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{{PBB_Controls
{{Infobox_gene}}
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'''Ecto-ADP-ribosyltransferase 4''' is an [[enzyme]] that in humans is encoded by the ''ART4'' [[gene]].<ref name="pmid9119374">{{cite journal | vauthors = Koch-Nolte F, Haag F, Braren R, Kühl M, Hoovers J, Balasubramanian S, Bazan F, Thiele HG | title = Two novel human members of an emerging mammalian gene family related to mono-ADP-ribosylating bacterial toxins | journal = Genomics | volume = 39 | issue = 3 | pages = 370–6 | date = Feb 1997 | pmid = 9119374 | pmc = | doi = 10.1006/geno.1996.4520 }}</ref><ref name="entrez">{{cite web | title = Entrez Gene: ART4 ADP-ribosyltransferase 4 (Dombrock blood group)| url = https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=420| accessdate = }}</ref> ART4 has also been designated as '''CD297''' ([[cluster of differentiation]] 297).
| require_manual_inspection = no
| update_protein_box = yes
| update_summary = yes
| update_citations = yes
}}
{{GNF_Protein_box
| image = 
| image_source = 
| PDB =
| Name = ADP-ribosyltransferase 4 (Dombrock blood group)
| HGNCid = 726
| Symbol = ART4
| AltSymbols =; CD297; DO; DOK1
| OMIM = 110600
| ECnumber = 
| Homologene = 10883
| MGIid = 1202710
| GeneAtlas_image1 = PBB_GE_ART4_207220_at_tn.png
| Function = {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0003956 |text = NAD(P)+-protein-arginine ADP-ribosyltransferase activity}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0016757 |text = transferase activity, transferring glycosyl groups}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0048503 |text = GPI anchor binding}}
| Component = {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0016020 |text = membrane}}  
| Process = {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0006471 |text = protein amino acid ADP-ribosylation}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0006525 |text = arginine metabolic process}}
| Orthologs = {{GNF_Ortholog_box
    | Hs_EntrezGene = 420
    | Hs_Ensembl = ENSG00000111339
    | Hs_RefseqProtein = NP_066549
    | Hs_RefseqmRNA = NM_021071
    | Hs_GenLoc_db = 
    | Hs_GenLoc_chr = 12
    | Hs_GenLoc_start = 14873512
    | Hs_GenLoc_end = 14887680
    | Hs_Uniprot = Q93070
    | Mm_EntrezGene = 109978
    | Mm_Ensembl = ENSMUSG00000030217
    | Mm_RefseqmRNA = NM_026639
    | Mm_RefseqProtein = NP_080915
    | Mm_GenLoc_db = 
    | Mm_GenLoc_chr = 6
    | Mm_GenLoc_start = 136812647
    | Mm_GenLoc_end = 136821796
    | Mm_Uniprot = 
  }}
}}
{{SI}}
{{CMG}}


== Function ==


This gene encodes a protein that contains a mono-ADP-ribosylation (ART) motif. It is a member of the ADP-ribosyltransferase gene family but enzymatic activity has not been demonstrated experimentally. Antigens of the Dombrock blood group system are located on the gene product, which is glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored to the erythrocyte membrane. Allelic variants, some of which lead to adverse transfusion reactions, are known.<ref name="entrez" />


'''ADP-ribosyltransferase 4 (Dombrock blood group)''', also known as '''ART4''', is a human [[gene]].<ref name="entrez">{{cite web | title = Entrez Gene: ART4 ADP-ribosyltransferase 4 (Dombrock blood group)| url = http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=420| accessdate = }}</ref> ART4 has also been designated as '''CD297''' ([[cluster of differentiation]] 297).
== Blood group antigens ==


<!-- The PBB_Summary template is automatically maintained by Protein Box Bot. See Template:PBB_Controls to Stop updates. -->
Several antigens have been recognised in this family. These are DO*A, DO*JO1, DO*A-WL, DO*DOYA, DO*B, DO*B-WL, DO*B-SH-Q149K, DO*B-(WL)-I175N, DO*HY1, DO*HY2 and DO*DOMR.
{{PBB_Summary
 
| section_title =  
{| class="wikitable"
| summary_text = This gene encodes a protein that contains a mono-ADP-ribosylation (ART) motif. It is a member of the ADP-ribosyltransferase gene family but enzymatic activity has not been demonstrated experimentally. Antigens of the Dombrock blood group system are located on the gene product, which is glycosylphosphatidylinosotol-anchored to the erythrocyte membrane. Allelic variants, some of which lead to adverse transfusion reactions, are known.<ref name="entrez">{{cite web | title = Entrez Gene: ART4 ADP-ribosyltransferase 4 (Dombrock blood group)| url = http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=420| accessdate = }}</ref>
|-
}}
! colspan=3 | Mouse Mutant Alleles for Art4
==References==
|-
| Marker Symbol for Mouse Gene. This symbol is assigned to the genomic locus by the [http://informatics.jax.org MGI]||[http://www.informatics.jax.org/javawi2/servlet/WIFetch?page=markerDetail&key=35854 Art4]
|-
| Mutant Mouse Embryonic Stem Cell Clones. These are the known targeted mutations for this gene in a mouse.||[http://www.knockoutmouse.org/genedetails/MGI:1202710 Art4<sup>tm1aWTSI(KOMP)</sup>]
|-
| colspan=2 | '''Example structure of targeted conditional mutant allele for this gene'''
|-
| colspan=2 | [[File:Art4 tm1aWTSI(KOMP).jpg|720px|Molecular structure of Art4 region with inserted mutation sequence]]
|-
| colspan=2 | These Mutant ES Cells can be studied directly or used to generate mice with this gene knocked out. Study of these mice can shed light on the function of Art4:
see [[Knockout mouse]]
|}
 
==Model organisms==
[[Model organism]]s have been used in the study of ART4 function. A conditional [[knockout mouse]] line called ''Art4<sup>tm1a(KOMP)Wtsi</sup>'' was generated at the [[Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute]].<ref name="mgp_reference">{{cite journal |title=The Sanger Mouse Genetics Programme: high throughput characterisation of knockout mice |author=Gerdin AK |year=2010 |journal=Acta Ophthalmologica|volume=88 |pages=925–7|doi=10.1111/j.1755-3768.2010.4142.x }}</ref> Male and female animals underwent a standardized [[phenotypic screen]]<ref name="IMPCsearch_ref">{{cite web |url=http://www.mousephenotype.org/data/search?q=Art4#fq=*:*&facet=gene |title=International Mouse Phenotyping Consortium}}</ref> to determine the effects of deletion.<ref name="pmid21677750">{{cite journal | vauthors = Skarnes WC, Rosen B, West AP, Koutsourakis M, Bushell W, Iyer V, Mujica AO, Thomas M, Harrow J, Cox T, Jackson D, Severin J, Biggs P, Fu J, Nefedov M, de Jong PJ, Stewart AF, Bradley A | title = A conditional knockout resource for the genome-wide study of mouse gene function | journal = Nature | volume = 474 | issue = 7351 | pages = 337–42 | date = Jun 2011 | pmid = 21677750 | pmc = 3572410 | doi = 10.1038/nature10163 }}</ref><ref name="mouse_library">{{cite journal | vauthors = Dolgin E | title = Mouse library set to be knockout | journal = Nature | volume = 474 | issue = 7351 | pages = 262–3 | date = Jun 2011 | pmid = 21677718 | doi = 10.1038/474262a }}</ref><ref name="mouse_for_all_reasons">{{cite journal | vauthors = Collins FS, Rossant J, Wurst W | title = A mouse for all reasons | journal = Cell | volume = 128 | issue = 1 | pages = 9–13 | date = Jan 2007 | pmid = 17218247 | doi = 10.1016/j.cell.2006.12.018 }}</ref><ref name="pmid23870131">{{cite journal | vauthors = White JK, Gerdin AK, Karp NA, Ryder E, Buljan M, Bussell JN, Salisbury J, Clare S, Ingham NJ, Podrini C, Houghton R, Estabel J, Bottomley JR, Melvin DG, Sunter D, Adams NC, Tannahill D, Logan DW, Macarthur DG, Flint J, Mahajan VB, Tsang SH, Smyth I, Watt FM, Skarnes WC, Dougan G, Adams DJ, Ramirez-Solis R, Bradley A, Steel KP | title = Genome-wide generation and systematic phenotyping of knockout mice reveals new roles for many genes | journal = Cell | volume = 154 | issue = 2 | pages = 452–64 | date = Jul 2013 | pmid = 23870131 | pmc = 3717207 | doi = 10.1016/j.cell.2013.06.022 }}</ref> Additional screens performed: - In-depth immunological phenotyping<ref name="iii_ref">{{cite web |url= http://www.immunophenotyping.org/data/search?keys=Art4&field_gene_construct_tid=All |title=Infection and Immunity Immunophenotyping (3i) Consortium}}</ref> - in-depth bone and cartilage phenotyping<ref name="obcd_ref">{{cite web |url=http://www.boneandcartilage.com/ |title=OBCD Consortium}}</ref>  
{| class="wikitable sortable collapsible collapsed" border="1" cellpadding="2" style="float: left;" |
|+ ''Art4'' knockout mouse phenotype
|-
! Characteristic!! Phenotype
|-
| colspan=2; style="text-align: center;" | All data available at.<ref name="IMPCsearch_ref"/><ref name="iii_ref" /><ref name="obcd_ref"/>
 
|-
| Insulin || bgcolor="#488ED3"|Normal
 
|-
| Homozygous viability at P14 || bgcolor="#488ED3"|Normal
 
|-
| Homozygous Fertility || bgcolor="#488ED3"|Normal
 
|-
| Body weight || bgcolor="#488ED3"|Normal
 
|-
| Neurological assessment || bgcolor="#488ED3"|Normal
 
|-
| Grip strength || bgcolor="#488ED3"|Normal
 
|-
| [[Dysmorphology]] || bgcolor="#488ED3"|Normal
 
|-
| [[Indirect calorimetry]] || bgcolor="#488ED3"|Normal
 
|-
| [[Glucose tolerance test]] || bgcolor="#488ED3"|Normal
 
|-
| [[Auditory brainstem response]] || bgcolor="#488ED3"|Normal
 
|-
| [[Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry|DEXA]] || bgcolor="#488ED3"|Normal
 
|-
| [[Radiography]] || bgcolor="#488ED3"|Normal
 
|-
| Eye morphology || bgcolor="#488ED3"|Normal
 
|-
| [[Clinical chemistry]] || bgcolor="#488ED3"|Normal
 
|-
| ''[[Haematology]]'' 16 Weeks || bgcolor="#488ED3"|Normal
 
|-
| Peripheral blood leukocytes 16 Weeks || bgcolor="#488ED3"|Normal
 
|-
| Heart weight || bgcolor="#488ED3"|Normal
 
|-
| ''[[Salmonella]]'' infection || bgcolor="#488ED3"|Normal
 
|-
| Spleen Immunophenotyping || bgcolor="#488ED3"|Normal
 
|-
| Mesenteric Lymph Node Immunophenotyping || bgcolor="#488ED3"|Normal
 
|-
| Epidermal Immune Composition || bgcolor="#488ED3"|Normal
 
|-
| Trichuris Challenge || bgcolor="#488ED3"|Normal
 
|-
|}
{{clear|left}}
 
== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{reflist}}
 
==Further reading==
== Further reading ==
{{refbegin | 2}}
{{refbegin|33em}}
{{PBB_Further_reading
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Reid ME | title = The Dombrock blood group system: a review | journal = Transfusion | volume = 43 | issue = 1 | pages = 107–14 | date = Jan 2003 | pmid = 12519438 | doi = 10.1046/j.1537-2995.2003.00283.x }}
| citations =
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Tippett P | title = Genetics of the Dombrock blood group system | journal = Journal of Medical Genetics | volume = 4 | issue = 1 | pages = 7–11 | date = Mar 1967 | pmid = 6034522 | pmc = 1468500 | doi = 10.1136/jmg.4.1.7 }}
*{{cite journal | author=Reid ME |title=The Dombrock blood group system: a review. |journal=Transfusion |volume=43 |issue= 1 |pages= 107-14 |year= 2003 |pmid= 12519438 |doi= }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Eiberg H, Mohr J | title = Dombrock blood group (DO): assignment to chromosome 12p | journal = Human Genetics | volume = 98 | issue = 5 | pages = 518–21 | date = Nov 1996 | pmid = 8882867 | doi = 10.1007/s004390050251 }}
*{{cite journal | author=Tippett P |title=Genetics of the Dombrock blood group system. |journal=J. Med. Genet. |volume=4 |issue= 1 |pages= 7-11 |year= 1967 |pmid= 6034522 |doi= }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Mauthe J, Coghlan G, Zelinski T | title = Confirmation of the assignment of the Dombrock blood group locus (DO) to chromosome 12p: narrowing the boundaries to 12p12.3-p13.2 | journal = Vox Sanguinis | volume = 79 | issue = 1 | pages = 53–6 | year = 2000 | pmid = 10971215 | doi = 10.1046/j.1423-0410.2000.7910053.x }}
*{{cite journal | author=Eiberg H, Mohr J |title=Dombrock blood group (DO): assignment to chromosome 12p. |journal=Hum. Genet. |volume=98 |issue= 5 |pages= 518-21 |year= 1996 |pmid= 8882867 |doi=  }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Gubin AN, Njoroge JM, Wojda U, Pack SD, Rios M, Reid ME, Miller JL | title = Identification of the dombrock blood group glycoprotein as a polymorphic member of the ADP-ribosyltransferase gene family | journal = Blood | volume = 96 | issue = 7 | pages = 2621–7 | date = Oct 2000 | pmid = 11001920 | doi =  }}
*{{cite journal  | author=Koch-Nolte F, Haag F, Braren R, ''et al.'' |title=Two novel human members of an emerging mammalian gene family related to mono-ADP-ribosylating bacterial toxins. |journal=Genomics |volume=39 |issue= 3 |pages= 370-6 |year= 1997 |pmid= 9119374 |doi= 10.1006/geno.1996.4520 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Wu GG, Jin SZ, Deng ZH, Zhao TM | title = Polymerase chain reaction with sequence-specific primers-based genotyping of the human Dombrock blood group DO1 and DO2 alleles and the DO gene frequencies in Chinese blood donors | journal = Vox Sanguinis | volume = 81 | issue = 1 | pages = 49–51 | date = Jul 2001 | pmid = 11520417 | doi = 10.1046/j.1423-0410.2001.00052.x }}
*{{cite journal | author=Mauthe J, Coghlan G, Zelinski T |title=Confirmation of the assignment of the Dombrock blood group locus (DO) to chromosome 12p: narrowing the boundaries to 12p12.3-p13.2. |journal=Vox Sang. |volume=79 |issue= 1 |pages= 53-6 |year= 2000 |pmid= 10971215 |doi= }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Rios M, Hue-Roye K, Øyen R, Miller J, Reid ME | title = Insights into the Holley- and Joseph- phenotypes | journal = Transfusion | volume = 42 | issue = 1 | pages = 52–8 | date = Jan 2002 | pmid = 11896313 | doi = 10.1046/j.1537-2995.2002.00004.x }}
*{{cite journal | author=Gubin AN, Njoroge JM, Wojda U, ''et al.'' |title=Identification of the dombrock blood group glycoprotein as a polymorphic member of the ADP-ribosyltransferase gene family. |journal=Blood |volume=96 |issue= 7 |pages= 2621-7 |year= 2000 |pmid= 11001920 |doi=  }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Rios M, Storry JR, Hue-Roye K, Chung A, Reid ME | title = Two new molecular bases for the Dombrock null phenotype | journal = British Journal of Haematology | volume = 117 | issue = 3 | pages = 765–7 | date = Jun 2002 | pmid = 12028057 | doi = 10.1046/j.1365-2141.2002.03524.x }}
*{{cite journal | author=Wu GG, Jin SZ, Deng ZH, Zhao TM |title=Polymerase chain reaction with sequence-specific primers-based genotyping of the human Dombrock blood group DO1 and DO2 alleles and the DO gene frequencies in Chinese blood donors. |journal=Vox Sang. |volume=81 |issue= 1 |pages= 49-51 |year= 2002 |pmid= 11520417 |doi= }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Glowacki G, Braren R, Firner K, Nissen M, Kühl M, Reche P, Bazan F, Cetkovic-Cvrlje M, Leiter E, Haag F, Koch-Nolte F | title = The family of toxin-related ecto-ADP-ribosyltransferases in humans and the mouse | journal = Protein Science | volume = 11 | issue = 7 | pages = 1657–70 | date = Jul 2002 | pmid = 12070318 | pmc = 2373659 | doi = 10.1110/ps.0200602 }}
*{{cite journal | author=Rios M, Hue-Roye K, Øyen R, ''et al.'' |title=Insights into the Holley- and Joseph- phenotypes. |journal=Transfusion |volume=42 |issue= 1 |pages= 52-8 |year= 2002 |pmid= 11896313 |doi= }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Grahnert A, Friedrich M, Engeland K, Hauschildt S | title = Analysis of mono-ADP-ribosyltransferase 4 gene expression in human monocytes: splicing pattern and potential regulatory elements | journal = Biochimica et Biophysica Acta | volume = 1730 | issue = 3 | pages = 173–86 | date = Sep 2005 | pmid = 16140404 | doi = 10.1016/j.bbaexp.2005.08.001 }}
*{{cite journal | author=Rios M, Storry JR, Hue-Roye K, ''et al.'' |title=Two new molecular bases for the Dombrock null phenotype. |journal=Br. J. Haematol. |volume=117 |issue= 3 |pages= 765-7 |year= 2002 |pmid= 12028057 |doi= }}
*{{cite journal | author=Glowacki G, Braren R, Firner K, ''et al.'' |title=The family of toxin-related ecto-ADP-ribosyltransferases in humans and the mouse. |journal=Protein Sci. |volume=11 |issue= 7 |pages= 1657-70 |year= 2003 |pmid= 12070318 |doi=  }}
*{{cite journal  | author=Strausberg RL, Feingold EA, Grouse LH, ''et al.'' |title=Generation and initial analysis of more than 15,000 full-length human and mouse cDNA sequences. |journal=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. |volume=99 |issue= 26 |pages= 16899-903 |year= 2003 |pmid= 12477932 |doi= 10.1073/pnas.242603899 }}
*{{cite journal  | author=Gerhard DS, Wagner L, Feingold EA, ''et al.'' |title=The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC). |journal=Genome Res. |volume=14 |issue= 10B |pages= 2121-7 |year= 2004 |pmid= 15489334 |doi= 10.1101/gr.2596504 }}
*{{cite journal | author=Grahnert A, Friedrich M, Engeland K, Hauschildt S |title=Analysis of mono-ADP-ribosyltransferase 4 gene expression in human monocytes: splicing pattern and potential regulatory elements. |journal=Biochim. Biophys. Acta |volume=1730 |issue= 3 |pages= 173-86 |year= 2005 |pmid= 16140404 |doi= 10.1016/j.bbaexp.2005.08.001 }}
}}
{{refend}}
{{refend}}


==External links==
== External links ==
* {{MeshName|ART4+protein,+human}}
* {{MeshName|ART4+protein,+human}}
* {{UCSC gene info|ART4}}
* {{UCSC gene info|DOK1}}
* [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/projects/gv/mhc/xslcgi.cgi?cmd=bgmut/systems_info&system=dombrock Dombrock blood group antigen] NCBI Blood Group Antigen Gene Mutation Database


{{NLM content}}
{{NLM content}}
{{Clusters of differentiation}}
{{Clusters of differentiation}}


[[Category:Clusters of differentiation]]


[[Category:Clusters of differentiation]]


{{WH}}
{{membrane-protein-stub}}
{{WikiDoc Sources}}
[[Category:Blood antigen systems]]

Latest revision as of 14:42, 12 January 2018

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Identifiers
Aliases
External IDsGeneCards: [1]
Orthologs
SpeciesHumanMouse
Entrez

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Ensembl

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UniProt

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RefSeq (mRNA)

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RefSeq (protein)

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Location (UCSC)n/an/a
PubMed searchn/an/a
Wikidata
View/Edit Human

Ecto-ADP-ribosyltransferase 4 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ART4 gene.[1][2] ART4 has also been designated as CD297 (cluster of differentiation 297).

Function

This gene encodes a protein that contains a mono-ADP-ribosylation (ART) motif. It is a member of the ADP-ribosyltransferase gene family but enzymatic activity has not been demonstrated experimentally. Antigens of the Dombrock blood group system are located on the gene product, which is glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored to the erythrocyte membrane. Allelic variants, some of which lead to adverse transfusion reactions, are known.[2]

Blood group antigens

Several antigens have been recognised in this family. These are DO*A, DO*JO1, DO*A-WL, DO*DOYA, DO*B, DO*B-WL, DO*B-SH-Q149K, DO*B-(WL)-I175N, DO*HY1, DO*HY2 and DO*DOMR.

Mouse Mutant Alleles for Art4
Marker Symbol for Mouse Gene. This symbol is assigned to the genomic locus by the MGI Art4
Mutant Mouse Embryonic Stem Cell Clones. These are the known targeted mutations for this gene in a mouse. Art4tm1aWTSI(KOMP)
Example structure of targeted conditional mutant allele for this gene
Molecular structure of Art4 region with inserted mutation sequence
These Mutant ES Cells can be studied directly or used to generate mice with this gene knocked out. Study of these mice can shed light on the function of Art4:

see Knockout mouse

Model organisms

Model organisms have been used in the study of ART4 function. A conditional knockout mouse line called Art4tm1a(KOMP)Wtsi was generated at the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute.[3] Male and female animals underwent a standardized phenotypic screen[4] to determine the effects of deletion.[5][6][7][8] Additional screens performed: - In-depth immunological phenotyping[9] - in-depth bone and cartilage phenotyping[10]

References

  1. ↑ Koch-Nolte F, Haag F, Braren R, Kühl M, Hoovers J, Balasubramanian S, Bazan F, Thiele HG (Feb 1997). "Two novel human members of an emerging mammalian gene family related to mono-ADP-ribosylating bacterial toxins". Genomics. 39 (3): 370–6. doi:10.1006/geno.1996.4520. PMID 9119374.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 "Entrez Gene: ART4 ADP-ribosyltransferase 4 (Dombrock blood group)".
  3. ↑ Gerdin AK (2010). "The Sanger Mouse Genetics Programme: high throughput characterisation of knockout mice". Acta Ophthalmologica. 88: 925–7. doi:10.1111/j.1755-3768.2010.4142.x.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 "International Mouse Phenotyping Consortium".
  5. ↑ Skarnes WC, Rosen B, West AP, Koutsourakis M, Bushell W, Iyer V, Mujica AO, Thomas M, Harrow J, Cox T, Jackson D, Severin J, Biggs P, Fu J, Nefedov M, de Jong PJ, Stewart AF, Bradley A (Jun 2011). "A conditional knockout resource for the genome-wide study of mouse gene function". Nature. 474 (7351): 337–42. doi:10.1038/nature10163. PMC 3572410. PMID 21677750.
  6. ↑ Dolgin E (Jun 2011). "Mouse library set to be knockout". Nature. 474 (7351): 262–3. doi:10.1038/474262a. PMID 21677718.
  7. ↑ Collins FS, Rossant J, Wurst W (Jan 2007). "A mouse for all reasons". Cell. 128 (1): 9–13. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2006.12.018. PMID 17218247.
  8. ↑ White JK, Gerdin AK, Karp NA, Ryder E, Buljan M, Bussell JN, Salisbury J, Clare S, Ingham NJ, Podrini C, Houghton R, Estabel J, Bottomley JR, Melvin DG, Sunter D, Adams NC, Tannahill D, Logan DW, Macarthur DG, Flint J, Mahajan VB, Tsang SH, Smyth I, Watt FM, Skarnes WC, Dougan G, Adams DJ, Ramirez-Solis R, Bradley A, Steel KP (Jul 2013). "Genome-wide generation and systematic phenotyping of knockout mice reveals new roles for many genes". Cell. 154 (2): 452–64. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2013.06.022. PMC 3717207. PMID 23870131.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 "Infection and Immunity Immunophenotyping (3i) Consortium".
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 "OBCD Consortium".

Further reading

External links

This article incorporates text from the United States National Library of Medicine, which is in the public domain.


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