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{{MedicalSignOrSymptom
|description=Headache overview
|description=Headache overview
|pathophysiology=Headache pathophysiology
|classification=Headache classification
|cause=Headache causes
|cause=Headache causes
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|classification=Headache classification
|pathophysiology=Headache pathophysiology
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|authors='''Editors-In-Chief:''' C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D., [[User:Bobby Schwartz|Robert G. Schwartz, M.D.]] [mailto:RGSHEAL@aol.com], [http://www.piedmontpmr.com Piedmont Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, P.A.]; '''Associate Editor-In-Chief''': {{CZ}}
|authors='''Editors-In-Chief:''' C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D., [[User:Bobby Schwartz|Robert G. Schwartz, M.D.]] [mailto:RGSHEAL@aol.com], [http://www.piedmontpmr.com Piedmont Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, P.A.]; '''Associate Editor-In-Chief''': {{CZ}}
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Revision as of 18:08, 18 July 2012

{{#meta: itemprop="medicalWebPageAudiences" content="patient"}}{{#meta: itemprop="medicalWebPageSpecialities" content="cardiology"}}{{#meta: itemprop="medicalWebPageInfoTypes" content="symptoms,diagnosis,treatment,causes,prognosis,complications"}}



Editors-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D., Robert G. Schwartz, M.D. [1], Piedmont Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, P.A.; Associate Editor-In-Chief: Cafer Zorkun, M.D., Ph.D. [2]

Overview

Headache Microchapters

Home

Patient Information

Overview

Historical Perspective

Classification

Pathophysiology

Causes

Differentiating Headache from other Diseases

Epidemiology and Demographics

Risk Factors

Natural History, Complications and Prognosis

Diagnosis

History and Symptoms

Physical Examination

Laboratory Findings

CT

MRI

Ultrasound

Other Imaging Findings

Other Diagnostic Studies

Treatment

Medical Therapy

Surgery

Primary Prevention

Secondary Prevention

Cost-Effectiveness of Therapy

Future or Investigational Therapies

Case Studies

Case #1

Headache On the Web

Most recent articles

Most cited articles

Review articles

CME Programs

Powerpoint slides

Images

American Roentgen Ray Society Images of Headache

All Images
X-rays
Echo & Ultrasound
CT Images
MRI

Ongoing Trials at Clinical Trials.gov

US National Guidelines Clearinghouse

NICE Guidance

FDA on Headache

CDC on Headache

Headache in the news

Blogs on Headache

Directions to Hospitals Treating Headache

Risk calculators and risk factors for Headache

Editor-In-Chief: Robert G. Schwartz, M.D. [3], Piedmont Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, P.A.; Associate Editor-In-Chief: Cafer Zorkun, M.D., Ph.D. [4]

Overview

A headache is a condition of pain in the head; sometimes neck or upper back pain may also be interpreted as a headache. It ranks amongst the most common local pain complaints.

Historical Perspective

The first recorded classification system that resembles the modern ones was published by Thomas Willis, in De Cephalalgia in 1672. In 1787 Christian Baur generally divided headaches into idiopathic (primary headaches) and symptomatic (secondary ones), and defined 84 categories.

Pathophysiology

The brain in itself is not sensitive to pain, because it lacks pain-sensitive nerve fibers. Several areas of the head can hurt, including a network of nerves which extend over the scalp and certain nerves in the face, mouth, and throat. The meninges and the blood vessels do have pain perception. Headaches often result from traction to or irritation of the meninges and blood vessels. The muscles of the head may similarly be sensitive to pain.

Causes

The vast majority of headaches are benign and self-limiting. Common causes are tension, Neck pain, migraine, eye strain, dehydration, low blood sugar, and sinusitis. The vast majority of chronic headaches are multifactoral in nature. Much rarer are headaches due to life-threatening conditions such asmeningitis, encephalitis, cerebral aneurysms, extremely high blood pressure, and brain tumors. When the headache occurs in conjunction with a head injury the cause is usually quite evident. A large percentage of headaches among females are caused by ever-fluctuating estrogen during menstrual years. This can occur prior to, during or even midcycle menstruation.

Natural History, Complications and Prognosis

The prognosis of headache depends on the underlying cause.

Diagnosis

Laboratory Findings

Blood tests may help narrow down the differential diagnosis, but are rarely confirmatory of specific headache forms.

CT

Computed tomography (CT/CAT) scans of the brain or sinuses are commonly performed.

MRI

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain and sinuses are done in specific settings.

Treatment

Medical Therapy

Headaches may be successfully treated through medical therapies such as analgesisa and, in some cases, a tandem approach with implanted electrodes.

Primary Prevention

Some forms of headache, such as migraine, may be amenable to preventative treatment.

References

Template:WikiDoc Sources

Pathophysiology

Headache Microchapters

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Patient Information

Overview

Historical Perspective

Classification

Pathophysiology

Causes

Differentiating Headache from other Diseases

Epidemiology and Demographics

Risk Factors

Natural History, Complications and Prognosis

Diagnosis

History and Symptoms

Physical Examination

Laboratory Findings

CT

MRI

Ultrasound

Other Imaging Findings

Other Diagnostic Studies

Treatment

Medical Therapy

Surgery

Primary Prevention

Secondary Prevention

Cost-Effectiveness of Therapy

Future or Investigational Therapies

Case Studies

Case #1

Headache On the Web

Most recent articles

Most cited articles

Review articles

CME Programs

Powerpoint slides

Images

American Roentgen Ray Society Images of Headache

All Images
X-rays
Echo & Ultrasound
CT Images
MRI

Ongoing Trials at Clinical Trials.gov

US National Guidelines Clearinghouse

NICE Guidance

FDA on Headache

CDC on Headache

Headache in the news

Blogs on Headache

Directions to Hospitals Treating Headache

Risk calculators and risk factors for Headache

Editor-In-Chief: Robert G. Schwartz, M.D. [5], Piedmont Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, P.A.; Associate Editor-In-Chief: Cafer Zorkun, M.D., Ph.D. [6]

Overview

The brain in itself is not sensitive to pain, because it lacks pain-sensitive nerve fibers. Several areas of the head can hurt, including a network of nerves which extend over the scalp and certain nerves in the face, mouth, and throat. The meninges and the blood vessels do have pain perception. Headaches often result from traction to or irritation of the meninges and blood vessels. The muscles of the head may similarly be sensitive to pain.

Pathophysiology

Physiology

  • The normal pathophysiology of cluster can be understood as follows:
  • vascular dilation,trigeminal nerve stimulation and histamine release.[1]

Pathogenesis

  • The exact pathophysiology of cluster headache is not completely understood.
  • It is understood that cluster headache is caused by either vascular dilation,trigeminal nerve stimulation and histamine release.[1]
  • Previously thought cluster headache was a type of vascular headache, but current proof implies that pathophysiology of cluster headache includes the brain, trigeminovascular and cranial parasympathetic system.[2]
  • One of the theories of migraine pain in patients without aura is extracranial arterial dilatation.[3]

Genetics

Genes involved in the pathogenesis of migraine include:

  • MTDH
  • LRP1
  • TRPM8

The development of familial hemiplegic migraine is the result of multiple genetic mutations such as:

  • CACNA1A
  • ATP1A2
  • SCN1A[4]

References

  1. 1.0 1.1 Weaver-Agostoni J (2013). "Cluster headache". Am Fam Physician. 88 (2): 122–8. PMID 23939643.
  2. May A, Schwedt TJ, Magis D, Pozo-Rosich P, Evers S, Wang SJ (2018). "Cluster headache". Nat Rev Dis Primers. 4: 18006. doi:10.1038/nrdp.2018.6. PMID 29493566.
  3. Amin FM, Asghar MS, Hougaard A, Hansen AE, Larsen VA, de Koning PJ; et al. (2013). "Magnetic resonance angiography of intracranial and extracranial arteries in patients with spontaneous migraine without aura: a cross-sectional study". Lancet Neurol. 12 (5): 454–61. doi:10.1016/S1474-4422(13)70067-X. PMID 23578775.
  4. Andreou AP, Edvinsson L (2019). "Mechanisms of migraine as a chronic evolutive condition". J Headache Pain. 20 (1): 117. doi:10.1186/s10194-019-1066-0. PMC 6929435 Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 31870279.

Template:WikiDoc Sources

Classification

Headache Microchapters

Home

Patient Information

Overview

Historical Perspective

Classification

Pathophysiology

Causes

Differentiating Headache from other Diseases

Epidemiology and Demographics

Risk Factors

Natural History, Complications and Prognosis

Diagnosis

History and Symptoms

Physical Examination

Laboratory Findings

CT

MRI

Ultrasound

Other Imaging Findings

Other Diagnostic Studies

Treatment

Medical Therapy

Surgery

Primary Prevention

Secondary Prevention

Cost-Effectiveness of Therapy

Future or Investigational Therapies

Case Studies

Case #1

Headache On the Web

Most recent articles

Most cited articles

Review articles

CME Programs

Powerpoint slides

Images

American Roentgen Ray Society Images of Headache

All Images
X-rays
Echo & Ultrasound
CT Images
MRI

Ongoing Trials at Clinical Trials.gov

US National Guidelines Clearinghouse

NICE Guidance

FDA on Headache

CDC on Headache

Headache in the news

Blogs on Headache

Directions to Hospitals Treating Headache

Risk calculators and risk factors for Headache

Editor-In-Chief: Robert G. Schwartz, M.D. [7], Piedmont Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, P.A.; Associate Editor-In-Chief: Cafer Zorkun, M.D., Ph.D. [8]

Overview

Headache may be classified according to international headache society(IHS) into two groups: primary and secondary.Based on the duration of symptoms, headache may be classified as either acute or chronic.There are five types of headache: vascular, myogenic (muscle tension), cervicogenic, traction, and inflammatory.

Classification

There are five types of headache: vascular, myogenic (muscle tension), cervicogenic, traction, and inflammatory.

Classification Based on Pathophysiology

Vascular

The most common type of vascular headache is migraine. Migraine headaches are usually characterized by severe pain on one or both sides of the head, an upset stomach, and, for some people, disturbed vision. It is more common in women. While vascular changes are evident during a migraine, the cause of the headache is neurologic, not vascular. Barre-Lieou is an excellent example [9]. After migraine, the most common type of vascular headache is the "toxic" headache produced by fever.

Other kinds of vascular headaches include cluster headaches, which cause repeated episodes of intense pain, and headaches resulting from high blood pressure (rare).[1][2]

Muscular/Myogenic

Muscular (or myogenic) headaches appear to involve the tightening or tensing of facial and neck muscles; they may radiate to the forehead. Tension headache is the most common form of myogenic headache. Myofascial pain [10] is a common cause of muscular headache.

Cervicogenic

Cervicogenic headaches originate from disorders of the neck Neck pain including the anatomical structures innervated by the cervical roots C1–C3. Cervical headache is often precipitated by neck movement and/or sustained awkward head positioning. It is often accompanied by restricted cervical range of motion, ipsilateral neck, shoulder, or arm pain of a rather vague non-radicular nature or, occasionally, arm pain of a radicular nature.

Traction/Inflammatory

Traction and inflammatory headaches are symptoms of other disorders, ranging from stroke to sinus infection.

Classification Based on Origin

There are two kinds of headache: primary headaches and second headaches.[2][1]

Primary Headaches

Primary headaches refer to headaches not associating with any stuctural problem in the head or neck, including migraine, tension, and cluster headaches, and a variety of other less common types of headache.[2]

Secondary Headaches

Secondary headaches are those that are due to an underlying stuctural problem in the head or neck, such as brain tumor, stroke, or brain infection.[2]

Specific Types of Headaches

A headache may also be a symptom of sinusitis.

Like other types of pain, headaches can serve as warning signals of more serious disorders. This is particularly true for headaches caused by inflammation, including those related to meningitis as well as those resulting from diseases of the sinuses, spine, neck, ears, and teeth.

References

  1. 1.0 1.1 May A (2018). "Hints on Diagnosing and Treating Headache". Dtsch Arztebl Int. 115 (17): 299–308. doi:10.3238/arztebl.2018.0299. PMC 5974268. PMID 29789115.
  2. 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 Hainer BL, Matheson EM (2013). "Approach to acute headache in adults". Am Fam Physician. 87 (10): 682–7. PMID 23939446.

Template:WikiDoc Sources

Causes

Headache Microchapters

Home

Patient Information

Overview

Historical Perspective

Classification

Pathophysiology

Causes

Differentiating Headache from other Diseases

Epidemiology and Demographics

Risk Factors

Natural History, Complications and Prognosis

Diagnosis

History and Symptoms

Physical Examination

Laboratory Findings

CT

MRI

Ultrasound

Other Imaging Findings

Other Diagnostic Studies

Treatment

Medical Therapy

Surgery

Primary Prevention

Secondary Prevention

Cost-Effectiveness of Therapy

Future or Investigational Therapies

Case Studies

Case #1

Headache On the Web

Most recent articles

Most cited articles

Review articles

CME Programs

Powerpoint slides

Images

American Roentgen Ray Society Images of Headache

All Images
X-rays
Echo & Ultrasound
CT Images
MRI

Ongoing Trials at Clinical Trials.gov

US National Guidelines Clearinghouse

NICE Guidance

FDA on Headache

CDC on Headache

Headache in the news

Blogs on Headache

Directions to Hospitals Treating Headache

Risk calculators and risk factors for Headache

Editor-In-Chief: Robert G. Schwartz, M.D. [12], Piedmont Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, P.A.; Associate Editor-In-Chief: Cafer Zorkun, M.D., Ph.D. [13]

Overview

The vast majority of headaches are benign and self-limiting. Common causes are tension,Neck pain, migraine, eye strain, dehydration, low blood sugar, and sinusitis. Much rarer are headaches due to life-threatening conditions such as meningitis, encephalitis, cerebral aneurysms, extremely high blood pressure, and brain tumors. When the headache occurs in conjunction with a head injury the cause is usually quite evident. A large percentage of headaches among females are caused by ever-fluctuating estrogen during menstrual years. This can occur prior to, during or even midcycle menstruation.

Causes

Common Causes

Causes by Organ System[1][2]

Cardiac Hypotension, Hypertension, Malignant hypertension,
Chemical / Poisoning Amnesic shellfish poisoning, Anadenanthera peregrina, Antimony, Arsenic poisoning, Artemisia afra, Carbon monoxide, Copper, Cyanide, Heavy metal ingestion, Hemlock, Hydrogen sulfide, Lead poisoning, Manganese, Marine toxins, Monocrotophos, Nicotine poisoning, Radiation poisoning, Soil contamination, Thallium, Toxic headache, Water intoxication,
Dermatologic Linear immunoglobulin A dermatosis,
Drug Side Effect Acamprosate, Acetaminophen, Acyclovir, Agalsidase beta, Alatrofloxacin Injection, Albendazole, Alogliptin, Alosetron, Amantadine, Ambrisentan, Aminophylline, Amiodarone, Amlodipine, Amobarbital sodium, Amoxicillin, Amphotericin B, Anagrelide, Apremilast, Aprepitant, Armodafinil, Articaine, Atorvastatin, Atropine, bedaquiline fumarate, Benazepril, Benzphetamine, Bepotastine Besilate, Bepridil, Besifloxacin, Bexarotene, Bisoprolol, Blinatumomab, Bosentan, Botulinum toxin, Bromocriptine, Busulfan, Butabarbital, Butorphanol, Cabergoline, Caffeine, Candesartan, Capecitabine, Carbamazepine, Carbidopa and Levodopa, Carbimazole, Carisoprodol, Carmustine, Carteolol, Carvedilol, Caspofungin, Cetrorelix, Cilansetron, Cilostazol, Cimetidine, Clomethiazole, Combined oral contraceptive pill, Cortisone, Cycloserine, Cyclosporin, Cefaclor, Cefamandole Nafate Injection, Cefotetan, Cefdinir, Cetirizine hydrochloride, Cefoperazone Sodium Injection, Ceftibuten, Calcitriol, Chelation therapy, Chlorothiazide, Chlorthalidone, Clomifene, Cilostazol, Cimetidine, Clopidogrel, Clozapine, Coagulation factor IX, Conjugated estrogens, Cycloserine, Cyclosporine Injection, Dalfampridine, Deferasirox, Denileukin diftitox, Desmopressin, Dexamethasone, Dexamfetamine, Digoxin, dabrafenib mesylate, Didanosine, Diltiazem, Dimercaprol, Dinoprostone, Dipivefrine, Dipyridamole, Disopyramide, Docosanol, Dolasetron, Dofetilide, Doripenem, Drospirenone and Ethinyl estradiol, Doxazosin, Ecallantide, Eculizumab, Eliglustat, Emtricitabine, Rilpivirine Hydrochloride,Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate, Efavirenz, Emedastine Difumarate, Enalapril, Epinephrine (aerosol), Eslicarbazepine acetate, Estradiol valerate and estradiol valerate/dienogest, Ethynodiol diacetate and ethinyl estradiol, Elosulfase alfa, Epinephrine, Eplerenone, Epoprostenol, Eribulin, Ergotamine, Etanercept Injection, Ethacrynic Acid, Ethanol, Ethosuximide, Etidronic acid, Etidronate, Etodolac, Etonogestrel, Exemestane, Ezetimibe, Felbamate, Felodipine, Fenofibrate, Fenoldopam, Fesoterodine, Flavoxate . Florbetapir F-18 . Flutemetamol F 18, Flu vaccine, Flunisolide, Flurbiprofen, Fluorouracil, Fluoxetine, Fluvastatin, Epinephrine, Ethosuximide, Flucytosine, Fosinopril, Fulvestrant, Furosemide, Gadoterate, Ganciclovir, Ganirelix, Gemeprost, Glimepiride, Glipizide, Glucarpidase, Glyburide and Metformin, Glyceryl trinitrate, Granisetron, Griseofulvin, Gyromitrin, Histrelin, Hydrocortisone, Hydroxocobalamin, Hydroxyzine, Ibuprofen, Idursulfase, Imiglucerase, Imiquimod, Indinavir, Indomethacin, Insulin lispro, Influenza vaccine, Imatinib mesylate, Interferon beta- 1b, Interferon gamma, Interleukin 2, Isoproterenol (aerosol), Isotretinoin, Isosorbide dinitrate, Isosorbide mononitrate, Ivacaftor, Ketorolac tromethamine, Lacosamide, lamivudine, Lansoprazole, Lerisetron, Lenvatinib, Levocabastine, Levofloxacin, Levonorgestrel, Levosimendan, Lisinopril and Hydrochlorothiazide, Lofepramine, Lomotil, Loratadine, Lorcaserin, Lidocaine (cream), Lisuride, Lomefloxacin hydrochloride, Mebendazole, Medroxyprogesterone, Mefloquine Memantine Meropenem, Metaxalone, Metipranolol, Metformin, Methimazole, Metronidazole, Methacholine, Methotrexate, Methylphenidate, Methyprylon, Micafungin sodium, Mifepristone, Milnacipran hydrochloride, Mirabegron, Misoprostol, ModafinilMonosodium glutamate, Moricizine, Nafarelin, Naproxen sodium, Natalizumab, Niacin/simvastatin, Nicorandil, Nifedipine, Nitrendipine, Nitroglycerine, Nizatidine, Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, Norethindrone acetate and Ethinyl estradiol, Norgestimate and Ethinyl estradiol, Norgestrel and Ethinyl estradiol, Ofloxacin, Olaparib, Olsalazine, Oprelvekin, Oxtriphylline, Oxytocin injection, Omalizumab, Ondansetron, Oritavancin, Palonosetron, Pasireotide,, pazopanib hydrochloride, permethrin, Pantoprazole, Paroxetine, Pegylated interferon alfa-2a, Pemirolast, Pergolide, Pirfenidone, Pimecrolimus, Piribedil, Pirbuterol, Piroxicam, Plerixafor, Praziquantel, Progesterone , Prednisone, Propylthiouracil, Potassium iodide, Pyrantel pamoate, Quazepam* Quinidine, Quinine, Rabeprazole, Rasagiline, Rasburicase, Reproterol, Ribavirin, Rimexolone, Roflumilast, Ropinirole, roflumilast, Romiplostim, Ruxolitinib, Salbutamol, Saxagliptin, Saxagliptin hydrochloride and Metformin hydrochloride, Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor, Sildenafil, Siltuximab, Sipuleucel-T, Sodium nitrite, Sulprostone, Sumatriptan, Spironolactone, Stavudine, Sunitinib, Tacrolimus, Tamsulosin, Tadalafil, tedizolid* Temozolomide, Teniposide, Tigecycline, Tocilizumab, Trabectedin, Tretinoin, Trimeprazine, Trimethobenzamide, Tribavirin, Trimethadione, Triptorelin pamoate, Tropisetron, Trospium, Trovafloxacin mesylate, Tolbutamide, Valacyclovir, Vardenafil, Varenicline, Venlafaxine, Vitamin A, Von Willebrand factorVoriconazole, Vytorin, Zafirlukast, Zaleplon, Zidovudine, Zileuton, Zomepirac, Zopiclone, vandetanib
Ear Nose Throat Angina tonsillaris, Nasal polyp, Otitis externa, Otitis media, Pharyngitis, Rhinolith , Peritonsillar abscess, Strep throat, Sinusitis, Trochleitis, Tonsillitis, Upper respiratory tract infection,
Endocrine Acromegaly, Addison's disease, Conn syndrome, Diabetes mellitus, Hypoglycemia, Hyperaldosteronism, Hyperparathyroidism, Hyperpituitarism, Insulinoma, Menopause, Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1, Pituitary tumour (growth hormone secreting), Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome,
Environmental Conditions Airsickness, Altitude sickness, Brain freeze, Diesel particulate matter, Heat stroke, Ice cream headache, Multiple chemical sensitivity, Second-hand smoke,
Gastroenterologic Crohn's disease, Inflammatory Bowel Disease,
Genetic No underlying causes,
Hematologic Anemia, Blood transfusion, Leukemia, Multiple myeloma,
Infectious Disease Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis, Acute viral nasopharyngitis (common cold), Adenoiditis, AIDS, Alkhurma virus, Anaplasmosis, Aseptic meningitis, Aspergillus clavatus, Astrovirus, Blastomycosis, Bolivian hemorrhagic fever, Byssinosis, Brucellosis, Bruxism, Boutonneuse fever, Campylobacteriosis, California encephalitis virus, Chagas disease, Chikungunya, Cladosporium, Cotton fever, Coxsackie B, Cryptococcosis, Cysticercosis, Dengue fever, Dental infection, Ebola, Encephalitis, Fever, Feverfew, Freshers' Flu, Giardia lamblia, Glioblastoma multiforme, Gradenigo's syndrome, Group A streptococcal infection, Haemophilus influenzae serotype B infection, Hangover, Hantavirus, Hay fever, Harvest mite, Henipavirus, Herpes zoster, Hepatitis, Herpesviridae, HIV, Japanese encephalitis[, Hymenolepis infection, Influenza, Intracranial abscess / granuloma, Lábrea fever, Legionellosis, Lenvatinib , Leptospirosis, Listeriosis, Lyme disease, Malaria, Marburg virus, Mansonelliasis, Meningococcemia, Meningoencephalitis, Metabolic acidosis, Metal fume fever, Mononucleosis, Micropolyspora faeni, Monkeypox virus, Mucormycosis, Mumps, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Naegleria fowleri, Naegleria infection, Neisseria meningitidis, Nipah virus encephalitis, Nocardiosis, Norovirus, Oropouche fever, Pityriasis rosea, Psittacosis, Q fever, Ramsay Hunt syndromes, Rat-bite fever, Relapsing fever, Rhinovirus, Rickettsial infections, Rift valley fever, Ross River Fever, Rocky Mountain spotted fever, Rubella, Saccharopolyspora rectivirgula, Snakebite, Scarlet fever, Scrumpox, Shingles, Siraitia grosvenorii, Sitophilus granarius, Sodoku, St. Louis encephalitis, Staphylococcal enteritis, Streptobacillus, Syphilis, Thermoactinomyces sacchari, Thermoactinomyces vulgaris, Trench fever, Trichinosis, Tuberculous meningitis, Tularemia, Typhoid fever, Viral Gastroenteritis, Viral Hepatitis C, West Nile Virus, Yellow fever, Yersinia Pestis Infection, Zika fever,
Musculoskeletal / Ortho Cervical spondylosis, Temporomandibular joint disorder,
Neurologic Acoustic neuroma, Apoplexy, Arachnoid cyst, Arcuate foramen, Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis, Arnold nerve cough syndrome, Epilepsy, Idiopathic intracranial hypertension, Multiple sclerosis, Pituitary apoplexy, Posterior cervical sympathetic syndrome, Posterior leucoencephalopathy syndrome, Raised intracranial pressure, Spinal autonomic dysreflexia, West syndrome,
Nutritional / Metabolic Thiamine (Vitamin B1) deficiency,
Obstetrics & Gynecology Eclampsia, Pre-eclampsia, Pregnancy, Premenstrual syndrome,
Oncologic Acoustic neuroma, Adrenal carcinoma, Adrenal tumor, Astrocytoma, Atypical Teratoid Rhabdoid Tumor, Brain tumor, Brain Stem Gliomas, Carcinoid tumours and carcinoid syndrome, Craniopharyngioma, Ependymoma, Gliomatosis cerebri, Medulloblastoma, Meningioma, Oligoastrocytoma, Phaeochromocytoma, Polycythaemia rubra vera, Subdural hygroma, Tongue cancer,
Opthalmologic Acute posterior multifocal placoid pigment epitheliopathy, Aneisokonia, Asthenopia, Computer vision syndrome, Ocular Neurosis, Oculogyric crisis, Progressive lenses,
Overdose / Toxicity Acute alcohol intoxication, Alcohol withdrawal, Alcoholism, Medication overuse,
Psychiatric Anxiety disorder, Functional disorders, Primary affective disorder, Chronic stress, Clinical depression, Workplace stress, Gulf War syndrome,
Pulmonary Acute bronchitis, Bird breeder's lung, Bird fancier's lung, Cheese worker's lung, Chemical worker's lung, Cough, Community-acquired pneumonia, Grain handler's lung, Hot tub lung, Humidifier lung, Hypersensitivity pneumonitis, Lower respiratory tract infection, Malt worker's lung, Nylon worker's lung, Obesity hypoventilation syndrome, Paprika splitter's lung,
Renal / Electrolyte Diabetic nephropathy, Hypercalcemia, Hyponatremia,
Rheum / Auto Immune / Allergy Antiphospholipid syndrome, Polymyalgia rheumatica, Systemic lupus erythematosus, Takayasu arteritis, Temporal arteritis, Wegener's granulomatosis,
Trauma Cervical spine trauma, Dental trauma,
Vascular Diseases & Malformations Arteriovenous malformation, Berry aneurysm, Carotid artery dissection, Cavernous angioma, Cavernous Sinus Thrombosis, Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis, Cerebellar infarction, Cerebral aneurysm, Cerebral arteriovenous malformation, Cerebrovascular accident, Cerebrovascular disease, Epidural hematoma, Intracranial haemorrhage, Migraine, Posterior communicating artery aneurysm, Subarachnoid haemorrhage, Superior vena cava syndrome, Vascular headache, Vertebral artery dissection, Vertebro-basilar artery syndrome,
Miscellaneous Agastache rugosa, Bearberry, Cluster headache, Colloid cyst of third ventricle, Hepatic failure, Intracranial space-occupying lesion, Paroxysmal hemicrania, chronic, Parry-Romberg syndrome, Reversible posterior leukoencephalopathy syndrome, Spontaneous intracranial hypotension, Standing (position), Thunderclap headache,

Causes by alphabetical order

References

  1. Sailer, Christian, Wasner, Susanne. Differential Diagnosis Pocket. Hermosa Beach, CA: Borm Bruckmeir Publishing LLC, 2002:77 ISBN 1591032016
  2. Kahan, Scott, Smith, Ellen G. In A Page: Signs and Symptoms. Malden, Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishing, 2004:68 ISBN 140510368X

Diagnosis

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Treatment

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