Erythropoietin receptor: Difference between revisions

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{{Infobox_gene}}
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The '''erythropoietin receptor''' ('''EpoR''') is a [[protein]] that in humans is encoded by the ''EPOR'' [[gene]].<ref name = "entrez">{{cite web | title = Entrez Gene: EPOR erythropoietin receptor| url = https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=2057| accessdate = }}</ref> EpoR is a 52[[atomic mass unit|kDa]] [[peptide]] with a single carbohydrate chain resulting in a n approximately 56-57 kDa protein found on the surface of EPO responding cells.  It is a member of the [[cytokine receptor]] family. EpoR pre-exists as dimers
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<ref name="pmid9974392">{{cite journal | vauthors = Livnah O, Stura EA, Middleton SA, Johnson DL, Jolliffe LK, Wilson IA | title = Crystallographic evidence for preformed dimers of erythropoietin receptor before ligand activation | journal = Science | volume = 283 | issue = 5404 | pages = 987–90 | date = Feb 1999 | pmid = 9974392 | doi = 10.1126/science.283.5404.987 }}</ref> which upon binding of a 30 kDa ligand [[erythropoietin]] (Epo), changes its homodimerized state. These conformational changes result in the [[autophosphorylation]] of [[Janus kinase 2|Jak2]] kinases that are pre-associated with the receptor (i.e., EpoR does not possess intrinsic kinase activity and depends on Jak2 activity).<ref name="pmid8481505">{{cite journal | vauthors = Youssoufian H, Longmore G, Neumann D, Yoshimura A, Lodish HF | title = Structure, function, and activation of the erythropoietin receptor | journal = Blood | volume = 81 | issue = 9 | pages = 2223–36 | date = May 1993 | pmid = 8481505 | doi =  }}</ref><ref name="pmid10607675">{{cite journal | vauthors = Wilson IA, Jolliffe LK | title = The structure, organization, activation and plasticity of the erythropoietin receptor | journal = Current Opinion in Structural Biology | volume = 9 | issue = 6 | pages = 696–704 | date = Dec 1999 | pmid = 10607675 | doi = 10.1016/S0959-440X(99)00032-9 }}</ref> At present, the most well-established function of EpoR is to promote proliferation and rescue of [[red blood cell|erythroid]] (red blood cell) progenitors from [[apoptosis]].<ref name = "entrez"/>
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<!-- The GNF_Protein_box is automatically maintained by Protein Box Bot.  See Template:PBB_Controls to Stop updates. -->
== Function and mechanism of action ==
{{GNF_Protein_box
| image =
| image_source =
| PDB = {{PDB2|1cn4}}, {{PDB2|1eba}}, {{PDB2|1ebp}}, {{PDB2|1eer}}, {{PDB2|1ern}}
| Name = Erythropoietin receptor
| HGNCid = 3416
| Symbol = EPOR
| AltSymbols =; MGC138358
| OMIM = 133171
| ECnumber = 
| Homologene = 95
| MGIid = 95408
| GeneAtlas_image1 = PBB_GE_EPOR_396_f_at_tn.png
| GeneAtlas_image2 = PBB_GE_EPOR_37986_at_tn.png
| GeneAtlas_image3 = PBB_GE_EPOR_209962_at_tn.png
| Function = {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0004900 |text = erythropoietin receptor activity}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0005085 |text = guanyl-nucleotide exchange factor activity}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0005515 |text = protein binding}}
| Component = {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0005622 |text = intracellular}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0005887 |text = integral to plasma membrane}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0016020 |text = membrane}}
| Process = {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0007165 |text = signal transduction}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0007264 |text = small GTPase mediated signal transduction}}
| Orthologs = {{GNF_Ortholog_box
    | Hs_EntrezGene = 2057
    | Hs_Ensembl = ENSG00000187266
    | Hs_RefseqProtein = NP_000112
    | Hs_RefseqmRNA = NM_000121
    | Hs_GenLoc_db = 
    | Hs_GenLoc_chr = 19
    | Hs_GenLoc_start = 11348883
    | Hs_GenLoc_end = 11355883
    | Hs_Uniprot = P19235
    | Mm_EntrezGene = 13857
    | Mm_Ensembl = ENSMUSG00000006235
    | Mm_RefseqmRNA = XM_978769
    | Mm_RefseqProtein = XP_983863
    | Mm_GenLoc_db = 
    | Mm_GenLoc_chr = 9
    | Mm_GenLoc_start = 21709306
    | Mm_GenLoc_end = 21713908
    | Mm_Uniprot = Q3UTV9
  }}
}}
The '''erythropoietin receptor''' is a 66 [[atomic mass unit|kDa]] [[peptide]] and is a member of the [[cytokine receptor]] family. The receptor is [[tyrosine]] [[phosphorylation|phosphorylated]] upon binding by [[erythropoietin]] and associates with and activates the [[tyrosine kinase]], [[JAK2]], which activates different intracellular pathways including: Ras/MAP kinase, [[phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase]] and [[STAT protein|STAT transcription factor]]s. The stimulated erythropoietin receptor appears to have a role in erythroid cell survival. Defects in the erythropoietin receptor may produce [[erythroleukemia]] and [[familial erythrocytosis]].<ref>{{cite web | title = Entrez Gene: EPOR erythropoietin receptor| url = http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=2057| accessdate = }}</ref>


==References==
[[Image:TruncatedEpoReceptors.png|thumb|left|Murine Epo Receptor truncations and known functions. Erythroid differentiation depends on transcriptional regulator [[GATA1]]. EpoR is thought to contribute to differentiation via multiple signaling pathways including the [[STAT5]] pathway. In erythropoiesis, EpoR is best known for inducing survival of progenitors.]]
{{reflist|2}}
 
==Further reading==
The cytoplasmic domains of the EpoR contain a number of phosphotyrosines that are [[phosphorylation|phosphorylated]] by [[Janus kinase 2|Jak2]] and serve as docking sites for a variety of intracellular pathway activators and Stats (such as [[STAT5|Stat5]]). In addition to activating Ras/AKT and ERK/MAP kinase, [[phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase]]/AKT pathway and [[STAT protein|STAT transcription factor]]s, phosphotyrosines also serve as docking sites for phosphatases that negatively affect EpoR signaling in order to prevent overactivation that may lead to such disorders as erythrocytosis. In general, the defects in the erythropoietin receptor may produce [[erythroleukemia]] and [[familial erythrocytosis]]. Mutations in Jak2 kinases associated with EpoR can also lead to polycythemia vera.<ref name="pmid15793561">{{cite journal | vauthors = James C, Ugo V, Le Couédic JP, Staerk J, Delhommeau F, Lacout C, Garçon L, Raslova H, Berger R, Bennaceur-Griscelli A, Villeval JL, Constantinescu SN, Casadevall N, Vainchenker W | title = A unique clonal JAK2 mutation leading to constitutive signalling causes polycythaemia vera | journal = Nature | volume = 434 | issue = 7037 | pages = 1144–8 | date = Apr 2005 | pmid = 15793561 | doi = 10.1038/nature03546 }}</ref>
{{refbegin | 2}}
 
{{PBB_Further_reading
=== Erythroid survival ===
| citations =  
 
*{{cite journal  | author=Zhu Y, D'Andrea AD |title=The molecular physiology of erythropoietin and the erythropoietin receptor. |journal=Curr. Opin. Hematol. |volume=1 |issue= 2 |pages= 113-8 |year= 1999 |pmid= 9371269 |doi=  }}
Primary role of EpoR is to promote proliferation of erythroid progenitor cells and rescue erythroid progenitors from cell death.<ref name="pmid2326648">{{cite journal | vauthors = Koury MJ, Bondurant MC | title = Erythropoietin retards DNA breakdown and prevents programmed death in erythroid progenitor cells | journal = Science | volume = 248 | issue = 4953 | pages = 378–81 | date = Apr 1990 | pmid = 2326648 | doi = 10.1126/science.2326648 }}</ref> EpoR induced Jak2-Stat5 signaling, together with transcriptional factor GATA-1, induces the transcription of pro-survival protein Bcl-xL.<ref name="pmid10428030">{{cite journal | vauthors = Socolovsky M, Fallon AE, Wang S, Brugnara C, Lodish HF | title = Fetal anemia and apoptosis of red cell progenitors in Stat5a-/-5b-/- mice: a direct role for Stat5 in Bcl-X(L) induction | journal = Cell | volume = 98 | issue = 2 | pages = 181–91 | date = Jul 1999 | pmid = 10428030 | doi = 10.1016/S0092-8674(00)81013-2 }}</ref> Additionally, EpoR has been implicated in suppressing expression of death receptors Fas, Trail and TNFa that negatively affect erythropoiesis.<ref name="pmid9920828">{{cite journal | vauthors = De Maria R, Testa U, Luchetti L, Zeuner A, Stassi G, Pelosi E, Riccioni R, Felli N, Samoggia P, Peschle C | title = Apoptotic role of Fas/Fas ligand system in the regulation of erythropoiesis | journal = Blood | volume = 93 | issue = 3 | pages = 796–803 | date = Feb 1999 | pmid = 9920828 | doi =  }}</ref><ref name="pmid16527892">{{cite journal | vauthors = Liu Y, Pop R, Sadegh C, Brugnara C, Haase VH, Socolovsky M | title = Suppression of Fas-FasL coexpression by erythropoietin mediates erythroblast expansion during the erythropoietic stress response in vivo | journal = Blood | volume = 108 | issue = 1 | pages = 123–33 | date = Jul 2006 | pmid = 16527892 | pmc = 1895827 | doi = 10.1182/blood-2005-11-4458 }}</ref><ref name="pmid16034083">{{cite journal | vauthors = Felli N, Pedini F, Zeuner A, Petrucci E, Testa U, Conticello C, Biffoni M, Di Cataldo A, Winkles JA, Peschle C, De Maria R | title = Multiple members of the TNF superfamily contribute to IFN-gamma-mediated inhibition of erythropoiesis | journal = Journal of Immunology | volume = 175 | issue = 3 | pages = 1464–72 | date = Aug 2005 | pmid = 16034083 | doi = 10.4049/jimmunol.175.3.1464 }}</ref>
*{{cite journal | author=Lacombe C, Mayeux P |title=Biology of erythropoietin. |journal=Haematologica |volume=83 |issue= 8 |pages= 724-32 |year= 1998 |pmid= 9793257 |doi=  }}
 
*{{cite journal | author=Bonifacino JS |title=Quality control of receptor-kinase signaling complexes. |journal=Dev. Cell |volume=2 |issue= 1 |pages= 1-2 |year= 2002 |pmid= 11782306 |doi= }}
''Based on current evidence, it is still unknown whether Epo/EpoR directly cause "proliferation and differentiation" of erythroid progenitors in vivo, although such direct effects have been described based on in vitro work.''
*{{cite journal | author=Takeshita A, Shinjo K, Naito K, ''et al.'' |title=Erythropoietin receptor in myelodysplastic syndrome and leukemia. |journal=Leuk. Lymphoma |volume=43 |issue= 2 |pages= 261-4 |year= 2003 |pmid= 11999556 |doi= }}
 
*{{cite journal | author=Kralovics R, Skoda RC |title=Molecular pathogenesis of Philadelphia chromosome negative myeloproliferative disorders. |journal=Blood Rev. |volume=19 |issue= 1 |pages= 1-13 |year= 2005 |pmid= 15572213 |doi= 10.1016/j.blre.2004.02.002 }}
=== Erythroid differentiation ===
*{{cite journal | author=Madeddu P, Emanueli C |title=Switching on reparative angiogenesis: essential role of the vascular erythropoietin receptor. |journal=Circ. Res. |volume=100 |issue= 5 |pages= 599-601 |year= 2007 |pmid= 17363704 |doi= 10.1161/01.RES.0000261610.11754.b1 }}
 
}}
It is thought that erythroid differentiation is primarily dependent on the presence and induction of erythroid transcriptional factors such as GATA-1, FOG-1 and EKLF, as well as the suppression of myeloid/lymphoid transcriptional factors such as PU.1.<ref name="pmid12032775">{{cite journal | vauthors = Cantor AB, Orkin SH | title = Transcriptional regulation of erythropoiesis: an affair involving multiple partners | journal = Oncogene | volume = 21 | issue = 21 | pages = 3368–76 | date = May 2002 | pmid = 12032775 | doi = 10.1038/sj.onc.1205326 }}</ref> Direct and significant effects of EpoR signaling specifically upon the induction of erythroid-specific genes such as beta-globin, have been mainly elusive. It is known that GATA-1 can induce EpoR expression.<ref name="pmid1660143">{{cite journal | vauthors = Zon LI, Youssoufian H, Mather C, Lodish HF, Orkin SH | title = Activation of the erythropoietin receptor promoter by transcription factor GATA-1 | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | volume = 88 | issue = 23 | pages = 10638–41 | date = Dec 1991 | pmid = 1660143 | pmc = 52985 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.88.23.10638 }}</ref> In turn, EpoR's PI3-K/AKT signaling pathway augments GATA-1 activity.<ref name="pmid16204311">{{cite journal | vauthors = Zhao W, Kitidis C, Fleming MD, Lodish HF, Ghaffari S | title = Erythropoietin stimulates phosphorylation and activation of GATA-1 via the PI3-kinase/AKT signaling pathway | journal = Blood | volume = 107 | issue = 3 | pages = 907–15 | date = Feb 2006 | pmid = 16204311 | pmc = 1895894 | doi = 10.1182/blood-2005-06-2516 }}</ref>
 
=== Erythroid cell cycle/proliferation ===
 
Induction of proliferation by the EpoR is likely cell type-dependent. It is known that EpoR can activate mitogenic signaling pathways and can lead to cell proliferation in erythroleukemic cell lines ''in vitro'', various non-erythroid cells, and cancer cells. So far, there is no sufficient evidence that ''in vivo'', EpoR signaling can induce erythroid progenitors to undergo cell division, or whether Epo levels can modulate the cell cycle.<ref name="pmid2326648"/> EpoR signaling may still have a proliferation effect upon BFU-e progenitors, but these progenitors cannot be directly identified, isolated and studied. CFU-e progenitors enter the cell cycle at the time of GATA-1 induction and PU.1 suppression in a developmental manner rather than due to EpoR signaling.<ref name="pmid20877475">{{cite journal | vauthors = Pop R, Shearstone JR, Shen Q, Liu Y, Hallstrom K, Koulnis M, Gribnau J, Socolovsky M | title = A key commitment step in erythropoiesis is synchronized with the cell cycle clock through mutual inhibition between PU.1 and S-phase progression | journal = PLoS Biology | volume = 8 | issue = 9 | year = 2010 | pmid = 20877475 | pmc = 2943437 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pbio.1000484 }}</ref> Subsequent differentiation stages (proerythroblast to orthochromatic erythroblast) involve a decrease in cell size and eventual expulsion of the nucleus, and are likely dependent upon EpoR signaling only for their survival. In addition, some evidence on macrocytosis in hypoxic stress (when Epo can increase 1000-fold) suggests that mitosis is actually ''skipped'' in later erythroid stages, when EpoR expression is low/absent, in order to provide emergency reserve of red blood cells as soon as possible.<ref name="pmid14236733">{{cite journal | vauthors = Seno S, Miyahara M, Asakura H, Ochi O, Matsuoka K, Toyama T | title = MACROCYTOSIS RESULTING FROM EARLY DENUCLEATION OF ERYTHROID PRECURSORS | journal = Blood | volume = 24 | issue =  | pages = 582–93 | date = Nov 1964 | pmid = 14236733 | doi =  }}</ref><ref name="pmid14014098">{{cite journal | vauthors = Borsook H, Lingrel JB, Scaro JL, Millette RL | title = Synthesis of haemoglobin in relation to the maturation of erythroid cells | journal = Nature | volume = 196 | issue = 4852 | pages = 347–50 | date = Oct 1962 | pmid = 14014098 | doi = 10.1038/196347a0 }}</ref> Such data, though sometimes circumstantial, argue that there is limited capacity to proliferate specifically in response to Epo (and not other factors). Together, these data suggest that EpoR in erythroid differentiation may function primarily as a survival factor, while its effect on the cell cycle (for example, rate of division and corresponding changes in the levels of cyclins and Cdk inhibitors) ''in vivo'' awaits further work. In other cell systems, however, EpoR may provide a specific proliferative signal.
 
=== Commitment of multipotent progenitors to the erythroid lineage ===
 
EpoR's role in lineage commitment is currently unclear. EpoR expression can extend as far back as the hematopoietic stem cell compartment.<ref name="pmid16873070">{{cite journal | vauthors = Forsberg EC, Serwold T, Kogan S, Weissman IL, Passegué E | title = New evidence supporting megakaryocyte-erythrocyte potential of flk2/flt3+ multipotent hematopoietic progenitors | journal = Cell | volume = 126 | issue = 2 | pages = 415–26 | date = Jul 2006 | pmid = 16873070 | doi = 10.1016/j.cell.2006.06.037 }}</ref> It is unknown whether EpoR signaling plays a ''permissive'' (i.e. induces only survival) or an ''instructive'' (i.e. upregulates erythroid markers to ''lock'' progenitors to a predetermined differentiation path) role in early, multipotent progenitors in order to produce sufficient erythroblast numbers. Current publications in the field suggest that it is primarily permissive. The generation of BFU-e and CFU-e progenitors was shown to be normal in rodent embryos knocked out for either Epo or EpoR.<ref name="pmid7553874">{{cite journal | vauthors = Wu H, Liu X, Jaenisch R, Lodish HF | title = Generation of committed erythroid BFU-E and CFU-E progenitors does not require erythropoietin or the erythropoietin receptor | journal = Cell | volume = 83 | issue = 1 | pages = 59–67 | date = Oct 1995 | pmid = 7553874 | doi = 10.1016/0092-8674(95)90234-1 }}</ref> An argument against such lack of requirement is that in response to Epo or hypoxic stress, the number of early erythroid stages, the BFU-e and CFU-e, increases dramatically. However, it is unclear if it is an instructive signal or, again, a permissive signal. One additional point is that signaling pathways activated by the EpoR are common to many other receptors; replacing EpoR with prolactin receptor supports erythroid survival and differentiation ''in vitro''.<ref name="pmid9716574">{{cite journal | vauthors = Socolovsky M, Fallon AE, Lodish HF | title = The prolactin receptor rescues EpoR-/- erythroid progenitors and replaces EpoR in a synergistic interaction with c-kit | journal = Blood | volume = 92 | issue = 5 | pages = 1491–6 | date = Sep 1998 | pmid = 9716574 | doi =  }}</ref><ref name="pmid9162017">{{cite journal | vauthors = Socolovsky M, Dusanter-Fourt I, Lodish HF | title = The prolactin receptor and severely truncated erythropoietin receptors support differentiation of erythroid progenitors | journal = The Journal of Biological Chemistry | volume = 272 | issue = 22 | pages = 14009–12 | date = May 1997 | pmid = 9162017 | doi = 10.1074/jbc.272.22.14009 }}</ref> Together, these data suggest that commitment to erythroid lineage likely does not happen due to EpoR's as-yet-unknown instructive function, but possibly due to its role in survival at the multipotent progenitor stages.
 
== Animal studies on Epo Receptor mutations==
 
Mice with truncated EpoR<ref name="pmid11406592">{{cite journal | vauthors = Zang H, Sato K, Nakajima H, McKay C, Ney PA, Ihle JN | title = The distal region and receptor tyrosines of the Epo receptor are non-essential for in vivo erythropoiesis | journal = The EMBO Journal | volume = 20 | issue = 12 | pages = 3156–66 | date = Jun 2001 | pmid = 11406592 | pmc = 150206 | doi = 10.1093/emboj/20.12.3156 }}</ref> are viable, which suggests Jak2 activity is sufficient to support basal erythropoiesis by activating the necessary pathways without phosphotyrosine docking sites being needed. EpoR-H form of EpoR truncation contains the first, and, what can be argued, the most important tyrosine 343 that serves as a docking site for the Stat5 molecule, but lacks the rest of the cytoplasmic tail. These mice exhibit elevated erythropoiesis consistent with the idea that phosphatase recruitment (and therefore the shutting down of signaling) is aberrant in these mice.
 
The EpoR-HM receptor also lacks the majority of the cytoplasmic domain, and contains the tyrosine 343 that was mutated to phenylalanine, making it unsuitable for efficient Stat5 docking and activation. These mice are anemic and show poor response to hypoxic stress, such as phenylhydrazine treatment or erythropoietin injection.<ref name="pmid11406592"/>
 
EpoR knockout mice have defects in heart, brain and the vasculature. These defects may be due to blocks in RBC formation and thus insufficient oxygen delivery to developing tissues because mice engineered to express Epo receptors only in erythroid cells develop normally.
 
== Clinical significance ==
 
Defects in the erythropoietin receptor may produce [[acute erythroid leukemia|erythroleukemia]] and familial [[polycythemia|erythrocytosis]].<ref name = "entrez"/> Overproduction of red blood cells increases a chance of adverse cardiovascular event, such as thrombosis and stroke.
 
Rarely, seemingly beneficial mutations in the EpoR may arise, where increased red blood cell number allows for improved oxygen delivery in athletic endurance events with no apparent adverse effects upon the athlete's health (as for example in the Finnish athlete [[Eero Mäntyranta]]).<ref name="pmid8506290">{{cite journal | vauthors = de la Chapelle A, Träskelin AL, Juvonen E | title = Truncated erythropoietin receptor causes dominantly inherited benign human erythrocytosis | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | volume = 90 | issue = 10 | pages = 4495–9 | date = May 1993 | pmid = 8506290 | pmc = 46538 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.90.10.4495 }}</ref>
 
Erythropoietin was reported to maintain endothelial cells and to promote tumor [[angiogenesis]], hence the dysregulation of EpoR may affect the growth of certain tumors.<ref name="pmid15591419">{{cite journal | vauthors = Farrell F, Lee A | title = The erythropoietin receptor and its expression in tumor cells and other tissues | journal = The Oncologist | volume = 9 Suppl 5 | issue =  | pages = 18–30 | year = 2004 | pmid = 15591419 | doi = 10.1634/theoncologist.9-90005-18 }}</ref><ref name="pmid18434185">{{cite journal | vauthors = Jelkmann W, Bohlius J, Hallek M, Sytkowski AJ | title = The erythropoietin receptor in normal and cancer tissues | journal = Critical Reviews in Oncology/Hematology | volume = 67 | issue = 1 | pages = 39–61 | date = Jul 2008 | pmid = 18434185 | doi = 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2008.03.006 }}</ref> However this hypothesis is not universally accepted.
 
== Interactions ==
 
Erythropoietin receptor has been shown to [[Protein-protein interaction|interact]] with:
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
* [[CRKL]],<ref name="pmid9344843">{{cite journal | vauthors = Chin H, Saito T, Arai A, Yamamoto K, Kamiyama R, Miyasaka N, Miura O | title = Erythropoietin and IL-3 induce tyrosine phosphorylation of CrkL and its association with Shc, SHP-2, and Cbl in hematopoietic cells | journal = Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications | volume = 239 | issue = 2 | pages = 412–7 | date = Oct 1997 | pmid = 9344843 | doi = 10.1006/bbrc.1997.7480 }}</ref><ref name="pmid11443118">{{cite journal | vauthors = Arai A, Kanda E, Nosaka Y, Miyasaka N, Miura O | title = CrkL is recruited through its SH2 domain to the erythropoietin receptor and plays a role in Lyn-mediated receptor signaling | journal = The Journal of Biological Chemistry | volume = 276 | issue = 35 | pages = 33282–90 | date = Aug 2001 | pmid = 11443118 | doi = 10.1074/jbc.M102924200 }}</ref>
* [[Erythropoietin]],<ref name="pmid10318834">{{cite journal | vauthors = Middleton SA, Barbone FP, Johnson DL, Thurmond RL, You Y, McMahon FJ, Jin R, Livnah O, Tullai J, Farrell FX, Goldsmith MA, Wilson IA, Jolliffe LK | title = Shared and unique determinants of the erythropoietin (EPO) receptor are important for binding EPO and EPO mimetic peptide | journal = The Journal of Biological Chemistry | volume = 274 | issue = 20 | pages = 14163–9 | date = May 1999 | pmid = 10318834 | doi = 10.1074/jbc.274.20.14163 }}</ref><ref name="pmid9808045">{{cite journal | vauthors = Livnah O, Johnson DL, Stura EA, Farrell FX, Barbone FP, You Y, Liu KD, Goldsmith MA, He W, Krause CD, Pestka S, Jolliffe LK, Wilson IA | title = An antagonist peptide-EPO receptor complex suggests that receptor dimerization is not sufficient for activation | journal = Nature Structural Biology | volume = 5 | issue = 11 | pages = 993–1004 | date = Nov 1998 | pmid = 9808045 | doi = 10.1038/2965 }}</ref>
* [[Grb2]],<ref name="pmid7534299">{{cite journal | vauthors = Tauchi T, Feng GS, Shen R, Hoatlin M, Bagby GC, Kabat D, Lu L, Broxmeyer HE | title = Involvement of SH2-containing phosphotyrosine phosphatase Syp in erythropoietin receptor signal transduction pathways | journal = The Journal of Biological Chemistry | volume = 270 | issue = 10 | pages = 5631–5 | date = Mar 1995 | pmid = 7534299 | doi = 10.1074/jbc.270.10.5631 }}</ref><ref name="pmid8647802">{{cite journal | vauthors = Feng GS, Ouyang YB, Hu DP, Shi ZQ, Gentz R, Ni J | title = Grap is a novel SH3-SH2-SH3 adaptor protein that couples tyrosine kinases to the Ras pathway | journal = The Journal of Biological Chemistry | volume = 271 | issue = 21 | pages = 12129–32 | date = May 1996 | pmid = 8647802 | doi = 10.1074/jbc.271.21.12129 }}</ref>
* [[Janus kinase 2]],<ref name="pmid11779507">{{cite journal | vauthors = Huang LJ, Constantinescu SN, Lodish HF | title = The N-terminal domain of Janus kinase 2 is required for Golgi processing and cell surface expression of erythropoietin receptor | journal = Molecular Cell | volume = 8 | issue = 6 | pages = 1327–38 | date = Dec 2001 | pmid = 11779507 | doi = 10.1016/S1097-2765(01)00401-4 }}</ref><ref name="pmid8343951">{{cite journal | vauthors = Witthuhn BA, Quelle FW, Silvennoinen O, Yi T, Tang B, Miura O, Ihle JN | title = JAK2 associates with the erythropoietin receptor and is tyrosine phosphorylated and activated following stimulation with erythropoietin | journal = Cell | volume = 74 | issue = 2 | pages = 227–36 | date = Jul 1993 | pmid = 8343951 | doi = 10.1016/0092-8674(93)90414-L }}</ref>
* [[LYN]],<ref name="pmid9573010">{{cite journal | vauthors = Chin H, Arai A, Wakao H, Kamiyama R, Miyasaka N, Miura O | title = Lyn physically associates with the erythropoietin receptor and may play a role in activation of the Stat5 pathway | journal = Blood | volume = 91 | issue = 10 | pages = 3734–45 | date = May 1998 | pmid = 9573010 | doi =  }}</ref>
* [[PIK3R1]],<ref name="pmid9162069">{{cite journal | vauthors = Shigematsu H, Iwasaki H, Otsuka T, Ohno Y, Arima F, Niho Y | title = Role of the vav proto-oncogene product (Vav) in erythropoietin-mediated cell proliferation and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase activity | journal = The Journal of Biological Chemistry | volume = 272 | issue = 22 | pages = 14334–40 | date = May 1997 | pmid = 9162069 | doi = 10.1074/jbc.272.22.14334 }}</ref><ref name="pmid7559499">{{cite journal | vauthors = Damen JE, Cutler RL, Jiao H, Yi T, Krystal G | title = Phosphorylation of tyrosine 503 in the erythropoietin receptor (EpR) is essential for binding the P85 subunit of phosphatidylinositol (PI) 3-kinase and for EpR-associated PI 3-kinase activity | journal = The Journal of Biological Chemistry | volume = 270 | issue = 40 | pages = 23402–8 | date = Oct 1995 | pmid = 7559499 | doi = 10.1074/jbc.270.40.23402 }}</ref>
* [[PTPN6]],<ref name="pmid7889566">{{cite journal | vauthors = Klingmüller U, Lorenz U, Cantley LC, Neel BG, Lodish HF | title = Specific recruitment of SH-PTP1 to the erythropoietin receptor causes inactivation of JAK2 and termination of proliferative signals | journal = Cell | volume = 80 | issue = 5 | pages = 729–38 | date = Mar 1995 | pmid = 7889566 | doi = 10.1016/0092-8674(95)90351-8 }}</ref>
* [[SOCS2]],<ref name="pmid11781573">{{cite journal | vauthors = Eyckerman S, Verhee A, der Heyden JV, Lemmens I, Ostade XV, Vandekerckhove J, Tavernier J | title = Design and application of a cytokine-receptor-based interaction trap | journal = Nature Cell Biology | volume = 3 | issue = 12 | pages = 1114–9 | date = Dec 2001 | pmid = 11781573 | doi = 10.1038/ncb1201-1114 }}</ref>
* [[SOCS3]],<ref name="pmid10882725">{{cite journal | vauthors = Sasaki A, Yasukawa H, Shouda T, Kitamura T, Dikic I, Yoshimura A | title = CIS3/SOCS-3 suppresses erythropoietin (EPO) signaling by binding the EPO receptor and JAK2 | journal = The Journal of Biological Chemistry | volume = 275 | issue = 38 | pages = 29338–47 | date = Sep 2000 | pmid = 10882725 | doi = 10.1074/jbc.M003456200 }}</ref><ref name="pmid12027890">{{cite journal | vauthors = Hörtner M, Nielsch U, Mayr LM, Heinrich PC, Haan S | title = A new high affinity binding site for suppressor of cytokine signaling-3 on the erythropoietin receptor | journal = European Journal of Biochemistry / FEBS | volume = 269 | issue = 10 | pages = 2516–26 | date = May 2002 | pmid = 12027890 | doi = 10.1046/j.1432-1033.2002.02916.x }}</ref> and
* [[STAT5A]].<ref name="pmid8977232">{{cite journal | vauthors = Chin H, Nakamura N, Kamiyama R, Miyasaka N, Ihle JN, Miura O | title = Physical and functional interactions between Stat5 and the tyrosine-phosphorylated receptors for erythropoietin and interleukin-3 | journal = Blood | volume = 88 | issue = 12 | pages = 4415–25 | date = Dec 1996 | pmid = 8977232 | doi = }}</ref>
{{Div col end}}
{{Clear}}
 
== References ==
{{reflist|33em}}
 
== Further reading ==
{{refbegin |33em}}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Zhu Y, D'Andrea AD | title = The molecular physiology of erythropoietin and the erythropoietin receptor | journal = Current Opinion in Hematology | volume = 1 | issue = 2 | pages = 113–8 | date = Mar 1994 | pmid = 9371269 | doi =  }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Lacombe C, Mayeux P | title = Biology of erythropoietin | journal = Haematologica | volume = 83 | issue = 8 | pages = 724–32 | date = Aug 1998 | pmid = 9793257 | doi =  }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Bonifacino JS | title = Quality control of receptor-kinase signaling complexes | journal = Developmental Cell | volume = 2 | issue = 1 | pages = 1–2 | date = Jan 2002 | pmid = 11782306 | doi = 10.1016/S1534-5807(01)00114-9 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Takeshita A, Shinjo K, Naito K, Ohnishi K, Higuchi M, Ohno R | title = Erythropoietin receptor in myelodysplastic syndrome and leukemia | journal = Leukemia & Lymphoma | volume = 43 | issue = 2 | pages = 261–4 | date = Feb 2002 | pmid = 11999556 | doi = 10.1080/10428190290006026 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Kralovics R, Skoda RC | title = Molecular pathogenesis of Philadelphia chromosome negative myeloproliferative disorders | journal = Blood Reviews | volume = 19 | issue = 1 | pages = 1–13 | date = Jan 2005 | pmid = 15572213 | doi = 10.1016/j.blre.2004.02.002 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Madeddu P, Emanueli C | title = Switching on reparative angiogenesis: essential role of the vascular erythropoietin receptor | journal = Circulation Research | volume = 100 | issue = 5 | pages = 599–601 | date = Mar 2007 | pmid = 17363704 | pmc = 2827860 | doi = 10.1161/01.RES.0000261610.11754.b1 }}
{{refend}}
{{refend}}


==External links==
== External links ==
* {{MeshName|Erythropoietin+Receptors}}
* {{MeshName|Erythropoietin+Receptors}}


{{Immune receptors}}
{{NLM content}}
{{PDB Gallery|geneid=2057}}
{{Cytokine receptors}}
{{Growth factor receptors}}
{{Growth factor receptors}}
[[Category:Cytokine receptors]]
{{Growth factor receptor modulators}}
{{Cytokine receptor modulators}}
 
[[Category:Signal transduction]]
[[Category:Signal transduction]]
[[Category:Type I cytokine receptors]]
[[Category:Type I cytokine receptors]]
{{biochem-stub}}

Latest revision as of 00:24, 27 October 2017

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The erythropoietin receptor (EpoR) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the EPOR gene.[1] EpoR is a 52kDa peptide with a single carbohydrate chain resulting in a n approximately 56-57 kDa protein found on the surface of EPO responding cells. It is a member of the cytokine receptor family. EpoR pre-exists as dimers [2] which upon binding of a 30 kDa ligand erythropoietin (Epo), changes its homodimerized state. These conformational changes result in the autophosphorylation of Jak2 kinases that are pre-associated with the receptor (i.e., EpoR does not possess intrinsic kinase activity and depends on Jak2 activity).[3][4] At present, the most well-established function of EpoR is to promote proliferation and rescue of erythroid (red blood cell) progenitors from apoptosis.[1]

Function and mechanism of action

File:TruncatedEpoReceptors.png
Murine Epo Receptor truncations and known functions. Erythroid differentiation depends on transcriptional regulator GATA1. EpoR is thought to contribute to differentiation via multiple signaling pathways including the STAT5 pathway. In erythropoiesis, EpoR is best known for inducing survival of progenitors.

The cytoplasmic domains of the EpoR contain a number of phosphotyrosines that are phosphorylated by Jak2 and serve as docking sites for a variety of intracellular pathway activators and Stats (such as Stat5). In addition to activating Ras/AKT and ERK/MAP kinase, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/AKT pathway and STAT transcription factors, phosphotyrosines also serve as docking sites for phosphatases that negatively affect EpoR signaling in order to prevent overactivation that may lead to such disorders as erythrocytosis. In general, the defects in the erythropoietin receptor may produce erythroleukemia and familial erythrocytosis. Mutations in Jak2 kinases associated with EpoR can also lead to polycythemia vera.[5]

Erythroid survival

Primary role of EpoR is to promote proliferation of erythroid progenitor cells and rescue erythroid progenitors from cell death.[6] EpoR induced Jak2-Stat5 signaling, together with transcriptional factor GATA-1, induces the transcription of pro-survival protein Bcl-xL.[7] Additionally, EpoR has been implicated in suppressing expression of death receptors Fas, Trail and TNFa that negatively affect erythropoiesis.[8][9][10]

Based on current evidence, it is still unknown whether Epo/EpoR directly cause "proliferation and differentiation" of erythroid progenitors in vivo, although such direct effects have been described based on in vitro work.

Erythroid differentiation

It is thought that erythroid differentiation is primarily dependent on the presence and induction of erythroid transcriptional factors such as GATA-1, FOG-1 and EKLF, as well as the suppression of myeloid/lymphoid transcriptional factors such as PU.1.[11] Direct and significant effects of EpoR signaling specifically upon the induction of erythroid-specific genes such as beta-globin, have been mainly elusive. It is known that GATA-1 can induce EpoR expression.[12] In turn, EpoR's PI3-K/AKT signaling pathway augments GATA-1 activity.[13]

Erythroid cell cycle/proliferation

Induction of proliferation by the EpoR is likely cell type-dependent. It is known that EpoR can activate mitogenic signaling pathways and can lead to cell proliferation in erythroleukemic cell lines in vitro, various non-erythroid cells, and cancer cells. So far, there is no sufficient evidence that in vivo, EpoR signaling can induce erythroid progenitors to undergo cell division, or whether Epo levels can modulate the cell cycle.[6] EpoR signaling may still have a proliferation effect upon BFU-e progenitors, but these progenitors cannot be directly identified, isolated and studied. CFU-e progenitors enter the cell cycle at the time of GATA-1 induction and PU.1 suppression in a developmental manner rather than due to EpoR signaling.[14] Subsequent differentiation stages (proerythroblast to orthochromatic erythroblast) involve a decrease in cell size and eventual expulsion of the nucleus, and are likely dependent upon EpoR signaling only for their survival. In addition, some evidence on macrocytosis in hypoxic stress (when Epo can increase 1000-fold) suggests that mitosis is actually skipped in later erythroid stages, when EpoR expression is low/absent, in order to provide emergency reserve of red blood cells as soon as possible.[15][16] Such data, though sometimes circumstantial, argue that there is limited capacity to proliferate specifically in response to Epo (and not other factors). Together, these data suggest that EpoR in erythroid differentiation may function primarily as a survival factor, while its effect on the cell cycle (for example, rate of division and corresponding changes in the levels of cyclins and Cdk inhibitors) in vivo awaits further work. In other cell systems, however, EpoR may provide a specific proliferative signal.

Commitment of multipotent progenitors to the erythroid lineage

EpoR's role in lineage commitment is currently unclear. EpoR expression can extend as far back as the hematopoietic stem cell compartment.[17] It is unknown whether EpoR signaling plays a permissive (i.e. induces only survival) or an instructive (i.e. upregulates erythroid markers to lock progenitors to a predetermined differentiation path) role in early, multipotent progenitors in order to produce sufficient erythroblast numbers. Current publications in the field suggest that it is primarily permissive. The generation of BFU-e and CFU-e progenitors was shown to be normal in rodent embryos knocked out for either Epo or EpoR.[18] An argument against such lack of requirement is that in response to Epo or hypoxic stress, the number of early erythroid stages, the BFU-e and CFU-e, increases dramatically. However, it is unclear if it is an instructive signal or, again, a permissive signal. One additional point is that signaling pathways activated by the EpoR are common to many other receptors; replacing EpoR with prolactin receptor supports erythroid survival and differentiation in vitro.[19][20] Together, these data suggest that commitment to erythroid lineage likely does not happen due to EpoR's as-yet-unknown instructive function, but possibly due to its role in survival at the multipotent progenitor stages.

Animal studies on Epo Receptor mutations

Mice with truncated EpoR[21] are viable, which suggests Jak2 activity is sufficient to support basal erythropoiesis by activating the necessary pathways without phosphotyrosine docking sites being needed. EpoR-H form of EpoR truncation contains the first, and, what can be argued, the most important tyrosine 343 that serves as a docking site for the Stat5 molecule, but lacks the rest of the cytoplasmic tail. These mice exhibit elevated erythropoiesis consistent with the idea that phosphatase recruitment (and therefore the shutting down of signaling) is aberrant in these mice.

The EpoR-HM receptor also lacks the majority of the cytoplasmic domain, and contains the tyrosine 343 that was mutated to phenylalanine, making it unsuitable for efficient Stat5 docking and activation. These mice are anemic and show poor response to hypoxic stress, such as phenylhydrazine treatment or erythropoietin injection.[21]

EpoR knockout mice have defects in heart, brain and the vasculature. These defects may be due to blocks in RBC formation and thus insufficient oxygen delivery to developing tissues because mice engineered to express Epo receptors only in erythroid cells develop normally.

Clinical significance

Defects in the erythropoietin receptor may produce erythroleukemia and familial erythrocytosis.[1] Overproduction of red blood cells increases a chance of adverse cardiovascular event, such as thrombosis and stroke.

Rarely, seemingly beneficial mutations in the EpoR may arise, where increased red blood cell number allows for improved oxygen delivery in athletic endurance events with no apparent adverse effects upon the athlete's health (as for example in the Finnish athlete Eero Mäntyranta).[22]

Erythropoietin was reported to maintain endothelial cells and to promote tumor angiogenesis, hence the dysregulation of EpoR may affect the growth of certain tumors.[23][24] However this hypothesis is not universally accepted.

Interactions

Erythropoietin receptor has been shown to interact with:

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 "Entrez Gene: EPOR erythropoietin receptor".
  2. ↑ Livnah O, Stura EA, Middleton SA, Johnson DL, Jolliffe LK, Wilson IA (Feb 1999). "Crystallographic evidence for preformed dimers of erythropoietin receptor before ligand activation". Science. 283 (5404): 987–90. doi:10.1126/science.283.5404.987. PMID 9974392.
  3. ↑ Youssoufian H, Longmore G, Neumann D, Yoshimura A, Lodish HF (May 1993). "Structure, function, and activation of the erythropoietin receptor". Blood. 81 (9): 2223–36. PMID 8481505.
  4. ↑ Wilson IA, Jolliffe LK (Dec 1999). "The structure, organization, activation and plasticity of the erythropoietin receptor". Current Opinion in Structural Biology. 9 (6): 696–704. doi:10.1016/S0959-440X(99)00032-9. PMID 10607675.
  5. ↑ James C, Ugo V, Le Couédic JP, Staerk J, Delhommeau F, Lacout C, Garçon L, Raslova H, Berger R, Bennaceur-Griscelli A, Villeval JL, Constantinescu SN, Casadevall N, Vainchenker W (Apr 2005). "A unique clonal JAK2 mutation leading to constitutive signalling causes polycythaemia vera". Nature. 434 (7037): 1144–8. doi:10.1038/nature03546. PMID 15793561.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Koury MJ, Bondurant MC (Apr 1990). "Erythropoietin retards DNA breakdown and prevents programmed death in erythroid progenitor cells". Science. 248 (4953): 378–81. doi:10.1126/science.2326648. PMID 2326648.
  7. ↑ Socolovsky M, Fallon AE, Wang S, Brugnara C, Lodish HF (Jul 1999). "Fetal anemia and apoptosis of red cell progenitors in Stat5a-/-5b-/- mice: a direct role for Stat5 in Bcl-X(L) induction". Cell. 98 (2): 181–91. doi:10.1016/S0092-8674(00)81013-2. PMID 10428030.
  8. ↑ De Maria R, Testa U, Luchetti L, Zeuner A, Stassi G, Pelosi E, Riccioni R, Felli N, Samoggia P, Peschle C (Feb 1999). "Apoptotic role of Fas/Fas ligand system in the regulation of erythropoiesis". Blood. 93 (3): 796–803. PMID 9920828.
  9. ↑ Liu Y, Pop R, Sadegh C, Brugnara C, Haase VH, Socolovsky M (Jul 2006). "Suppression of Fas-FasL coexpression by erythropoietin mediates erythroblast expansion during the erythropoietic stress response in vivo". Blood. 108 (1): 123–33. doi:10.1182/blood-2005-11-4458. PMC 1895827. PMID 16527892.
  10. ↑ Felli N, Pedini F, Zeuner A, Petrucci E, Testa U, Conticello C, Biffoni M, Di Cataldo A, Winkles JA, Peschle C, De Maria R (Aug 2005). "Multiple members of the TNF superfamily contribute to IFN-gamma-mediated inhibition of erythropoiesis". Journal of Immunology. 175 (3): 1464–72. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.175.3.1464. PMID 16034083.
  11. ↑ Cantor AB, Orkin SH (May 2002). "Transcriptional regulation of erythropoiesis: an affair involving multiple partners". Oncogene. 21 (21): 3368–76. doi:10.1038/sj.onc.1205326. PMID 12032775.
  12. ↑ Zon LI, Youssoufian H, Mather C, Lodish HF, Orkin SH (Dec 1991). "Activation of the erythropoietin receptor promoter by transcription factor GATA-1". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 88 (23): 10638–41. doi:10.1073/pnas.88.23.10638. PMC 52985. PMID 1660143.
  13. ↑ Zhao W, Kitidis C, Fleming MD, Lodish HF, Ghaffari S (Feb 2006). "Erythropoietin stimulates phosphorylation and activation of GATA-1 via the PI3-kinase/AKT signaling pathway". Blood. 107 (3): 907–15. doi:10.1182/blood-2005-06-2516. PMC 1895894. PMID 16204311.
  14. ↑ Pop R, Shearstone JR, Shen Q, Liu Y, Hallstrom K, Koulnis M, Gribnau J, Socolovsky M (2010). "A key commitment step in erythropoiesis is synchronized with the cell cycle clock through mutual inhibition between PU.1 and S-phase progression". PLoS Biology. 8 (9). doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1000484. PMC 2943437. PMID 20877475.
  15. ↑ Seno S, Miyahara M, Asakura H, Ochi O, Matsuoka K, Toyama T (Nov 1964). "MACROCYTOSIS RESULTING FROM EARLY DENUCLEATION OF ERYTHROID PRECURSORS". Blood. 24: 582–93. PMID 14236733.
  16. ↑ Borsook H, Lingrel JB, Scaro JL, Millette RL (Oct 1962). "Synthesis of haemoglobin in relation to the maturation of erythroid cells". Nature. 196 (4852): 347–50. doi:10.1038/196347a0. PMID 14014098.
  17. ↑ Forsberg EC, Serwold T, Kogan S, Weissman IL, Passegué E (Jul 2006). "New evidence supporting megakaryocyte-erythrocyte potential of flk2/flt3+ multipotent hematopoietic progenitors". Cell. 126 (2): 415–26. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2006.06.037. PMID 16873070.
  18. ↑ Wu H, Liu X, Jaenisch R, Lodish HF (Oct 1995). "Generation of committed erythroid BFU-E and CFU-E progenitors does not require erythropoietin or the erythropoietin receptor". Cell. 83 (1): 59–67. doi:10.1016/0092-8674(95)90234-1. PMID 7553874.
  19. ↑ Socolovsky M, Fallon AE, Lodish HF (Sep 1998). "The prolactin receptor rescues EpoR-/- erythroid progenitors and replaces EpoR in a synergistic interaction with c-kit". Blood. 92 (5): 1491–6. PMID 9716574.
  20. ↑ Socolovsky M, Dusanter-Fourt I, Lodish HF (May 1997). "The prolactin receptor and severely truncated erythropoietin receptors support differentiation of erythroid progenitors". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 272 (22): 14009–12. doi:10.1074/jbc.272.22.14009. PMID 9162017.
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 Zang H, Sato K, Nakajima H, McKay C, Ney PA, Ihle JN (Jun 2001). "The distal region and receptor tyrosines of the Epo receptor are non-essential for in vivo erythropoiesis". The EMBO Journal. 20 (12): 3156–66. doi:10.1093/emboj/20.12.3156. PMC 150206. PMID 11406592.
  22. ↑ de la Chapelle A, Träskelin AL, Juvonen E (May 1993). "Truncated erythropoietin receptor causes dominantly inherited benign human erythrocytosis". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 90 (10): 4495–9. doi:10.1073/pnas.90.10.4495. PMC 46538. PMID 8506290.
  23. ↑ Farrell F, Lee A (2004). "The erythropoietin receptor and its expression in tumor cells and other tissues". The Oncologist. 9 Suppl 5: 18–30. doi:10.1634/theoncologist.9-90005-18. PMID 15591419.
  24. ↑ Jelkmann W, Bohlius J, Hallek M, Sytkowski AJ (Jul 2008). "The erythropoietin receptor in normal and cancer tissues". Critical Reviews in Oncology/Hematology. 67 (1): 39–61. doi:10.1016/j.critrevonc.2008.03.006. PMID 18434185.
  25. ↑ Chin H, Saito T, Arai A, Yamamoto K, Kamiyama R, Miyasaka N, Miura O (Oct 1997). "Erythropoietin and IL-3 induce tyrosine phosphorylation of CrkL and its association with Shc, SHP-2, and Cbl in hematopoietic cells". Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 239 (2): 412–7. doi:10.1006/bbrc.1997.7480. PMID 9344843.
  26. ↑ Arai A, Kanda E, Nosaka Y, Miyasaka N, Miura O (Aug 2001). "CrkL is recruited through its SH2 domain to the erythropoietin receptor and plays a role in Lyn-mediated receptor signaling". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 276 (35): 33282–90. doi:10.1074/jbc.M102924200. PMID 11443118.
  27. ↑ Middleton SA, Barbone FP, Johnson DL, Thurmond RL, You Y, McMahon FJ, Jin R, Livnah O, Tullai J, Farrell FX, Goldsmith MA, Wilson IA, Jolliffe LK (May 1999). "Shared and unique determinants of the erythropoietin (EPO) receptor are important for binding EPO and EPO mimetic peptide". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 274 (20): 14163–9. doi:10.1074/jbc.274.20.14163. PMID 10318834.
  28. ↑ Livnah O, Johnson DL, Stura EA, Farrell FX, Barbone FP, You Y, Liu KD, Goldsmith MA, He W, Krause CD, Pestka S, Jolliffe LK, Wilson IA (Nov 1998). "An antagonist peptide-EPO receptor complex suggests that receptor dimerization is not sufficient for activation". Nature Structural Biology. 5 (11): 993–1004. doi:10.1038/2965. PMID 9808045.
  29. ↑ Tauchi T, Feng GS, Shen R, Hoatlin M, Bagby GC, Kabat D, Lu L, Broxmeyer HE (Mar 1995). "Involvement of SH2-containing phosphotyrosine phosphatase Syp in erythropoietin receptor signal transduction pathways". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 270 (10): 5631–5. doi:10.1074/jbc.270.10.5631. PMID 7534299.
  30. ↑ Feng GS, Ouyang YB, Hu DP, Shi ZQ, Gentz R, Ni J (May 1996). "Grap is a novel SH3-SH2-SH3 adaptor protein that couples tyrosine kinases to the Ras pathway". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 271 (21): 12129–32. doi:10.1074/jbc.271.21.12129. PMID 8647802.
  31. ↑ Huang LJ, Constantinescu SN, Lodish HF (Dec 2001). "The N-terminal domain of Janus kinase 2 is required for Golgi processing and cell surface expression of erythropoietin receptor". Molecular Cell. 8 (6): 1327–38. doi:10.1016/S1097-2765(01)00401-4. PMID 11779507.
  32. ↑ Witthuhn BA, Quelle FW, Silvennoinen O, Yi T, Tang B, Miura O, Ihle JN (Jul 1993). "JAK2 associates with the erythropoietin receptor and is tyrosine phosphorylated and activated following stimulation with erythropoietin". Cell. 74 (2): 227–36. doi:10.1016/0092-8674(93)90414-L. PMID 8343951.
  33. ↑ Chin H, Arai A, Wakao H, Kamiyama R, Miyasaka N, Miura O (May 1998). "Lyn physically associates with the erythropoietin receptor and may play a role in activation of the Stat5 pathway". Blood. 91 (10): 3734–45. PMID 9573010.
  34. ↑ Shigematsu H, Iwasaki H, Otsuka T, Ohno Y, Arima F, Niho Y (May 1997). "Role of the vav proto-oncogene product (Vav) in erythropoietin-mediated cell proliferation and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase activity". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 272 (22): 14334–40. doi:10.1074/jbc.272.22.14334. PMID 9162069.
  35. ↑ Damen JE, Cutler RL, Jiao H, Yi T, Krystal G (Oct 1995). "Phosphorylation of tyrosine 503 in the erythropoietin receptor (EpR) is essential for binding the P85 subunit of phosphatidylinositol (PI) 3-kinase and for EpR-associated PI 3-kinase activity". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 270 (40): 23402–8. doi:10.1074/jbc.270.40.23402. PMID 7559499.
  36. ↑ Klingmüller U, Lorenz U, Cantley LC, Neel BG, Lodish HF (Mar 1995). "Specific recruitment of SH-PTP1 to the erythropoietin receptor causes inactivation of JAK2 and termination of proliferative signals". Cell. 80 (5): 729–38. doi:10.1016/0092-8674(95)90351-8. PMID 7889566.
  37. ↑ Eyckerman S, Verhee A, der Heyden JV, Lemmens I, Ostade XV, Vandekerckhove J, Tavernier J (Dec 2001). "Design and application of a cytokine-receptor-based interaction trap". Nature Cell Biology. 3 (12): 1114–9. doi:10.1038/ncb1201-1114. PMID 11781573.
  38. ↑ Sasaki A, Yasukawa H, Shouda T, Kitamura T, Dikic I, Yoshimura A (Sep 2000). "CIS3/SOCS-3 suppresses erythropoietin (EPO) signaling by binding the EPO receptor and JAK2". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 275 (38): 29338–47. doi:10.1074/jbc.M003456200. PMID 10882725.
  39. ↑ Hörtner M, Nielsch U, Mayr LM, Heinrich PC, Haan S (May 2002). "A new high affinity binding site for suppressor of cytokine signaling-3 on the erythropoietin receptor". European Journal of Biochemistry / FEBS. 269 (10): 2516–26. doi:10.1046/j.1432-1033.2002.02916.x. PMID 12027890.
  40. ↑ Chin H, Nakamura N, Kamiyama R, Miyasaka N, Ihle JN, Miura O (Dec 1996). "Physical and functional interactions between Stat5 and the tyrosine-phosphorylated receptors for erythropoietin and interleukin-3". Blood. 88 (12): 4415–25. PMID 8977232.

Further reading

External links

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