= 33567-73 |year= 2000 |pmid= 10924525 |doi= 10.1074/jbc.M005888200 }}
== Clinical significance ==
*{{cite journal | author=McFadden DG, Charité J, Richardson JA, ''et al.'' |title=A GATA-dependent right ventricular enhancer controls dHAND transcription in the developing heart. |journal=Development |volume=127 |issue= 24 |pages= 5331-41 |year= 2001 |pmid= 11076755 |doi=  }}
Hand2 interactions with [[TWIST1]] and [[TWIST2]] genes are critical for proper limb development. Recent literature shows over dosage of Hand2 can result in many defects in the limbs, face, heart, and lower lumbar vertebrae. In this instance, trisomy of the hand2 gene can directly cause human congenital heart disease.<ref name=":1">{{cite journal | vauthors = Shen L, Li XF, Shen AD, Wang Q, Liu CX, Guo YJ, Song ZJ, Li ZZ | title = Transcription factor HAND2 mutations in sporadic Chinese patients with congenital heart disease | journal = Chinese Medical Journal | volume = 123 | issue = 13 | pages = 1623–7 | date = July 2010 | pmid = 20819618 }}</ref>
*{{cite journal | author=Dai YS, Cserjesi P |title=The basic helix-loop-helix factor, HAND2, functions as a transcriptional activator by binding to E-boxes as a heterodimer. |journal=J. Biol. Chem. |volume=277 |issue= 15 |pages= 12604-12 |year= 2002 |pmid= 11812799 |doi= 10.1074/jbc.M200283200 }}
 
*{{cite journal | author=Dai YS, Cserjesi P, Markham BE, Molkentin JD |title=The transcription factors GATA4 and dHAND physically interact to synergistically activate cardiac gene expression through a p300-dependent mechanism. |journal=J. Biol. Chem. |volume=277 |issue= 27 |pages= 24390-8 |year= 2002 |pmid= 11994297 |doi= 10.1074/jbc.M202490200 }}
Hand2 gene [[Methylation|hypermethylation]] and [[Epigenetics|epigenetic]] silencing has also been implicated to increase the development of [[Endometrial cancer|endometrial]] cancer. Mounting evidence showing its methylation increased chances of premalignant endometrial lesions. Hand2, in addition to its other functions in the developing heart and limbs, has been found to be an important [[transcription factor]] seen in the endometrial stroma. In fact, in mice with the Hand2 gene knocked out, they developed premaligant lesions as they grew older, further providing evidence of its role in endometrial cancer development. These findings have led to Hand2 becoming a potentially promising [[biomarker]] for early detection of endometrial cancer and may be used to predict its treatment.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Jones A, Teschendorff AE, Li Q, Hayward JD, Kannan A, Mould T, West J, Zikan M, Cibula D, Fiegl H, Lee SH, Wik E, Hadwin R, Arora R, Lemech C, Turunen H, Pakarinen P, Jacobs IJ, Salvesen HB, Bagchi MK, Bagchi IC, Widschwendter M | title = Role of DNA methylation and epigenetic silencing of HAND2 in endometrial cancer development | journal = PLoS Medicine | volume = 10 | issue = 11 | pages = e1001551 | date = November 2013 | pmid = 24265601 | pmc = 3825654 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pmed.1001551 }} {{open access}}</ref>
*{{cite journal | author=Strausberg RL, Feingold EA, Grouse LH, ''et al.'' |title=Generation and initial analysis of more than 15,000 full-length human and mouse cDNA sequences. |journal=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. |volume=99 |issue= 26 |pages= 16899-903 |year= 2003 |pmid= 12477932 |doi= 10.1073/pnas.242603899 }}
{{clear}}
*{{cite journal  | author=Srivastava D, Gottlieb PD, Olson EN |title=Molecular mechanisms of ventricular hypoplasia. |journal=Cold Spring Harb. Symp. Quant. Biol. |volume=67 |issue=  |pages= 121-5 |year= 2003 |pmid= 12858532 |doi= }}
 
*{{cite journal | author=Rychlik JL, Gerbasi V, Lewis EJ |title=The interaction between dHAND and Arix at the dopamine beta-hydroxylase promoter region is independent of direct dHAND binding to DNA. |journal=J. Biol. Chem. |volume=278 |issue= 49 |pages= 49652-60 |year= 2004 |pmid= 14506227 |doi= 10.1074/jbc.M308577200 }}
== References ==
*{{cite journal | author=Firulli BA, Howard MJ, McDaid JR, ''et al.'' |title=PKA, PKC, and the protein phosphatase 2A influence HAND factor function: a mechanism for tissue-specific transcriptional regulation. |journal=Mol. Cell |volume=12 |issue= 5 |pages= 1225-37 |year= 2004 |pmid= 14636580 |doi= }}
{{reflist|33em}}
*{{cite journal  | author=Ota T, Suzuki Y, Nishikawa T, ''et al.'' |title=Complete sequencing and characterization of 21,243 full-length human cDNAs. |journal=Nat. Genet. |volume=36 |issue= 1 |pages= 40-5 |year= 2004 |pmid= 14702039 |doi= 10.1038/ng1285 }}
 
*{{cite journal | author=Murakami M, Kataoka K, Tominaga J, ''et al.'' |title=Differential cooperation between dHAND and three different E-proteins. |journal=Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. |volume=323 |issue= 1 |pages= 168-74 |year= 2004 |pmid= 15351717 |doi= 10.1016/j.bbrc.2004.08.072 }}
== Further reading ==
*{{cite journal | author=Rychlik JL, Hsieh M, Eiden LE, Lewis EJ |title=Phox2 and dHAND transcription factors select shared and unique target genes in the noradrenergic cell type. |journal=J. Mol. Neurosci. |volume=27 |issue= 3 |pages= 281-92 |year= 2006 |pmid= 16280598 |doi= }}
{{refbegin|33em}}
*{{cite journal | author=Han Z, Yi P, Li X, Olson EN |title=Hand, an evolutionarily conserved bHLH transcription factor required for Drosophila cardiogenesis and hematopoiesis. |journal=Development |volume=133 |issue= 6 |pages= 1175-82 |year= 2006 |pmid= 16467358 |doi= 10.1242/dev.02285 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Srivastava D | title = HAND proteins: molecular mediators of cardiac development and congenital heart disease | journal = Trends in Cardiovascular Medicine | volume = 9 | issue = 1-2 | pages = 11–8 | year = 1999 | pmid = 10189962 | doi = 10.1016/S1050-1738(98)00033-4 }}
}}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Firulli AB, McFadden DG, Lin Q, Srivastava D, Olson EN | title = Heart and extra-embryonic mesodermal defects in mouse embryos lacking the bHLH transcription factor Hand1 | journal = Nature Genetics | volume = 18 | issue = 3 | pages = 266–70 | date = March 1998 | pmid = 9500550 | doi = 10.1038/ng0398-266 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Firulli BA, Hadzic DB, McDaid JR, Firulli AB | title = The basic helix-loop-helix transcription factors dHAND and eHAND exhibit dimerization characteristics that suggest complex regulation of function | journal = The Journal of Biological Chemistry | volume = 275 | issue = 43 | pages = 33567–73 | date = October 2000 | pmid = 10924525 | pmc = 2561327 | doi = 10.1074/jbc.M005888200 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = McFadden DG, Charité J, Richardson JA, Srivastava D, Firulli AB, Olson EN | title = A GATA-dependent right ventricular enhancer controls dHAND transcription in the developing heart | journal = Development | volume = 127 | issue = 24 | pages = 5331–41 | date = December 2000 | pmid = 11076755 | doi =  }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Dai YS, Cserjesi P | title = The basic helix-loop-helix factor, HAND2, functions as a transcriptional activator by binding to E-boxes as a heterodimer | journal = The Journal of Biological Chemistry | volume = 277 | issue = 15 | pages = 12604–12 | date = April 2002 | pmid = 11812799 | doi = 10.1074/jbc.M200283200 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Dai YS, Cserjesi P, Markham BE, Molkentin JD | title = The transcription factors GATA4 and dHAND physically interact to synergistically activate cardiac gene expression through a p300-dependent mechanism | journal = The Journal of Biological Chemistry | volume = 277 | issue = 27 | pages = 24390–8 | date = July 2002 | pmid = 11994297 | doi = 10.1074/jbc.M202490200 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Srivastava D, Gottlieb PD, Olson EN | title = Molecular mechanisms of ventricular hypoplasia | journal = Cold Spring Harbor Symposia on Quantitative Biology | volume = 67 | issue =  | pages = 121–5 | year = 2003 | pmid = 12858532 | doi = 10.1101/sqb.2002.67.121 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Rychlik JL, Gerbasi V, Lewis EJ | title = The interaction between dHAND and Arix at the dopamine beta-hydroxylase promoter region is independent of direct dHAND binding to DNA | journal = The Journal of Biological Chemistry | volume = 278 | issue = 49 | pages = 49652–60 | date = December 2003 | pmid = 14506227 | doi = 10.1074/jbc.M308577200 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Firulli BA, Howard MJ, McDaid JR, McIlreavey L, Dionne KM, Centonze VE, Cserjesi P, Virshup DM, Firulli AB | title = PKA, PKC, and the protein phosphatase 2A influence HAND factor function: a mechanism for tissue-specific transcriptional regulation | journal = Molecular Cell | volume = 12 | issue = 5 | pages = 1225–37 | date = November 2003 | pmid = 14636580 | doi = 10.1016/S1097-2765(03)00425-8 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Murakami M, Kataoka K, Tominaga J, Nakagawa O, Kurihara H | title = Differential cooperation between dHAND and three different E-proteins | journal = Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications | volume = 323 | issue = 1 | pages = 168–74 | date = October 2004 | pmid = 15351717 | doi = 10.1016/j.bbrc.2004.08.072 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Rychlik JL, Hsieh M, Eiden LE, Lewis EJ | title = Phox2 and dHAND transcription factors select shared and unique target genes in the noradrenergic cell type | journal = Journal of Molecular Neuroscience | volume = 27 | issue = 3 | pages = 281–92 | year = 2006 | pmid = 16280598 | doi = 10.1385/JMN:27:3:281 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Han Z, Yi P, Li X, Olson EN | title = Hand, an evolutionarily conserved bHLH transcription factor required for Drosophila cardiogenesis and hematopoiesis | journal = Development | volume = 133 | issue = 6 | pages = 1175–82 | date = March 2006 | pmid = 16467358 | doi = 10.1242/dev.02285 }}
{{refend}}
{{refend}}


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[[Category:Transcription factors]]
[[Category:Transcription factors]]
{{WikiDoc Sources}}

Latest revision as of 02:27, 27 October 2017

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Identifiers
Aliases
External IDsGeneCards: [1]
Orthologs
SpeciesHumanMouse
Entrez

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Ensembl

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UniProt

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RefSeq (mRNA)

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RefSeq (protein)

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Location (UCSC)n/an/a
PubMed searchn/an/a
Wikidata
View/Edit Human

Heart- and neural crest derivatives-expressed protein 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the HAND2 gene.[1][2]

Function

The protein encoded by this gene belongs to the basic helix-loop-helix family of transcription factors. This gene product is one of two closely related family members, the HAND proteins Hand1 and Hand2, which are asymmetrically expressed in the developing ventricular chambers and play an essential role in cardiac morphogenesis. Working in a complementary fashion, they function in the formation of the right ventricle and aortic arch arteries, implicating them as mediators of congenital heart disease. In addition, this transcription factor plays an important role in limb and branchial arch development.[2] In one study, it was found that a missense mutation of the Hand2 protein in patients with the congenital heart disease (CHD) Tetralogy of Fallot experienced significantly decreased Hand2 interactions with other key developmental genes such as GATA4 and NKX2.5.[3] Hand2 mutations have the potential to be genes for the future study of right ventricle stenosis and its pathogenesis.[4] In avian species, Hand2 has been shown to be expressed in developing gut tissue and is believed to contribute to the formation of enteric neurons.[5]

Hand2 also plays a critical role in the establishment of a proper implantation environment for pregnancy in mice. The induction of Hand2 by progesterone-dependent mechanisms in uterine stromal tissue suppresses fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) that would otherwise stimulate estrogen producing pathways and impair embryo implantation.[6]

Hand2 plays a role in lower jaw formation and tongue morphogenesis in mice by suppressing the homeobox genes Dlx5 and Dlx6.[7]

Interactions

HAND2 has been shown to interact with GATA4,[8] NKX2.5,[3] PPP2R5D,[9] PHOX2A.,[10] TWIST1, and TWIST2.

Clinical significance

Hand2 interactions with TWIST1 and TWIST2 genes are critical for proper limb development. Recent literature shows over dosage of Hand2 can result in many defects in the limbs, face, heart, and lower lumbar vertebrae. In this instance, trisomy of the hand2 gene can directly cause human congenital heart disease.[4]

Hand2 gene hypermethylation and epigenetic silencing has also been implicated to increase the development of endometrial cancer. Mounting evidence showing its methylation increased chances of premalignant endometrial lesions. Hand2, in addition to its other functions in the developing heart and limbs, has been found to be an important transcription factor seen in the endometrial stroma. In fact, in mice with the Hand2 gene knocked out, they developed premaligant lesions as they grew older, further providing evidence of its role in endometrial cancer development. These findings have led to Hand2 becoming a potentially promising biomarker for early detection of endometrial cancer and may be used to predict its treatment.[11]

References

  1. ↑ Russell MW, Kemp P, Wang L, Brody LC, Izumo S (December 1998). "Molecular cloning of the human HAND2 gene". Biochimica et Biophysica Acta. 1443 (3): 393–9. doi:10.1016/S0167-4781(98)00237-1. PMID 9878849.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 "Entrez Gene: HAND2 heart and neural crest derivatives expressed 2".
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Lu CX, Gong HR, Liu XY, Wang J, Zhao CM, Huang RT, Xue S, Yang YQ (February 2016). "A novel HAND2 loss-of-function mutation responsible for tetralogy of Fallot". International Journal of Molecular Medicine. 37 (2): 445–51. doi:10.3892/ijmm.2015.2436. PMID 26676105.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Shen L, Li XF, Shen AD, Wang Q, Liu CX, Guo YJ, Song ZJ, Li ZZ (July 2010). "Transcription factor HAND2 mutations in sporadic Chinese patients with congenital heart disease". Chinese Medical Journal. 123 (13): 1623–7. PMID 20819618.
  5. ↑ Wu X, Howard MJ (2002-01-01). "Transcripts encoding HAND genes are differentially expressed and regulated by BMP4 and GDNF in developing avian gut". Gene Expression. 10 (5–6): 279–93. PMID 12450220.
  6. ↑ Li Q, Kannan A, DeMayo FJ, Lydon JP, Cooke PS, Yamagishi H, Srivastava D, Bagchi MK, Bagchi IC (February 2011). "The antiproliferative action of progesterone in uterine epithelium is mediated by Hand2". Science. 331 (6019): 912–6. doi:10.1126/science.1197454. PMC 3320855. PMID 21330545.
  7. ↑ Barron F, Woods C, Kuhn K, Bishop J, Howard MJ, Clouthier DE (June 2011). "Downregulation of Dlx5 and Dlx6 expression by Hand2 is essential for initiation of tongue morphogenesis". Development. 138 (11): 2249–59. doi:10.1242/dev.056929. PMC 3091495. PMID 21558373.
  8. ↑ Dai YS, Cserjesi P, Markham BE, Molkentin JD (July 2002). "The transcription factors GATA4 and dHAND physically interact to synergistically activate cardiac gene expression through a p300-dependent mechanism". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 277 (27): 24390–8. doi:10.1074/jbc.M202490200. PMID 11994297.
  9. ↑ Firulli BA, Howard MJ, McDaid JR, McIlreavey L, Dionne KM, Centonze VE, Cserjesi P, Virshup DM, Firulli AB (November 2003). "PKA, PKC, and the protein phosphatase 2A influence HAND factor function: a mechanism for tissue-specific transcriptional regulation". Molecular Cell. 12 (5): 1225–37. doi:10.1016/S1097-2765(03)00425-8. PMID 14636580.
  10. ↑ Rychlik JL, Gerbasi V, Lewis EJ (December 2003). "The interaction between dHAND and Arix at the dopamine beta-hydroxylase promoter region is independent of direct dHAND binding to DNA". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 278 (49): 49652–60. doi:10.1074/jbc.M308577200. PMID 14506227.
  11. ↑ Jones A, Teschendorff AE, Li Q, Hayward JD, Kannan A, Mould T, West J, Zikan M, Cibula D, Fiegl H, Lee SH, Wik E, Hadwin R, Arora R, Lemech C, Turunen H, Pakarinen P, Jacobs IJ, Salvesen HB, Bagchi MK, Bagchi IC, Widschwendter M (November 2013). "Role of DNA methylation and epigenetic silencing of HAND2 in endometrial cancer development". PLoS Medicine. 10 (11): e1001551. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1001551. PMC 3825654. PMID 24265601. open access publication – free to read

Further reading

  • Srivastava D (1999). "HAND proteins: molecular mediators of cardiac development and congenital heart disease". Trends in Cardiovascular Medicine. 9 (1–2): 11–8. doi:10.1016/S1050-1738(98)00033-4. PMID 10189962.
  • Firulli AB, McFadden DG, Lin Q, Srivastava D, Olson EN (March 1998). "Heart and extra-embryonic mesodermal defects in mouse embryos lacking the bHLH transcription factor Hand1". Nature Genetics. 18 (3): 266–70. doi:10.1038/ng0398-266. PMID 9500550.
  • Firulli BA, Hadzic DB, McDaid JR, Firulli AB (October 2000). "The basic helix-loop-helix transcription factors dHAND and eHAND exhibit dimerization characteristics that suggest complex regulation of function". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 275 (43): 33567–73. doi:10.1074/jbc.M005888200. PMC 2561327. PMID 10924525.
  • McFadden DG, Charité J, Richardson JA, Srivastava D, Firulli AB, Olson EN (December 2000). "A GATA-dependent right ventricular enhancer controls dHAND transcription in the developing heart". Development. 127 (24): 5331–41. PMID 11076755.
  • Dai YS, Cserjesi P (April 2002). "The basic helix-loop-helix factor, HAND2, functions as a transcriptional activator by binding to E-boxes as a heterodimer". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 277 (15): 12604–12. doi:10.1074/jbc.M200283200. PMID 11812799.
  • Dai YS, Cserjesi P, Markham BE, Molkentin JD (July 2002). "The transcription factors GATA4 and dHAND physically interact to synergistically activate cardiac gene expression through a p300-dependent mechanism". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 277 (27): 24390–8. doi:10.1074/jbc.M202490200. PMID 11994297.
  • Srivastava D, Gottlieb PD, Olson EN (2003). "Molecular mechanisms of ventricular hypoplasia". Cold Spring Harbor Symposia on Quantitative Biology. 67: 121–5. doi:10.1101/sqb.2002.67.121. PMID 12858532.
  • Rychlik JL, Gerbasi V, Lewis EJ (December 2003). "The interaction between dHAND and Arix at the dopamine beta-hydroxylase promoter region is independent of direct dHAND binding to DNA". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 278 (49): 49652–60. doi:10.1074/jbc.M308577200. PMID 14506227.
  • Firulli BA, Howard MJ, McDaid JR, McIlreavey L, Dionne KM, Centonze VE, Cserjesi P, Virshup DM, Firulli AB (November 2003). "PKA, PKC, and the protein phosphatase 2A influence HAND factor function: a mechanism for tissue-specific transcriptional regulation". Molecular Cell. 12 (5): 1225–37. doi:10.1016/S1097-2765(03)00425-8. PMID 14636580.
  • Murakami M, Kataoka K, Tominaga J, Nakagawa O, Kurihara H (October 2004). "Differential cooperation between dHAND and three different E-proteins". Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 323 (1): 168–74. doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2004.08.072. PMID 15351717.
  • Rychlik JL, Hsieh M, Eiden LE, Lewis EJ (2006). "Phox2 and dHAND transcription factors select shared and unique target genes in the noradrenergic cell type". Journal of Molecular Neuroscience. 27 (3): 281–92. doi:10.1385/JMN:27:3:281. PMID 16280598.
  • Han Z, Yi P, Li X, Olson EN (March 2006). "Hand, an evolutionarily conserved bHLH transcription factor required for Drosophila cardiogenesis and hematopoiesis". Development. 133 (6): 1175–82. doi:10.1242/dev.02285. PMID 16467358.

External links

This article incorporates text from the United States National Library of Medicine, which is in the public domain.

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