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Revision as of 18:37, 4 September 2012

For patient information click here

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Constipation Microchapters

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Patient Information

Overview

Historical Perspective

Classification

Pathophysiology

Causes

Differentiating Constipation from other Diseases

Epidemiology and Demographics

Risk Factors

Screening

Natural History, Complications and Prognosis

Diagnosis

Diagnostic Study of Choice

History and Symptoms

Physical Examination

Laboratory Findings

Abdominal X Ray

CT

MRI

Ultrasound

Other Imaging Findings

Other Diagnostic Studies

Treatment

Medical Therapy

Surgery

Primary Prevention

Secondary Prevention

Cost-Effectiveness of Therapy

Future or Investigational Therapies

Case Studies

Case #1

Constipation On the Web

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Most cited articles

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X-rays
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Directions to Hospitals Treating Constipation

Risk calculators and risk factors for Constipation

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor-In-Chief: M.Umer Tariq [2]

Overview

Constipation or irregularity, is a condition of the digestive system where a person (or animal) experiences hard feces that are difficult to egest. It may be extremely painful, and in severe cases (fecal impaction) lead to symptoms of bowel obstruction. The term obstipation is used for severe constipation. Causes of constipation may be dietary, hormonal, anatomical, a side effect of medications (e.g. some painkillers), or an illness or disorder. Treatments consist of changes in dietary and exercise habits, the use of laxatives, and other medical interventions depending on the underlying cause.

Signs and symptoms

Constipation is one of the most common digestive complaints. It varies greatly between different people, as each person's bowel movements differ. Rate of defecation is not in itself a problem, as infrequent defecation without problems is not abnormal. Constipation is most common in children and older people, and affects women more than men. In children, constipation can lead to soiling (enuresis and encopresis). [1]

In common constipation, the stool is hard and difficult and painful to pass. Usually, there is an infrequent urge to void. Straining to pass stool may cause hemorrhoids and anal fissures, which are themselves painful. In later stages of constipation, the abdomen may become distended and diffusely tender and crampy, occasionally with enhanced bowel sounds.

The definition of constipation includes the following:[2]

  • infrequent bowel movements (typically 3 times or less per week)
  • difficulty during defecation (straining during more than 25% of bowel movements or a subjective sensation of hard stools), or
  • the sensation of incomplete bowel evacuation.

Severe cases ("fecal impaction") may feature symptoms of bowel obstruction (vomiting, very tender abdomen) and "paradoxical diarrhea", where soft stool from the small intestine bypasses the impacted matter in the colon.

Diagnosis

The diagnosis is essentially made from the patient's description of the symptoms. Bowel movements that are difficult to pass, very firm, or made up of small rabbit-like pellets qualify as constipation, even if they occur every day. Other symptoms related to constipation can include bloating, distention, abdominal pain, or a sense of incomplete emptying.

Inquiring about dietary habits may reveal a low intake of dietary fiber or inadequate amounts of fluids. Constipation as a result of poor ambulation or immobility should be considered in the elderly. Constipation may arise as a side effect of medications (especially antidepressants and opiates). Rarely, other symptoms suggestive of hypothyroidism may be elicited.

During physical examination, scybala (manually palpable lumps of stool) may be detected on palpation of the abdomen. Rectal examination gives an impression of the anal sphincter tone and whether the lower rectum contains any feces or not; if so, then suppositories or enemas may be considered. Otherwise, oral medication may be required. Rectal examination also gives information on the consistency of the stool, presence of hemorrhoids, admixture of blood and whether any tumors or abnormalities are present.

X-rays of the abdomen, generally only performed on hospitalized patients or if bowel obstruction is suspected, may reveal impacted fecal matter in the colon, and confirm or rule out other causes of similar symptoms.

Chronic constipation (symptoms present for more than 3 months at least 3 days per month) associated with abdominal discomfort is often diagnosed as irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) when no obvious cause is found. Physicians caring for patients with chronic constipation are advised to rule out obvious causes through normal testing.[3]

Causes

The main causes of constipation include:

Complete Differential Diagnosis of the Causes of Constipation

(In alphabetical order)



Complete Differential Diagnosis of the Causes of Constipation

(By organ system)

Cardiovascular No underlying causes
Chemical / poisoning Lead poisoning,
Dermatologic No underlying causes
Drug Side Effect

5-HT3 antagonist, 5-Hydroxytryptophan, Acamprosate (patient information), Acebutolol (patient information), Actiq, Aldesleukin (patient information), Alendronate (patient information), Alfentanil Hydrochloride Injection (patient information), Alfuzosin (patient information), Aluminium hydroxide, Amiodarone Oral (patient information), Amitriptyline (patient information), Amobarbital (patient information), Anastrozole (patient information), Aprepitant (patient information), Aripiprazole (patient information), Anagrelide (patient information), Atorvastatin, Atovaquone (patient information), Auranofin, Barium Sulfate (patient information), Benzatropine, Benzonatate (patient information), Bepridil (patient information), Bezafibrate, Bile acid sequestrant, Bortezomib (patient information), Buspirone (patient information), Butabarbital (patient information), Calcitriol, Calcium carbonate (patient information), Capecitabine (patient information), Carbamazepine (patient information), Carboplatin (patient information), Carteolol (patient information), Cerivastatin (patient information), Cetuximab Injection (patient information), Chlordiazepoxide (patient information), Chloropyramine, Chlorpropamide, Cholestyramine, Choline Magnesium Trisalicylate (patient information), Cidofovir Injection (patient information), Cimetidine Hydrochloride Injection (patient information), Cisapride (patient information), Cladribine (patient information), Clofarabine Injection (patient information), Clomipramine, Clonazepam (patient information), Clonidine, Clorazepate (patient information), Clozapine, Codeine, Codeine (patient information), Colesevelam (patient information), Colestipol (patient information), Colofac, Daptomycin, Darbepoetin Alfa Injection (patient information), Darifenacin (patient information), Darunavir (patient information), Desipramine (patient information), Dextroamphetamine and Amphetamine (patient information), Dextropropoxyphene, Diacetyldihydromorphine, Diazepam (patient information), Dicyclomine (patient information), Diethylcathinone, Diflunisal, Dihydroetorphine, Diltiazem (patient information), Diphenhydramine, Disopyramide (patient information), Diuretic, Dolasetron Mesylate Injection (patient information), Doripenem, Dosulepin hydrochloride, Doxepin (patient information), Duloxetine, Enfuvirtide Injection (patient information), Epoetin Alfa Injection (patient information), Esomeprazole (patient information), Estazolam (patient information), Estradiol Topical (patient information), Ethcathinone, Ethosuximide, Ethylmorphine, Etodolac (patient information), Etoposide, Famotidine (patient information), Felbamate (patient information), Felodipine (patient information), Fenofibrate (patient information), Fenoprofen (patient information), Fentanyl Citrate Injection (patient information), Ferrous Sulfate (Iron) (patient information), Fludarabine Phosphate (patient information), Fluphenazine (patient information), Flurazepam (patient information), Fluvoxamine, Fulvestrant Injection (patient information), Furosemide (patient information), Gabapentin (patient information), Ganciclovir (patient information), Gatifloxacin (patient information), Gemcitabine Hydrochloride (patient information), Gemfibrozil (patient information), Glycopyrrolate (patient information), Granisetron (patient information), Guanethidine (patient information), Guanfacine, H2 antagonist, Haloperidol, Hexamethonium, Hydralazine (patient information), Hydroxyurea (patient information), Hydroxyzine, Hyoscyamine (patient information), Ibandronate (patient information), Imatinib (patient information), Imipramine (patient information), Indomethacin (patient information), Insulin lispro injection (patient information), Interferon Beta-1b Injection (patient information), Iron supplements, Isocarboxazid (patient information), Itraconazole (patient information), Kaolin and Pectin (patient information), Lamivudine and Zidovudine (patient information), Lamotrigine (patient information), Lanthanum (patient information), Letrozole (patient information), Leuprolide (patient information), Levalbuterol Oral Inhalation (patient information), Levetiracetam (patient information), Levodopa and Carbidopa (patient information), Levomethadyl (patient information), Levorphanol Oral (patient information), Linezolid, Lofepramine, Lomotil, Loperamide, Loprazolam, Lorazepam (patient information), Lovastatin (patient information), Loxapine Oral (patient information), Magaldrate, Meclofenamate (patient information), Mefenamic Acid (patient information), Meropenem Injection (patient information), Mesalamine (patient information), Mesoridazine Oral (patient information), Metformin (patient information), Methadone, Methsuximide Oral (patient information), Methyprylon, Metoclopramide, Metoprolol (patient information), Misoprostol, Modafinil (patient information), MOPP (medicine), Morphine, Motofen, Nabumetone (patient information), Nateglinide oral (patient information), Nefazodone (patient information), Nicardipine (patient information), Nifedipine (patient information), Nilutamide (patient information), Nimodipine (patient information), Nizatidine (patient information), Nortriptyline (patient information), Olanzapine (patient information), Omeprazole (patient information), Ondansetron, Oxaliplatin injection (patient information), Oxazepam (patient information), Oxcarbazepine (patient information), Oxybutynin (patient information), Oxycodone, Pamidronate injection (patient information), Pancrelipase (patient information), Paroxetine, Peginterferon alfa-2b (patient information), Pemetrexed injection (patient information), Pergolide (patient information), Perphenazine oral (patient information), Pethidine, Phenelzine (patient information), Phentermine (patient information), Phenytoin oral (patient information), Pholcodine, Pimozide (patient information), Piperacillin sodium and tazobactam sodium injection (patient information), Piroxicam (patient information), Posaconazole (patient information), Pramipexole (patient information), Prazepam (patient information), Prazosin and polythiazide (patient information), Prednisolone, Pregabalin (patient information), Procarbazine (patient information), Procyclidine (patient information), Propafenone (patient information), Propantheline, Propoxyphene (patient information), Propranolol Oral (patient information), Protriptyline (patient information), Quetiapine, Rabeprazole (patient information), Ranitidine (patient information), Ranolazine (patient information), Rasagiline (patient information), Reboxetine, Repaglinide (patient information), Ribavirin (patient information), Rilmenidine, Risperidone (patient information), Rivastigmine (patient information), Ropinirole (patient information), Rosuvastatin (patient information), Saquinavir (patient information), Scopolamine, Secobarbital (patient information), Selegiline (patient information), Sevelamer (patient information), Sibutramine, Simethicone, Simvastatin (patient information), Sirolimus (patient information), Sitaxsentan, Sorafenib (patient information), Sotalol (patient information), Sucralfate, Sufentanil citrate injection (patient information), Sulindac (patient information), Sunitinib, Suxamethonium chloride, Tamoxifen (patient information), Tapentadol, Temazepam (patient information), Temozolomide (patient information), Terazosin, Teriparatide (rDNA origin) Injection (patient information), Thalidomide, Thioridazine (patient information), Thiothixene Oral (patient information), Tianeptine, Tiludronate (patient information), Tinidazole (patient information), Tiotropium, Tolterodine, Topiramate, Topotecan Hydrochloride (patient information), Tranylcypromine (patient information), Triazolam (patient information), Triclofos, Trifluoperazine Oral (patient information), Trihexyphenidyl (patient information), Trimethadione (patient information), Trimipramine (patient information), Tropisetron, Trospium (patient information), Valproic Acid (patient information), Venlafaxine, Verapamil, Vicodin, Vigabatrin, Viloxazine, Vinblastine (patient information), Vincristine, Vinorelbine, Vorinostat (patient information), Zaleplon (patient information), Zidovudine Injection (patient information), Zileuton (patient information), Ziprasidone (patient information), Zoledronic Acid Injection (patient information), Zolpidem (patient information), Zonisamide (patient information), Zotepine,


Ear Nose Throat No underlying causes
Endocrine

Conn's Syndrome (primary aldosteronism), Diabetes Mellitus, Glucagonoma, Hypothyroidism, Myxedema, Panhypopituitarism, Pheochromocytoma, Pseudohypoparathyroidism,

Environmental Change of environment,
Gastroenterologic

Adhesion, Anal atresia, malformation, stenosis, Ascites, Benign colonic tumors, Bowel obstruction, Celiac disease, Crohn's disease, Chronic amebiasis], Colonic stricture, Colorectal Cancer, Corrosive enemas Descending perineum syndrome, Diverticular stricture, Diverticulitis, Extrinsic compression, Eosinophilic colitis, Gastroptosis, Hernia, Hirschsprung's Disease, Ileus, Imperforate anus, Inflammatory Bowel Syndrome, Intraabdominal/pelvic tumors, Intussusception, Irritable Bowel Syndrome, Ischemic colitis, Paralytic ileus, Perianal abscess, Proctitis (ulcerative), Rectal, anal carcinoma, Rectal prolapse, Rectal ulcer, Rectocele, enterocele Ulcerative colitis, Volvulus, Wandering spleen,

Genetic

Hereditary internal anal sphincter myopathy, Batten disease, Cornelia de Lange Syndrome, Cystic fibrosis,

Hematologic

Acute Intermittent Porphyria, Amyloidosis,

Iatrogenic

Postoperative disorder, Adjustable gastric band, Upper gastrointestinal series,

Infectious Disease

Blastocystosis, Botulism, Chagas Disease, Chronic amebiasis, Hookworm, Lassa fever, Lymphogranuloma venereum, Syphilis, Tuberculosis, Typhoid fever, Opisthorchis infection, Polio,

Musculoskeletal / Ortho Osteitis fibrosa cystica,
Neurologic

Amyloidosis, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis, Autonomic neuropathy, Chagas Disease, Diabetes Mellitus, Hirschsprung's Disease, Intestinal pseduoobstruction, Meningocele, Multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN 2b), Multiple Sclerosis, Muscular dystrophies, Neurofibromatosis, Paraplegia, Parkinson's Disease, Scleroderma, Spinal lesions, Tabes Dorsalis, Progressive supranuclear palsy,


Nutritional / Metabolic

Food intolerance, Hypercalcemia, Hypokalemia, Hypervitaminosis D, Iron deficiency anemia, Lack of fiber, Low fluid intake, Low-residue diet, Starvation, Ketogenic diet, Milk-alkali syndrome,

Obstetric/Gynecologic Endometriosis,

Ovarian cancer, Complications of pregnancy,

Oncologic Colorectal Cancer, Benign colonic tumors, Multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN 2b),, Neuroblastoma, Rectal carcinoma, Renal cell carcinoma, Stomach cancer,
Opthalmologic No underlying causes
Overdose / Toxicity

Acamprosate (patient information), Haloperidol

Psychiatric

Obsessive/compulsive disorder, Psychosis, Pseudocyesis,

Pulmonary No underlying causes
Renal / Electrolyte Uremia,
Rheum / Immune / Allergy

Scleroderma,

Sexual No underlying causes
Trauma Spinal cord injury,
Urologic Urogenital tumors
Miscellaneous

Berdon syndrome, Corrosive enemas, Dehydration, Dietary change’s, Fasting, reduced food intake, Eating disorder, Emotional stress , Extended bed rest, Food allergy, Hypotonia, Idiopathic constipation, Repressed urge to defecate, Rett syndrome, Smoking cessation, SSRI discontinuation syndrome, Travel constipation,

Physical Examination

  • Complete physical examination including thyroid examination

Abdomen

  • Examination of abdomen:
    • Palpate for masses
    • Surgical scars
    • Hernias
    • Hepatosoplenomegaly
      • Examination results are usually normal

Other

  • Complete rectal examination with attention paid to:

Laboratory Findings

Echocardiography or Ultrasound

Other Diagnostic Studies

  • Colonoscopy for patients:
    • Greater than 50 years old
    • Present with constipation with no apparent cause
    • Presence of blood in the stool
  • Sigmoidoscopy for all other patients
  • To rule out ova and parasites, a stool examination should be considered

Treatment

In people without medical problems, the main intervention is to increase the intake of fluids (preferably water) and dietary fiber. The latter may be achieved by consuming more vegetables and fruit and whole meal bread, and by adding linseeds to one's diet. The routine non-medical use of laxatives is to be discouraged as this may result in bowel action becoming dependent upon their use. Enemas can be used to provide a form of mechanical stimulation.

In alternative and traditional medicine, colonic irrigation, enemas, exercise, diet and herbs are used to treat constipation.

Laxatives

Laxatives may be necessary in people in whom dietary intervention is not effective or is inappropriate. Most laxatives can be safely used long-term, although some are associated with cramping and bloatedness and can cause the phenomenon of melanosis coli.

Physical intervention

Constipation that resists all the above measures requires physical intervention. Manual disimpaction (the physical removal of impacted stool) is done by patients who have lost control of their bowels secondary to spinal injuries. Manual disimpaction is also used by physicians and nurses to relieve rectal impactions. Finally, manual disimpaction can occasionally be done under sedation or a general anesthetic—this avoids pain and loosens the anal sphincter.

Many of the products are widely available over-the-counter. Enemas and clysters are a remedy occasionally used for hospitalized patients in whom the constipation has proven to be severe, dangerous in other ways, or resistant to laxatives. Sorbitol, glycerin and arachis oil suppositories can be used. Severe cases may require phosphate solutions introduced as enemas.

Prevention

Constipation is usually easier to prevent than to treat. The relief of constipation with osmotic agents, i.e. lactulose, polyethylene glycol (PEG), or magnesium salts, should immediately be followed with prevention using increased fiber (fruits, vegetables, and grains) and a nightly decreasing dose of osmotic laxative. With continuing narcotic use, for instance, nightly doses of osmotic agents can be given indefinitely (without harm) to cause a daily bowel movement.

Recent controlled studies have questioned the role of physical exercise in the prevention and management of chronic constipation, while exercise is often recommended by published materials on the subject.

In various conditions (such as the use of codeine or morphine), combinations of hydrating (e.g. lactulose or glycols), bulk-forming (e.g. psyllium) and stimulant agents may be necessary to prevent constipation.

Epidemiology

Depending on the definition employed, constipation occurs in 2% of the population; it is more common in women, the elderly and children [6]

In animals

Hibernating animals can experience tappens that are usually expelled in the spring. For example, bears eat many foods that create a "rectal plug" before hibernation.

See also

References

  1. NHS direct page on constipation.
  2. Emedicine, "constipation".
  3. Longstreth GF, Thompson WG, Chey WD, Houghton LA, Mearin F, Spiller RC (2006). "Functional bowel disorders". Gastroenterology. 130 (5): 1480–91. doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2005.11.061. PMID 16678561.
  4. Caldarella MP, Milano A, Laterza F; et al. (2005). "Visceral sensitivity and symptoms in patients with constipation- or diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome (IBS): effect of a low-fat intraduodenal infusion". Am. J. Gastroenterol. 100 (2): 383–9. doi:10.1111/j.1572-0241.2005.40100.x. PMID 15667496.
  5. "Nicotine withdrawal symptoms:Constipation". helpwithsmoking.com. 2005. Retrieved 2007-06-29.
  6. Sonnenberg A, Koch TR (1989). "Epidemiology of constipation in the United States". Dis. Colon Rectum. 32 (1): 1–8. PMID 2910654.


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