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<!-- The PBB_Controls template provides controls for Protein Box Bot, please see Template:PBB_Controls for details. -->
{{Infobox_gene}}
{{PBB_Controls
[[Homeobox]] protein '''DLX-5''' is a [[protein]] that in humans is encoded by the '''distal-less homeobox 5 gene''', or ''DLX5'' [[gene]].<ref name="pmid7907794">{{cite journal | vauthors = Simeone A, Acampora D, Pannese M, D'Esposito M, Stornaiuolo A, Gulisano M, Mallamaci A, Kastury K, Druck T, Huebner K | title = Cloning and characterization of two members of the vertebrate Dlx gene family | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | volume = 91 | issue = 6 | pages = 2250–4 | date = Mar 1994 | pmid = 7907794 | pmc = 43348 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.91.6.2250 }}</ref><ref name="entrez">{{cite web | title = Entrez Gene: DLX5 distal-less homeobox 5| url = https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=1749| accessdate = }}</ref> DLX5 is a member of [[DLX gene family]].
| update_page = yes
| require_manual_inspection = no
| update_protein_box = yes
| update_summary = no
| update_citations = yes
}}
<!-- The GNF_Protein_box is automatically maintained by Protein Box Bot.  See Template:PBB_Controls to Stop updates. -->
{{GNF_Protein_box
| image = PBB_Protein_DLX5_image.jpg
| image_source = [[Protein_Data_Bank|PDB]] rendering based on 2djn.
| PDB = {{PDB2|2djn}}
| Name = Distal-less homeobox 5
| HGNCid = 2918
| Symbol = DLX5
| AltSymbols =;
| OMIM = 600028
| ECnumber = 
| Homologene = 3825
| MGIid = 101926
| GeneAtlas_image1 = PBB_GE_DLX5_213707_s_at_tn.png
| Function = {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0003700 |text = transcription factor activity}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0005515 |text = protein binding}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0043565 |text = sequence-specific DNA binding}}
| Component = {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0005634 |text = nucleus}}
| Process = {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0001501 |text = skeletal development}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0006355 |text = regulation of transcription, DNA-dependent}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0007275 |text = multicellular organismal development}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0007399 |text = nervous system development}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0007409 |text = axonogenesis}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0030326 |text = embryonic limb morphogenesis}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0042472 |text = inner ear morphogenesis}}
| Orthologs = {{GNF_Ortholog_box
    | Hs_EntrezGene = 1749
    | Hs_Ensembl = ENSG00000105880
    | Hs_RefseqProtein = NP_005212
    | Hs_RefseqmRNA = NM_005221
    | Hs_GenLoc_db = 
    | Hs_GenLoc_chr = 7
    | Hs_GenLoc_start = 96487648
    | Hs_GenLoc_end = 96492079
    | Hs_Uniprot = P56178
    | Mm_EntrezGene = 13395
    | Mm_Ensembl = ENSMUSG00000029755
    | Mm_RefseqmRNA = NM_010056
    | Mm_RefseqProtein = NP_034186
    | Mm_GenLoc_db = 
    | Mm_GenLoc_chr = 6
    | Mm_GenLoc_start = 6827801
    | Mm_GenLoc_end = 6874963
    | Mm_Uniprot = Q3TYA7
  }}
}}
'''Distal-less homeobox 5''', also known as '''DLX5''', is a human [[gene]].<ref name="entrez">{{cite web | title = Entrez Gene: DLX5 distal-less homeobox 5| url = http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=1749| accessdate = }}</ref>
<!-- The PBB_Summary template is automatically maintained by Protein Box Bot.  See Template:PBB_Controls to Stop updates. -->
{{PBB_Summary
| section_title =  
| summary_text = This gene encodes a member of a homeobox transcription factor gene family similar to the Drosophila distal-less gene. The encoded protein may play a role in bone development and fracture healing. Mutation in this gene, which is located in a tail-to-tail configuration with another member of the family on the long arm of chromosome 7, may be associated with split-hand/split-foot malformation.<ref name="entrez">{{cite web | title = Entrez Gene: DLX5 distal-less homeobox 5| url = http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=1749| accessdate = }}</ref>
}}


==References==
== Function ==
{{reflist|2}}
 
==Further reading==
This gene encodes a member of a [[homeobox]] transcription factor gene family similar to the ''[[Drosophila]]'' distal-less (Dll) gene. The encoded protein may play a role in bone development and fracture healing. Current research holds that the homeobox gene family is important in appendage development. DLX5 and [[DLX6]] can be seen to work in conjunction and are both necessary for proper craniofacial, axial, and appendicular skeleton development. Mutation in this gene, which is located in a tail-to-tail configuration with another member of the family on the long arm of chromosome 7, may be associated with split-hand/split-foot malformation.<ref name="entrez" />
 
DLX5 also acts as the early [[Bone morphogenetic protein|BMP]]-responsive transcriptional activator needed for [[osteoblast]] differentiation by stimulating the up-regulation of a variety of promoters ([[ALPL]] promoter, [[Sp7 transcription factor|SP7]] promoter, [[MYC]] promoter).<ref name=uniprot>{{cite web|title=Homeobox protein DLX-5|url=http://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/P56178#section_comments}}</ref>
 
== Clinical significance ==
 
Mutations in the ''DLX5'' gene have been shown to be involved in the [[Ectrodactyly|hand and foot malformation syndrome]].<ref name="pmid22121204">{{cite journal | vauthors = Shamseldin HE, Faden MA, Alashram W, Alkuraya FS | title = Identification of a novel DLX5 mutation in a family with autosomal recessive split hand and foot malformation | journal = Journal of Medical Genetics | volume = 49 | issue = 1 | pages = 16–20 | date = Jan 2012 | pmid = 22121204 | doi = 10.1136/jmedgenet-2011-100556 }}</ref> SHFM is a heterogenous limb defect in which the development of the central digital rays is hindered, leading to missing central digits and claw-like distal extremities. Other defects associated with DLX5 include sensorineural hearing loss, mental retardation, [[ectodermal]] and craniofacial findings, and orofacial clefting.
 
In mice, the targeted disruption of [[DLX1]], [[DLX2]], DLX1/2, or DLX5 orthologs yields craniofacial, bone, and vestibular defects. If DLX5 is disrupted in conjunction with [[DLX6]], bone, inner ear, and severe craniofacial defects are prevalent. Research utilizing Dlx5/6-nulls suggests that these genes have both unique and redundant functions.<ref name="pmid12000792">{{cite journal | vauthors = Robledo RF, Rajan L, Li X, Lufkin T | title = The Dlx5 and Dlx6 homeobox genes are essential for craniofacial, axial, and appendicular skeletal development | journal = Genes & Development | volume = 16 | issue = 9 | pages = 1089–101 | date = May 2002 | pmid = 12000792 | pmc = 186247 | doi = 10.1101/gad.988402 }}</ref>
 
==Developmental Stage==
DLX5 begins to express DLX5 protein in the facial and [[branchial arch]] [[mesenchyme]], [[otic vesicle]]s, and [[frontonasal prominence|frontonasal ectoderm]] at around day 8.5-9. By day 12.5, DLX5 protein begins to be expressed in the brain, bones, and all remaining skeletal structures. Expression in the brain and skeleton begins to decrease by day 17.<ref name=uniprot />
 
== Interactions ==
 
DLX5 has been shown to [[Protein-protein interaction|interact]] with [[DLX1]],<ref name=pmid12000792 /> [[DLX2]],<ref name="pmid9111364">{{cite journal | vauthors = Zhang H, Hu G, Wang H, Sciavolino P, Iler N, Shen MM, Abate-Shen C | title = Heterodimerization of Msx and Dlx homeoproteins results in functional antagonism | journal = Molecular and Cellular Biology | volume = 17 | issue = 5 | pages = 2920–32 | date = May 1997 | pmid = 9111364 | pmc = 232144 | doi =  10.1128/mcb.17.5.2920}}</ref> [[DLX6]],<ref name=pmid12000792 /> [[MSX1]]<ref name=pmid9111364/> and [[Msh homeobox 2|MSX2]].<ref name=pmid9111364/>
 
== References ==
{{reflist}}
 
== Further reading ==
{{refbegin | 2}}
{{refbegin | 2}}
{{PBB_Further_reading
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Bapat S, Galande S | title = Association by guilt: identification of DLX5 as a target for MeCP2 provides a molecular link between genomic imprinting and Rett syndrome | journal = BioEssays | volume = 27 | issue = 7 | pages = 676–80 | date = Jul 2005 | pmid = 15954098 | doi = 10.1002/bies.20266 }}
| citations =
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Scherer SW, Poorkaj P, Massa H, Soder S, Allen T, Nunes M, Geshuri D, Wong E, Belloni E, Little S | title = Physical mapping of the split hand/split foot locus on chromosome 7 and implication in syndromic ectrodactyly | journal = Human Molecular Genetics | volume = 3 | issue = 8 | pages = 1345–54 | date = Aug 1994 | pmid = 7987313 | doi = 10.1093/hmg/3.8.1345 }}
*{{cite journal | author=Bapat S, Galande S |title=Association by guilt: identification of DLX5 as a target for MeCP2 provides a molecular link between genomic imprinting and Rett syndrome. |journal=Bioessays |volume=27 |issue= 7 |pages= 676-80 |year= 2005 |pmid= 15954098 |doi= 10.1002/bies.20266 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Zhang H, Hu G, Wang H, Sciavolino P, Iler N, Shen MM, Abate-Shen C | title = Heterodimerization of Msx and Dlx homeoproteins results in functional antagonism | journal = Molecular and Cellular Biology | volume = 17 | issue = 5 | pages = 2920–32 | date = May 1997 | pmid = 9111364 | pmc = 232144 | doi =  10.1128/mcb.17.5.2920}}
*{{cite journal | author=Simeone A, Acampora D, Pannese M, ''et al.'' |title=Cloning and characterization of two members of the vertebrate Dlx gene family. |journal=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. |volume=91 |issue= 6 |pages= 2250-4 |year= 1994 |pmid= 7907794 |doi=  }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Newberry EP, Latifi T, Towler DA | title = The RRM domain of MINT, a novel Msx2 binding protein, recognizes and regulates the rat osteocalcin promoter | journal = Biochemistry | volume = 38 | issue = 33 | pages = 10678–90 | date = Aug 1999 | pmid = 10451362 | doi = 10.1021/bi990967j }}
*{{cite journal  | author=Scherer SW, Poorkaj P, Massa H, ''et al.'' |title=Physical mapping of the split hand/split foot locus on chromosome 7 and implication in syndromic ectrodactyly. |journal=Hum. Mol. Genet. |volume=3 |issue= 8 |pages= 1345-54 |year= 1995 |pmid= 7987313 |doi= }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Eisenstat DD, Liu JK, Mione M, Zhong W, Yu G, Anderson SA, Ghattas I, Puelles L, Rubenstein JL | title = DLX-1, DLX-2, and DLX-5 expression define distinct stages of basal forebrain differentiation | journal = The Journal of Comparative Neurology | volume = 414 | issue = 2 | pages = 217–37 | date = Nov 1999 | pmid = 10516593 | doi = 10.1002/(SICI)1096-9861(19991115)414:2<217::AID-CNE6>3.0.CO;2-I }}
*{{cite journal  | author=Hillier LD, Lennon G, Becker M, ''et al.'' |title=Generation and analysis of 280,000 human expressed sequence tags. |journal=Genome Res. |volume=6 |issue= 9 |pages= 807-28 |year= 1997 |pmid= 8889549 |doi=  }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Masuda Y, Sasaki A, Shibuya H, Ueno N, Ikeda K, Watanabe K | title = Dlxin-1, a novel protein that binds Dlx5 and regulates its transcriptional function | journal = The Journal of Biological Chemistry | volume = 276 | issue = 7 | pages = 5331–8 | date = Feb 2001 | pmid = 11084035 | doi = 10.1074/jbc.M008590200 }}
*{{cite journal | author=Zhang H, Hu G, Wang H, ''et al.'' |title=Heterodimerization of Msx and Dlx homeoproteins results in functional antagonism. |journal=Mol. Cell. Biol. |volume=17 |issue= 5 |pages= 2920-32 |year= 1997 |pmid= 9111364 |doi=  }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Yu G, Zerucha T, Ekker M, Rubenstein JL | title = Evidence that GRIP, a PDZ-domain protein which is expressed in the embryonic forebrain, co-activates transcription with DLX homeodomain proteins | journal = Brain Research. Developmental Brain Research | volume = 130 | issue = 2 | pages = 217–30 | date = Oct 2001 | pmid = 11675124 | doi = 10.1016/S0165-3806(01)00239-5 }}
*{{cite journal | author=Newberry EP, Latifi T, Towler DA |title=The RRM domain of MINT, a novel Msx2 binding protein, recognizes and regulates the rat osteocalcin promoter. |journal=Biochemistry |volume=38 |issue= 33 |pages= 10678-90 |year= 1999 |pmid= 10451362 |doi= 10.1021/bi990967j }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Sasaki A, Masuda Y, Iwai K, Ikeda K, Watanabe K | title = A RING finger protein Praja1 regulates Dlx5-dependent transcription through its ubiquitin ligase activity for the Dlx/Msx-interacting MAGE/Necdin family protein, Dlxin-1 | journal = The Journal of Biological Chemistry | volume = 277 | issue = 25 | pages = 22541–6 | date = Jun 2002 | pmid = 11959851 | doi = 10.1074/jbc.M109728200 }}
*{{cite journal | author=Eisenstat DD, Liu JK, Mione M, ''et al.'' |title=DLX-1, DLX-2, and DLX-5 expression define distinct stages of basal forebrain differentiation. |journal=J. Comp. Neurol. |volume=414 |issue= 2 |pages= 217-37 |year= 1999 |pmid= 10516593 |doi= }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Willis DM, Loewy AP, Charlton-Kachigian N, Shao JS, Ornitz DM, Towler DA | title = Regulation of osteocalcin gene expression by a novel Ku antigen transcription factor complex | journal = The Journal of Biological Chemistry | volume = 277 | issue = 40 | pages = 37280–91 | date = Oct 2002 | pmid = 12145306 | doi = 10.1074/jbc.M206482200 }}
*{{cite journal | author=Masuda Y, Sasaki A, Shibuya H, ''et al.'' |title=Dlxin-1, a novel protein that binds Dlx5 and regulates its transcriptional function. |journal=J. Biol. Chem. |volume=276 |issue= 7 |pages= 5331-8 |year= 2001 |pmid= 11084035 |doi= 10.1074/jbc.M008590200 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Okita C, Meguro M, Hoshiya H, Haruta M, Sakamoto YK, Oshimura M | title = A new imprinted cluster on the human chromosome 7q21-q31, identified by human-mouse monochromosomal hybrids | journal = Genomics | volume = 81 | issue = 6 | pages = 556–9 | date = Jun 2003 | pmid = 12782124 | doi = 10.1016/S0888-7543(03)00052-1 }}
*{{cite journal | author=Yu G, Zerucha T, Ekker M, Rubenstein JL |title=Evidence that GRIP, a PDZ-domain protein which is expressed in the embryonic forebrain, co-activates transcription with DLX homeodomain proteins. |journal=Brain Res. Dev. Brain Res. |volume=130 |issue= 2 |pages= 217-30 |year= 2002 |pmid= 11675124 |doi= }}
*{{cite journal | author=Sasaki A, Masuda Y, Iwai K, ''et al.'' |title=A RING finger protein Praja1 regulates Dlx5-dependent transcription through its ubiquitin ligase activity for the Dlx/Msx-interacting MAGE/Necdin family protein, Dlxin-1. |journal=J. Biol. Chem. |volume=277 |issue= 25 |pages= 22541-6 |year= 2002 |pmid= 11959851 |doi= 10.1074/jbc.M109728200 }}
*{{cite journal | author=Willis DM, Loewy AP, Charlton-Kachigian N, ''et al.'' |title=Regulation of osteocalcin gene expression by a novel Ku antigen transcription factor complex. |journal=J. Biol. Chem. |volume=277 |issue= 40 |pages= 37280-91 |year= 2002 |pmid= 12145306 |doi= 10.1074/jbc.M206482200 }}
*{{cite journal | author=Strausberg RL, Feingold EA, Grouse LH, ''et al.'' |title=Generation and initial analysis of more than 15,000 full-length human and mouse cDNA sequences. |journal=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. |volume=99 |issue= 26 |pages= 16899-903 |year= 2003 |pmid= 12477932 |doi= 10.1073/pnas.242603899 }}
*{{cite journal  | author=Scherer SW, Cheung J, MacDonald JR, ''et al.'' |title=Human chromosome 7: DNA sequence and biology. |journal=Science |volume=300 |issue= 5620 |pages= 767-72 |year= 2003 |pmid= 12690205 |doi= 10.1126/science.1083423 }}
*{{cite journal  | author=Okita C, Meguro M, Hoshiya H, ''et al.'' |title=A new imprinted cluster on the human chromosome 7q21-q31, identified by human-mouse monochromosomal hybrids. |journal=Genomics |volume=81 |issue= 6 |pages= 556-9 |year= 2004 |pmid= 12782124 |doi=  }}
*{{cite journal  | author=Hillier LW, Fulton RS, Fulton LA, ''et al.'' |title=The DNA sequence of human chromosome 7. |journal=Nature |volume=424 |issue= 6945 |pages= 157-64 |year= 2003 |pmid= 12853948 |doi= 10.1038/nature01782 }}
*{{cite journal  | author=Ota T, Suzuki Y, Nishikawa T, ''et al.'' |title=Complete sequencing and characterization of 21,243 full-length human cDNAs. |journal=Nat. Genet. |volume=36 |issue= 1 |pages= 40-5 |year= 2004 |pmid= 14702039 |doi= 10.1038/ng1285 }}
*{{cite journal  | author=Gerhard DS, Wagner L, Feingold EA, ''et al.'' |title=The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC). |journal=Genome Res. |volume=14 |issue= 10B |pages= 2121-7 |year= 2004 |pmid= 15489334 |doi= 10.1101/gr.2596504 }}
*{{cite journal  | author=Rual JF, Venkatesan K, Hao T, ''et al.'' |title=Towards a proteome-scale map of the human protein-protein interaction network. |journal=Nature |volume=437 |issue= 7062 |pages= 1173-8 |year= 2005 |pmid= 16189514 |doi= 10.1038/nature04209 }}
*{{cite journal  | author=Kimura K, Wakamatsu A, Suzuki Y, ''et al.'' |title=Diversification of transcriptional modulation: large-scale identification and characterization of putative alternative promoters of human genes. |journal=Genome Res. |volume=16 |issue= 1 |pages= 55-65 |year= 2006 |pmid= 16344560 |doi= 10.1101/gr.4039406 }}
}}
{{refend}}
{{refend}}


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[[Category:Transcription factors]]
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Revision as of 02:05, 27 October 2017

VALUE_ERROR (nil)
Identifiers
Aliases
External IDsGeneCards: [1]
Orthologs
SpeciesHumanMouse
Entrez

n/a

n/a

Ensembl

n/a

n/a

UniProt

n/a

n/a

RefSeq (mRNA)

n/a

n/a

RefSeq (protein)

n/a

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Location (UCSC)n/an/a
PubMed searchn/an/a
Wikidata
View/Edit Human

Homeobox protein DLX-5 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the distal-less homeobox 5 gene, or DLX5 gene.[1][2] DLX5 is a member of DLX gene family.

Function

This gene encodes a member of a homeobox transcription factor gene family similar to the Drosophila distal-less (Dll) gene. The encoded protein may play a role in bone development and fracture healing. Current research holds that the homeobox gene family is important in appendage development. DLX5 and DLX6 can be seen to work in conjunction and are both necessary for proper craniofacial, axial, and appendicular skeleton development. Mutation in this gene, which is located in a tail-to-tail configuration with another member of the family on the long arm of chromosome 7, may be associated with split-hand/split-foot malformation.[2]

DLX5 also acts as the early BMP-responsive transcriptional activator needed for osteoblast differentiation by stimulating the up-regulation of a variety of promoters (ALPL promoter, SP7 promoter, MYC promoter).[3]

Clinical significance

Mutations in the DLX5 gene have been shown to be involved in the hand and foot malformation syndrome.[4] SHFM is a heterogenous limb defect in which the development of the central digital rays is hindered, leading to missing central digits and claw-like distal extremities. Other defects associated with DLX5 include sensorineural hearing loss, mental retardation, ectodermal and craniofacial findings, and orofacial clefting.

In mice, the targeted disruption of DLX1, DLX2, DLX1/2, or DLX5 orthologs yields craniofacial, bone, and vestibular defects. If DLX5 is disrupted in conjunction with DLX6, bone, inner ear, and severe craniofacial defects are prevalent. Research utilizing Dlx5/6-nulls suggests that these genes have both unique and redundant functions.[5]

Developmental Stage

DLX5 begins to express DLX5 protein in the facial and branchial arch mesenchyme, otic vesicles, and frontonasal ectoderm at around day 8.5-9. By day 12.5, DLX5 protein begins to be expressed in the brain, bones, and all remaining skeletal structures. Expression in the brain and skeleton begins to decrease by day 17.[3]

Interactions

DLX5 has been shown to interact with DLX1,[5] DLX2,[6] DLX6,[5] MSX1[6] and MSX2.[6]

References

  1. ↑ Simeone A, Acampora D, Pannese M, D'Esposito M, Stornaiuolo A, Gulisano M, Mallamaci A, Kastury K, Druck T, Huebner K (Mar 1994). "Cloning and characterization of two members of the vertebrate Dlx gene family". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 91 (6): 2250–4. doi:10.1073/pnas.91.6.2250. PMC 43348. PMID 7907794.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 "Entrez Gene: DLX5 distal-less homeobox 5".
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 "Homeobox protein DLX-5".
  4. ↑ Shamseldin HE, Faden MA, Alashram W, Alkuraya FS (Jan 2012). "Identification of a novel DLX5 mutation in a family with autosomal recessive split hand and foot malformation". Journal of Medical Genetics. 49 (1): 16–20. doi:10.1136/jmedgenet-2011-100556. PMID 22121204.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Robledo RF, Rajan L, Li X, Lufkin T (May 2002). "The Dlx5 and Dlx6 homeobox genes are essential for craniofacial, axial, and appendicular skeletal development". Genes & Development. 16 (9): 1089–101. doi:10.1101/gad.988402. PMC 186247. PMID 12000792.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 Zhang H, Hu G, Wang H, Sciavolino P, Iler N, Shen MM, Abate-Shen C (May 1997). "Heterodimerization of Msx and Dlx homeoproteins results in functional antagonism". Molecular and Cellular Biology. 17 (5): 2920–32. doi:10.1128/mcb.17.5.2920. PMC 232144. PMID 9111364.

Further reading

  • Bapat S, Galande S (Jul 2005). "Association by guilt: identification of DLX5 as a target for MeCP2 provides a molecular link between genomic imprinting and Rett syndrome". BioEssays. 27 (7): 676–80. doi:10.1002/bies.20266. PMID 15954098.
  • Scherer SW, Poorkaj P, Massa H, Soder S, Allen T, Nunes M, Geshuri D, Wong E, Belloni E, Little S (Aug 1994). "Physical mapping of the split hand/split foot locus on chromosome 7 and implication in syndromic ectrodactyly". Human Molecular Genetics. 3 (8): 1345–54. doi:10.1093/hmg/3.8.1345. PMID 7987313.
  • Zhang H, Hu G, Wang H, Sciavolino P, Iler N, Shen MM, Abate-Shen C (May 1997). "Heterodimerization of Msx and Dlx homeoproteins results in functional antagonism". Molecular and Cellular Biology. 17 (5): 2920–32. doi:10.1128/mcb.17.5.2920. PMC 232144. PMID 9111364.
  • Newberry EP, Latifi T, Towler DA (Aug 1999). "The RRM domain of MINT, a novel Msx2 binding protein, recognizes and regulates the rat osteocalcin promoter". Biochemistry. 38 (33): 10678–90. doi:10.1021/bi990967j. PMID 10451362.
  • Eisenstat DD, Liu JK, Mione M, Zhong W, Yu G, Anderson SA, Ghattas I, Puelles L, Rubenstein JL (Nov 1999). "DLX-1, DLX-2, and DLX-5 expression define distinct stages of basal forebrain differentiation". The Journal of Comparative Neurology. 414 (2): 217–37. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1096-9861(19991115)414:2<217::AID-CNE6>3.0.CO;2-I. PMID 10516593.
  • Masuda Y, Sasaki A, Shibuya H, Ueno N, Ikeda K, Watanabe K (Feb 2001). "Dlxin-1, a novel protein that binds Dlx5 and regulates its transcriptional function". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 276 (7): 5331–8. doi:10.1074/jbc.M008590200. PMID 11084035.
  • Yu G, Zerucha T, Ekker M, Rubenstein JL (Oct 2001). "Evidence that GRIP, a PDZ-domain protein which is expressed in the embryonic forebrain, co-activates transcription with DLX homeodomain proteins". Brain Research. Developmental Brain Research. 130 (2): 217–30. doi:10.1016/S0165-3806(01)00239-5. PMID 11675124.
  • Sasaki A, Masuda Y, Iwai K, Ikeda K, Watanabe K (Jun 2002). "A RING finger protein Praja1 regulates Dlx5-dependent transcription through its ubiquitin ligase activity for the Dlx/Msx-interacting MAGE/Necdin family protein, Dlxin-1". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 277 (25): 22541–6. doi:10.1074/jbc.M109728200. PMID 11959851.
  • Willis DM, Loewy AP, Charlton-Kachigian N, Shao JS, Ornitz DM, Towler DA (Oct 2002). "Regulation of osteocalcin gene expression by a novel Ku antigen transcription factor complex". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 277 (40): 37280–91. doi:10.1074/jbc.M206482200. PMID 12145306.
  • Okita C, Meguro M, Hoshiya H, Haruta M, Sakamoto YK, Oshimura M (Jun 2003). "A new imprinted cluster on the human chromosome 7q21-q31, identified by human-mouse monochromosomal hybrids". Genomics. 81 (6): 556–9. doi:10.1016/S0888-7543(03)00052-1. PMID 12782124.

External links

This article incorporates text from the United States National Library of Medicine, which is in the public domain.


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