Diarrhea: Difference between revisions

	Diarrhea Microchapters
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Overview
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Classification Acute Diarrhea Chronic diarrhea
Differential Diagnosis

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Latest revision as of 21:22, 29 July 2020

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] ; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Usama Talib, BSc, MD [2], Sadaf Sharfaei M.D.[3], Seyedmahdi Pahlavani, M.D. [4], Cafer Zorkun, M.D., Ph.D. [5], M.Umer Tariq [6]

Synonyms and keywords: Loose stools

Overview

Diarrhea is defined as the passage of unformed or abnormally liquid stools at an increased frequency. Diarrhea can be classified as acute or chronic. Acute diarrhea has a duration of less than 2 weeks and may be classified on the basis of etiology and presentation. On the basis of etiology, acute diarrhea may be classified into infectious and non-infectious subtypes. Subacute diarrhea is defined as a diarrhea lasting for two to four weeks. Although chronic diarrhea has multiple definitions, a current working definition is the production of loose stools for longer than 4 weeks. Frequent defecation with normal consistency is termed psuedo-diarrhea. There are 3 basic categories of chronic diarrhea: watery, fatty (malabsorption), and inflammatory (with blood and pus). The diagnosis is based on duration of symptoms, signs, microscopic stool examination and culture, stool osmolarity, and in some rare instances colonoscopy. The treatment is mainly based on severity of symptoms, etiology and availability of medications. Prevention is based on proper maintaining the filtration systems at water plants, hand wash, and effectively use of alcohol-based hand sanitizers. Vaccination for some viruses, such as Rotavirus is a part of preventive measures.

Classification

Diarrhea can be classified as acute or chronic depending on the duration of onset of symptoms. Acute and chronic diarrhea can be further classified as follows:

Classification of Acute Diarrhea

Acute diarrhea

Infectious

Non-Infectious

Classification of Chronic Diarrhea

Chronic diarrhea

Watery

Inflammatory

Secretory

Osmotic

Differential Diagnosis of Diarrhea of other diseases

To review the differential diagnosis of diarrhea, click here.

To review the differential diagnosis of acute diarrhea, click here.

To review the differential diagnosis of chronic diarrhea, click here.

To review the differential diagnosis of traveler's diarrhea, click here.

To review the differential diagnosis of acute watery diarrhea, click here.

To review the differential diagnosis of acute bloody diarrhea, click here.

To review the differential diagnosis of acute fatty diarrhea, click here.

To review the differential diagnosis of chronic watery diarrhea, click here.

To review the differential diagnosis of chronic bloody diarrhea, click here.

To review the differential diagnosis of chronic fatty diarrhea, click here.

To review the differential diagnosis of acute diarrhea and fever, click here.

To review the differential diagnosis of chronic diarrhea and fever, click here.

To review the differential diagnosis of acute diarrhea and abdominal pain, click here.

To review the differential diagnosis of chronic diarrhea and abdominal pain, click here.

To review the differential diagnosis of acute diarrhea and weight loss, click here.

To review the differential diagnosis of chronic diarrhea and weight loss, click here.

To review the differential diagnosis of acute diarrhea, fever, and abdominal pain, click here.

To review the differential diagnosis of chronic diarrhea, fever, and abdominal pain, click here.

To review the differential diagnosis of acute diarrhea, abdominal pain, and weight loss, click here.

To review the differential diagnosis of chronic diarrhea, abdominal pain, and weight loss, click here.

Diarrhea

The following table outlines the major differential diagnoses of diarrhea.^[1]^[2]^[3]^[4]^[5]^[6]^[7]^[8]^[9]^[10]^[11]^[12]^[13]^[14]^[15]^[16]^[17]^[18]^[19]^[20]^[21]^[22]^[23]^[24]^[25]^[26]^[27]^[28]^[29]^[30]

Abbreviations: GI: Gastrointestinal, CBC: Complete blood count, WBC: White blood cell, RBC: Red blood cell, Plt: Platelet, Hgb: Hemoglobin, ESR: Erythrocyte sedimentation rate, CRP: C–reactive protein, IgE: Immunoglobulin E, IgA: Immunoglobulin A, ETEC: Escherichia coli enteritis, EPEC: Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli, EIEC: Enteroinvasive Escherichia coli, EHEC: Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli, EAEC: Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli, Nl: Normal, ASCA: Anti saccharomyces cerevisiae antibodies, ANCA: Anti–neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody, DNA: Deoxyribonucleic acid, CFTR: Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator, SLC10A2: Solute carrier family 10 member 2, SeHCAT: Selenium homocholic acid taurine or tauroselcholic acid, IEL: Intraepithelial lymphocytes, MRCP: Magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography, ANA: Antinuclear antibodies, AMA: Anti-mitochondrial antibody, LDH: Lactate dehydrogenase, CPK: Creatine phosphokinase, PCR: Polymerase chain reaction, ELISA: Enzyme–linked immunosorbent assay, LT: Heat–labile enterotoxin, ST: Heat–stable enterotoxin, RT-PCR: Reverse–transcriptase polymerase chain reaction, CD4: Cluster of differentiation 4, HIV: Human immunodeficiency virus, RUQ: Right-upper quadrant, VIP: Vasoactive intestinal peptide, GI: Gastrointestinal, FAP: Familial adenomatous polyposis, HNPCC: Hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer, MTP: Microsomal triglyceride transfer protein, Scl‑70: Anti–topoisomerase I, TSH: Thyroid-stimulating hormone, T4: Thyroxine, T3: Triiodothyronine, DTR: Deep tendon reflex, RNA: Ribonucleic acid

				Symptoms								GI signs
Categories		Cause		Clinical manifestation									Lab findings									Extra intestinal findings	Cause/Pathogenesis	Gold standard diagnosis
				Duration		Diarrhea			Fever	Abdominal pain	Weight loss
				Duration		Diarrhea							Stool exam					CBC			Other lab findings
				Acute	Chronic	Watery	Bloody	Fatty					WBC	RBC	Ova/Parasite	Osmotic gap	Other	WBC	Hgb	Plt	Other lab findings
Gastrointestinal		Crohn's disease		–	+	+	+	+	±	+	+	Abdominal tenderness Oral mucosal lesions	+	+	–	Nl	–	↑	↓	↑	Anti saccharomyces cerevisiae antibodies (ASCA) Vitamin B12 deficiency Elevated ESR Elevated CRP	Uveitis Arthritis Erythema nodosum Pyoderma gangrenosum Amyloidosis Venous and arterial thromboembolism Renal stones Bronchiectasis	Abnormal immune response to self antigens	Colonoscopy with biopsy
		Ulcerative colitis		–	+	+	+	+	±	+	+	Abdominal tenderness Blood on rectal examination	+	+	–	Nl	–	↑	↓	↑	Anti–neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (P–ANCA) Hypoalbuminemia Hypokalemia Hypomagnesemia Elevated ESR Elevated CRP	Skin rash Iritis Uveitis Seronegative arthritis Clubbing Erythema nodosum	Abnormal immune response to self antigens	Colonoscopy with biopsy
		Celiac disease		–	+	±	–	±	–	+	+	Abdominal distention Increased bowel sounds Oral mucosal lesions Hepatosplenomegaly Ascites	–	–	–	Nl	Fat droplets on sudan stain	Nl	↓	Nl	IgA endomysial antibody Anti–tissue transglutaminase antibody Anti–gliadin antibody Fat soluble vitamins deficiency	Malabsorption Dementia Dermatitis herpetiformis	HLA–DQ2 HLA–DQ8 Innate responses to wheat proteins	IgA endomysial antibody Anti–tissue transglutaminase antibody
		Cause		Duration		Diarrhea			Fever	Abdominal pain	Weight loss	GI signs	Stool exam					CBC			Other lab findings	Extra intestinal findings	Cause/Pathogenesis	Gold standard diagnosis
		Cause		Acute	Chronic	Watery	Bloody	Fatty	Fever	Abdominal pain	Weight loss	GI signs	WBC	RBC	Ova/Parasite	Osmotic gap	Other	WBC	Hgb	Plt	Other lab findings	Extra intestinal findings	Cause/Pathogenesis	Gold standard diagnosis
		Cystic fibrosis		–	+	–	–	+	±	+	+	Abdominal distention Hepatosplenomegaly Rectal prolapse	–	–	–	Nl	Fat droplets on sudan stain	Nl	↓	Nl	Positive DNA analysis for cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) Nasal transepithelial potential difference Fat soluble vitamins deficiency	Malabsorption Recurrent respiratory tract infection Bronchiectasis Diabetes mellitus Scoliosis Infertility	Mutations in the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) protein	Positive genetic testing Elevated sweat chloride ≥60 mmol/L
		Chronic pancreatitis		–	+	+	–	+	–	+	+	Abdominal tenderness	–	–	–	Nl	Fat droplets on sudan stain Positive fecal elastase measurement	Nl	Nl	Nl	Slightly elevated amylase and lipase Abnormal pancreatic function test Secretin stimulation test	Malabsorption Diabetes mellitus Pancreatic pseudocyst	Toxins Recurrent acute pancreatitis Genetic predesposition Autoimmune	Magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP)
		Bile acid malabsorption		–	+	+	–	+	–	–	+		–	–	–	Nl	Fat droplets on sudan stain	Nl	Nl	Nl	Reduced cholesterol level	Malabsorption Hypotension Tachycardia	Genetic defects in SLC10A2	SeHCAT test
		Microscopic colitis		–	+	+	–	–	–	+	+	Abdominal tenderness Fecal incontinence	–	–	–	Nl	–	Nl	↓	Nl	Hypokalemia Elevated CRP Positive autoantibodies include: RF ANA AMA ANCA	Arthritis Uveitis Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura Pleuro pericarditis Hypothyroidism Psoriasis	Mucosal immune responses to luminal factors in a genetically predisposed individual Drug–induced	Colonoscopy with mucosal biopsy with mononuclear infiltrates: Collagenous colitis is characterized by a colonic subepithelial collagen band >10 micrometers in diameter Lymphocytic colitis is characterized by ≥20 intraepithelial lymphocytes (IEL) per 100 surface epithelial cells
		Cause		Duration		Diarrhea			Fever	Abdominal pain	Weight loss	GI signs	Stool exam					CBC			Other lab findings	Extra intestinal findings	Cause/Pathogenesis	Gold standard diagnosis
		Cause		Acute	Chronic	Watery	Bloody	Fatty	Fever	Abdominal pain	Weight loss	GI signs	WBC	RBC	Ova/Parasite	Osmotic gap	Other	WBC	Hgb	Plt	Other lab findings	Extra intestinal findings	Cause/Pathogenesis	Gold standard diagnosis
		Infective colitis		–	+	+	+	–	+	+	+	Rebound abdominal tenderness	+	+	+	Nl	Positive stool culture Positive fecal calprotectin Positive fecal lactoferrin	↑	↓	↑	Elevated CRP Elevated ESR	Arthritis Uveitis	Salmonella Shigella Campylobacter E. coli 0157:H7 Clostridium difficile Entamoeba histolytica Adenovirus Cytomegalovirus Herpes simplex virus	Stool culture Blood culture
		Ischemic colitis		+	+	+	+	–	+	+	+	Hyperactive then absent bowel sounds Abdominal tenderness	+	+	–	Nl	–	↑	↓	↑	Elevated CRP Elevated ESR Elevated serum lactate Elevated lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) Elevated creatine phosphokinase (CPK) Elevated amylase Hypoalbuminemia	IgA vasculitis	Hypercoagulability Nonocclusive colonic ischemia Embolic and thrombotic arterial occlusion Mesenteric vein thrombosis	Abdominal CT scan
		Lactose intolerance		+	+	+	–	–	–	+	–	Abdominal tenderness Abdominal distention	–	–	–	↑	–	Nl	Nl	Nl	Lactose tolerance test Genetic testing	Headache Vertigo Memory impairment Lethargy	Reduction of lactase enzyme activity or inability to produce persistent lactase Congenital lactase deficiency Secondary lactose malabsorption	Small bowel biopsy Lactose breath hydrogen test
		Irritable bowel syndrome		–	+	±	–	±	–	±	–	Abdominal tenderness Abdominal distention Normal bowel sounds	–	–	–	Nl	–	Nl	Nl	Nl	Nl	Anxiety Palpitation	Unknown	Diagnosis of exclusion
Infection	Bacterial	Cause		Duration		Diarrhea			Fever	Abdominal pain	Weight loss	GI signs	Stool exam					CBC			Other lab findings	Extra intestinal findings	Cause/Pathogenesis	Gold standard diagnosis
		Cause		Acute	Chronic	Watery	Bloody	Fatty	Fever	Abdominal pain	Weight loss	GI signs	WBC	RBC	Ova/Parasite	Osmotic gap	Other	WBC	Hgb	Plt	Other lab findings	Extra intestinal findings	Cause/Pathogenesis	Gold standard diagnosis
		Whipple's disease		–	+	+	–	+	±	+	+	Hepatosplenomegaly Ascites	–	–	–	Nl	Positive fecal fat	↓	↓	↓/↑	Hypoalbuminemia Fat soluble vitamins deficiency	Malabsorption Abnormal extraocular movement Lymphadenopathy Hyperpigmentation Uveitis Endocarditis Encephalitis Dementia Pleural effusion	Tropheryma whipplei	Small intestine biopsy for Tropheryma whipplei testing PCR testing
		Tropical sprue		+	+	+	–	+	+	+	+	Angular stomatitis Oral mucosal lesion	+	–	–	Nl	Positive stool culture	Nl	↓	Nl	Fat soluble vitamins deficiency Vitamin B12 deficiency Folate deficiency Hypokalemia	Myalgia Neuropathy Edema	Escherichia coli Klebsiella pneumoniae Enterobacter cloacae	Diagnosis of exclusion
		Small bowel bacterial overgrowth		–	+	+	–	+	–	+	+	Abdominal distention	+	–	–	Nl	Positive stool culture Positive fecal fat	Nl	↓	Nl	Hypoalbuminemia Abnormal hydrogen breath test Lactic acidosis	Malabsorption Rosacea	Excess bacteria in the small intestine Alterations in intestinal anatomy or GI motility	Diagnosis of exclusion
		Pseudomembranous enterocolitis		+	–	+	±	–	+	+	±	Generalized abdominal tenderness Abdominal distention Rebound abdominal tenderness	+	+	–	Nl	Enzyme–linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay or C. difficile antigen	↑	↓	↓	Elevated serum creatinine Hypoalbuminemia Elevated lactic acid	Dehydration Acute kidney injury Bacteremia Reactive arthritis Necrotizing fasciitis	Clostridium difficile Recent antibiotics use Recent surgery	Stool exam Pseudomembranes on colonoscopy
		Cause		Duration		Diarrhea			Fever	Abdominal pain	Weight loss	GI signs	Stool exam					CBC			Other lab findings	Extra intestinal findings	Cause/Pathogenesis	Gold standard diagnosis
		Cause		Acute	Chronic	Watery	Bloody	Fatty	Fever	Abdominal pain	Weight loss	GI signs	WBC	RBC	Ova/Parasite	Osmotic gap	Other	WBC	Hgb	Plt	Other lab findings	Extra intestinal findings	Cause/Pathogenesis	Gold standard diagnosis
		Campylobacteriosis		+	–	+	+	–	+	+	–	Diffuse abdominal tenderness	+	+	–	Nl	Positive stool culture	↑	Nl	Nl	Nl	Toxic megacolon Sepsis Arthritis Endocarditis Guillain–Barré syndrome	Campylobacter jejuni	Stool culture
		Salmonellosis		+	+	+	+	–	+	+	–	Abdominal distention Diffuse abdominal tenderness Hepatosplenomegaly	+	+	–	Nl	Positive stool culture Positive serologic testing	↑	Nl	↑	Hypokalemia Hypernatremia Hyponatremia Hypercalciuria Hypocitraturia	Post–infectious arthritis Obtundation Bacteremia Pericarditis Pyelonephritis Brain abscess	Salmonella	Stool culture
		Shigellosis		+	–	+	+	–	+	+	–	Abdominal distention Hyperactive bowel sounds Diffuse abdominal tenderness	+	+	–	Nl	Positive stool culture	↑/↓	↓	↓	Elevated CRP Elevated ESR Hyponatremia Hypoglycemia Azotemia	Headache Lethargy Seizures Delirium Post–infectious arthritis Myocarditis	Shigella	Stool culture
		Cause		Duration		Diarrhea			Fever	Abdominal pain	Weight loss	GI signs	Stool exam					CBC			Other lab findings	Extra intestinal findings	Cause/Pathogenesis	Gold standard diagnosis
		Cause		Acute	Chronic	Watery	Bloody	Fatty	Fever	Abdominal pain	Weight loss	GI signs	WBC	RBC	Ova/Parasite	Osmotic gap	Other	WBC	Hgb	Plt	Other lab findings	Extra intestinal findings	Cause/Pathogenesis	Gold standard diagnosis
		Escherichia coli enteritis	ETEC (Traveler's diarrhea)	+	–	+	–	–	+	–	–	Diffuse abdominal tenderness	+	–	–	Nl	Positive stool culture	↑	Nl	Nl	–	–	Enterotoxigenic escherichia coli Enterotoxins: Heat–labile enterotoxin (LT) Heat–stable enterotoxin (ST)	Stool culture
			EPEC	+	+	+	+	–	+	+	+	Diffuse abdominal tenderness	+	+	–	Nl	Positive stool culture	↑	Nl	Nl	–	–	Enteropathogenic E. coli	DNA probe or polymerase chain reaction (PCR) of the EPEC adherence factor Stool culture
			EIEC	+	–	+	+	–	+	+	–	Diffuse abdominal tenderness	+	+	–	Nl	Positive stool culture	↑	Nl	Nl	–	–	Enteroinvasive E. coli	DNA probe Stool culture
			EHEC	+	–	+	+	–	–	+	–	Diffuse abdominal tenderness	+	+	–	Nl	Positive stool culture	↑	↓	↓	Azotemia	Hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) Renal failure	Enterohemorrhagic E. coli Shiga toxins	Stool culture
			EAEC	+	+	+	+	–	–	+	–	Diffuse abdominal tenderness	+	+	–	Nl	Positive stool culture	↑	↓	↓	–	Chronic infection in immunocompromised patients	Enteroaggregative E. coli	Stool culture
		Cause		Duration		Diarrhea			Fever	Abdominal pain	Weight loss	GI signs	Stool exam					CBC			Other lab findings	Extra intestinal findings	Cause/Pathogenesis	Gold standard diagnosis
		Cause		Acute	Chronic	Watery	Bloody	Fatty	Fever	Abdominal pain	Weight loss	GI signs	WBC	RBC	Ova/Parasite	Osmotic gap	Other	WBC	Hgb	Plt	Other lab findings	Extra intestinal findings	Cause/Pathogenesis	Gold standard diagnosis
		Yersinia enterocolitica		+	–	+	+	–	+	+	–	Abdominal distention Hyperactive bowel sounds Diffuse abdominal tenderness	+	+	–	Nl	Positive stool culture	↑	Nl	Nl	–	Bacteremia Reactive arthritis Glomerulonephritis Endocarditis Erythema nodosum Abscess	Yersinia enterocolitica	Stool culture
		Vibrio cholera		+	–	+	–	–	–	+	–		+	–	–	Nl	Positive stool culture	↑	Nl	Nl	Azotemia	Severe dehydration Decreased skin turgor Oliguria Renal failure Muscle cramps Seizure Somnolence	Cholera toxin	Stool culture
		Aeromonas		+	+	+	+	–	+	+	–	Abdominal distention Hyperactive bowel sounds Diffuse abdominal tenderness	+	+	–	Nl	Positive stool culture	↑	Nl	Nl	–	Wound infection Bacteremia Hemolytic uremic syndrome Meningitis Ocular infection Pneumonia Urinary tract infection Osteomyelitis Peritonitis Acute cholecystitis Opportunistic infections in immunocompromised patients	Aeromonas virulence factors including endotoxins, hemolysins, enterotoxins, and adherence factors	Blood culture Wound culture
		Cause		Duration		Diarrhea			Fever	Abdominal pain	Weight loss	GI signs	Stool exam					CBC			Other lab findings	Extra intestinal findings	Cause/Pathogenesis	Gold standard diagnosis
		Cause		Acute	Chronic	Watery	Bloody	Fatty	Fever	Abdominal pain	Weight loss	GI signs	WBC	RBC	Ova/Parasite	Osmotic gap	Other	WBC	Hgb	Plt	Other lab findings	Extra intestinal findings	Cause/Pathogenesis	Gold standard diagnosis
		Plesiomonas		+	–	+	+	–	+	+	–	Hyperactive bowel sounds Diffuse abdominal tenderness	+	+	–	Nl	Positive stool culture	↑	Nl	Nl	–	Opportunistic infections in immunocompromised patients or hepatobiliary disease Bacteremia Cellulitis and skin abscesses Peritonitis Meningoencephalitis Ocular infection Pneumonia Prosthetic joint infection Septic abortion	Plesiomonas shigelloides	Blood culture
		Mycobacterium avium complex		+	+	+	+	–	+	+	–	Abdominal distention Hepatosplenomegaly	+	+	–	Nl	–	↓	↓	Nl	Elevated liver enzymes	Opportunistic infection in immunocompromised patients Pulmonary infection Adenopathy Night sweats	Mycobacterium avium complex	Blood culture
		Food poisoning Staphylococcus aureus Bacillus cereus Clostridium perfringens		+	–	+	±	–	+	+	±	Abdominal distention	+	±	–	Nl	Positive stool culture	↑	Nl	Nl	–	History of travel or ingestion of infected food	Enterotoxins	Stool culture
	Virus	Cause		Duration		Diarrhea			Fever	Abdominal pain	Weight loss	GI signs	Stool exam					CBC			Other lab findings	Extra intestinal findings	Cause/Pathogenesis	Gold standard diagnosis
		Cause		Acute	Chronic	Watery	Bloody	Fatty	Fever	Abdominal pain	Weight loss	GI signs	WBC	RBC	Ova/Parasite	Osmotic gap	Other	WBC	Hgb	Plt	Other lab findings	Extra intestinal findings	Cause/Pathogenesis	Gold standard diagnosis
		Norovirus		+	–	+	–	–	+	+	–	Abdominal distention	–	–	–	Nl	Positive stool reverse–transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT–PCR)	↓	Nl	Nl	–	Myalgia Headache Seizure Encephalopathy	Norovirus	Clinical diagnosis
		Rotavirus		+	–	+	–	–	+	–	–	Hyperactive bowel sounds Diffuse abdominal tenderness	+	–	–	Nl	–	Nl	Nl	Nl	Elevated blood urea nitrogen Hyperchloremic acidosis Hypocalcemia	Necrotizing enterocolitis Intussusception Biliary atresia Central nervous system involvement	Rotavirus	Stool immune–based assays
		Echovirus		+	–	+	–	–	+	+	–	Abdominal distention	–	–	–	Nl	–	Nl	Nl	Nl	–	Liver failure Myocarditis	Echovirus	Clinical diagnosis
		Adenovirus		+	–	+	–	–	+	+	–	Abdominal distention	–	–	–	Nl	Viral antigen assay	Nl	Nl	Nl	–	Respiratory disease Follicular conjunctivitis Epidemic keratoconjunctivitis Hepatitis Urethritis Myocarditis Meningitis Bacteremia	Adenovirus	Clinical diagnosis
		CMV colitis		+	+	–	+	–	±	+	–	Diffuse abdominal tenderness	+	+	–	Nl	Viral antigen assay	↓	Nl	Nl	Decreased CD4 level Abnormal liver function test	Encephalitis Guillain–Barré syndrome Pneumonia Retinitis Pericarditis and myocarditis Atherosclerosis Venous thrombosis	Cytomegalovirus	Quantitative PCR tests
		HIV		–	+	+	–	–	+	+	+	Abdominal distention Diffuse abdominal tenderness	+	–	–	Nl	–	↓	↓	Nl	Decreased CD4 level Electrolyte imbalance	Lymphadenopathy Disseminated infection	HIV	HIV virologic (viral load) test Immunoassay
	Parasite	Cause		Duration		Diarrhea			Fever	Abdominal pain	Weight loss	GI signs	Stool exam					CBC			Other lab findings	Extra intestinal findings	Cause/Pathogenesis	Gold standard diagnosis
		Cause		Acute	Chronic	Watery	Bloody	Fatty	Fever	Abdominal pain	Weight loss	GI signs	WBC	RBC	Ova/Parasite	Osmotic gap	Other	WBC	Hgb	Plt	Other lab findings	Extra intestinal findings	Cause/Pathogenesis	Gold standard diagnosis
		Entamoeba histolytica		+	+	+	+	–	+	+	–	Abdominal distention Diffuse abdominal tenderness	+	+	+	Nl	–	↑	Nl	Nl	–	Liver abscess Pleuropulmonary infection Cardiac infection Brain abscess Cutaneous infection	Entamoeba histolytica	Antigen testing Serology
		Giardia		–	+	+	–	+	–	+	+	Abdominal distention Diffuse abdominal tenderness	–	–	+	Nl	–	Nl	Nl	Nl	–	Malabsorption Urticaria Depression	Giardia lamblia	Antigen detection assays
		Cryptosporidium		–	+	+	–	–	–	+	+	Abdominal distention Diffuse abdominal tenderness	–	–	+	Nl	Positive stool microscopy	Nl	Nl	Nl	Elevated alkaline phosphatase	Chronic, life–threatening illness in immunocompromised patients	Cryptosporidium	Polymerase chain reaction
		Microsporidia		+	+	+	–	–	+	+	–	Abdominal distention Diffuse abdominal tenderness	–	–	+	Nl	Positive stool microscopy	Nl	Nl	Nl	Decreased CD4 count	Malabsorption Keratitis Seizure Myositis	Microsporidia	Antigen detection assays
		Isospora		+	+	+	–	+	+	+	+	Abdominal distention Diffuse abdominal tenderness	+	+	+	Nl	Positive stool microscopy Positive fecal fat	↑	Nl	Nl	Elevated eosinophils Hypokalemia Increased creatinine	Chronic illness in immunocompromised patients	Isospora	Detecting oocysts in the feces
Tumors		Cause		Duration		Diarrhea			Fever	Abdominal pain	Weight loss	GI signs	Stool exam					CBC			Other lab findings	Extra intestinal findings	Cause/Pathogenesis	Gold standard diagnosis
		Cause		Acute	Chronic	Watery	Bloody	Fatty	Fever	Abdominal pain	Weight loss	GI signs	WBC	RBC	Ova/Parasite	Osmotic gap	Other	WBC	Hgb	Plt	Other lab findings	Extra intestinal findings	Cause/Pathogenesis	Gold standard diagnosis
		Carcinoid tumor		–	+	+	+	–	–	+	+	Abdominal distention	–	+	–	↓	–	Nl	Nl	Nl	Elevated urinary 5–hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5–HIAA) level High chromogranin A	Facial flushing Jaundice Edema Valvular heart disease Right–sided heart failure	Well–differentiated neuroendocrine tumor	Blood chromogranin A level
		VIPoma		+	+	+	–	+	–	+	+	Abdominal distention Abdominal RUQ tenderness Nausea Vomiting	–	–	–	↓	–	Nl	Nl	Nl	Elevated VIP level Hypokalemia Hypochlorhydria or achlorhydria Low osmotic gap (<50 mOsm/kg)	Rash Facial flushing Dehydration Lethargy Muscle weakness	Primary secretory tumor	Blood VIP levels Followed by imaging
		Zollinger–Ellison syndrome		–	+	+	+	+	–	+	+	Epigastric tenderness	–	–	–	↓	–	Nl	↓	Nl	Positive secretin stimulation test Elevated serum chromogranin A	Jaundice	Gastrin producing tumor mainly in duodenum	Secretin stimulation test
		Somatostatinoma		–	+	+	–	–	–	+	+	Epigastric tenderness	–	–	–	↓	–	Nl	Nl	Nl	Elevated fasting plasma somatostatin	Diabetes mellitus Cholelithiasis Jaundice	Neuroendocrine tumors of D–cell origin	Plasma somatostatin level Followed by imaging
		Cause		Duration		Diarrhea			Fever	Abdominal pain	Weight loss	GI signs	Stool exam					CBC			Other lab findings	Extra intestinal findings	Cause/Pathogenesis	Gold standard diagnosis
		Cause		Acute	Chronic	Watery	Bloody	Fatty	Fever	Abdominal pain	Weight loss	GI signs	WBC	RBC	Ova/Parasite	Osmotic gap	Other	WBC	Hgb	Plt	Other lab findings	Extra intestinal findings	Cause/Pathogenesis	Gold standard diagnosis
		Lymphoma		–	+	+	+	–	+	+	+	Diffuse abdominal tenderness Hepatosplenomegaly	–	+	–	Nl	–	Nl	↓	Nl	Paraproteinemia	Malabsorption Lactose intolerance Ascites	Primary tumor of GI tract	Colonoscopy with biopsy
		Colorectal cancer		–	+	+	+	+	–	+	+	Diffuse abdominal tenderness	–	+	–	Nl	–	Nl	↓	Nl	Positive carcinoembryonic antigen	Metastasis	FAP gene HNPCC gene	Colonoscopy and biopsy
Medication/Toxicity		Medications ACE inhibitors Digoxin Cephalosporins Statins Thiazide diuretics Triptans Lactulose Anti retroviral agents Chemotherapeutic agents Antifungals Magnesium		+	+	+	–	±	±	+	+	Abdominal distention Dehydration	–	–	–	↑/↓	–	↑	Nl	Nl	Elevated plasma level of drug	–	Inflammation Pseudomembranous colitis	Clinical evaluation after discontinuation of the drugs
		Factitious diarrhea		+	+	+	–	–	–	+	+	Abdominal distention	–	–	–	↑/↓	–	Nl	Nl	Nl	Hypokalemia Metabolic alkalosis Hypermagnesemia	Malabsorption Lethargy Generalized weakness Acute renal failure	Medications	Clinical evaluation after discontinuation of the drugs
		Cause		Duration		Diarrhea			Fever	Abdominal pain	Weight loss	GI signs	Stool exam					CBC			Other lab findings	Extra intestinal findings	Cause/Pathogenesis	Gold standard diagnosis
		Cause		Acute	Chronic	Watery	Bloody	Fatty	Fever	Abdominal pain	Weight loss	GI signs	WBC	RBC	Ova/Parasite	Osmotic gap	Other	WBC	Hgb	Plt	Other lab findings	Extra intestinal findings	Cause/Pathogenesis	Gold standard diagnosis
		Heavy metal ingestion		–	+	+	–	–	–	+	+	Abdominal distention	–	–	–	Nl	–	Nl	Nl	Nl	Elevated plasma heavy metal level	Headache Numbness Alopecia Vertigo	Heavy metal ingestion	Plasma level of heavy metal
		Organophosphate poisoning		+	+	+	–	–	–	+	–	Salivation Vomiting	–	–	–	Nl	–	Nl	Nl	Nl	Reduced RBC acetylcholinesterase Plasma cholinesterase activity	Autonomic dysfunction Motor deficit Sensory deficit Bronchospasm Urination Miosis Bradycardia Lacrimation Sweating Cardiac arrhythmias Acute renal injury	Neurotoxins bind to acetylcholinesterase (AChE)	Clinical diagnosis
		Opium withdrawal		+	+	+	–	–	–	+	–	Hyperactive bowel sounds	–	–	–	Nl	–	Nl	Nl	Nl	Azotemia Hypokalemia Metabolic alkalosis	Dysphoria Restlessness Sweating Rhinorrhea Lacrimation Myalgia Arthralgia	Opium withdrawal	Clinical diagnosis following opium withdrawal
Iatrogenic		Cause		Duration		Diarrhea			Fever	Abdominal pain	Weight loss	GI signs	Stool exam					CBC			Other lab findings	Extra intestinal findings	Cause/Pathogenesis	Gold standard diagnosis
		Cause		Acute	Chronic	Watery	Bloody	Fatty	Fever	Abdominal pain	Weight loss	GI signs	WBC	RBC	Ova/Parasite	Osmotic gap	Other	WBC	Hgb	Plt	Other lab findings	Extra intestinal findings	Cause/Pathogenesis	Gold standard diagnosis
		Short bowel syndrome		+	+	+	–	+	–	–	+	Abdominal distention Abdominal tenderness	–	–	–	Nl	Positive fecal fat	Nl	↓	↑	Hypoalbuminemia High level of acute phase reactant Abnormal liver function tests	Prior intestinal surgery Malabsorption Crohn's disease Malignancy Peripheral edema Muscle atrophy	Surgical bowel resection	Clinical diagnosis following bowel resection
		Radiation enteritis		+	+	+	+	+	–	+	+	Abdominal tenderness	+	+	–	Nl	Positive fecal fat	Nl	↓	Nl	Vitamin B12 deficiency Hypoalbuminemia	Prior history of malignancy and radiation therapy Malabsorption Telangiectasias	Radiation	Segmental bowel inflammation on endoscopy or colonoscopy
		Dumping syndrome		–	+	+	–	+	–	–	+	Hyperactive bowel sound	–	–	–	Nl	–	Nl	Nl	Nl	Hypoglycemia Hydrogen breath test	Malnutrition Fat soluble vitamin deficiency	Postgastrectomy	Clinical diagnosis following gastrectomy
Others		Cause		Duration		Diarrhea			Fever	Abdominal pain	Weight loss	GI signs	Stool exam					CBC			Other lab findings	Extra intestinal findings	Cause/Pathogenesis	Gold standard diagnosis
		Cause		Acute	Chronic	Watery	Bloody	Fatty	Fever	Abdominal pain	Weight loss	GI signs	WBC	RBC	Ova/Parasite	Osmotic gap	Other	WBC	Hgb	Plt	Other lab findings	Extra intestinal findings	Cause/Pathogenesis	Gold standard diagnosis
		Abetalipoproteinemia		–	+	+	–	+	–	+	+	Abdominal distension	–	–	–	Nl	–	Nl	Nl	Nl	Low triglyceride Low total cholesterol levels Acanthocytes Low vitamin E levels	Ataxia Visual field defect Dysarthria	Autosomal recessive disorder caused by mutations encoding the microsomal triglyceride transfer protein (MTP)	Clinical findings and low triglyceride and cholesterol level
		Hyperthyroidism		–	+	+	–	–	±	+	+	–	–	–	–	Nl	Positive fecal fat	Nl	Nl	Nl	Elevated T4 Elevated T3 Decreased TSH High serum alkaline phosphatase	Lump in the neck Lid lag Malabsorption Sweating Hyperpigmentation Proptosis Tremor Increased DTR	Graves' disease Hashimoto's thyroiditis Toxic adenoma	TSH
		Diabetic neuropathy		–	+	+	–	+	–	+	+	Fecal incontinence	–	–	–	Nl	Positive fecal fat	Nl	↓	Nl	Hyperglycemia Azotemia Hypokalemia	Malabsorption	Unclear Disordered motility Increased intestinal secretion Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth	Clinical diagnosis in a patient with long lasting diabetes mellitus
		Systemic sclerosis		–	+	+	±	+	–	+	+	Epigastric tenderness Fecal incontinence	–	+	–	Nl	Positive fecal fat	Nl	↓	Nl	Anti–topoisomerase I (Scl‑70) antibodies Antinuclear antibodies (ANA) Anti–centromere antibodies Anti–RNA polymerase III antibody	Malabsorption Skin changes Raynaud phenomenon Pulmonary hypertension Arthritis Telangiectasia Chronic renal failure	Autoimmune reaction	Clinical diagnosis Followed by serologic tests

Related Chapters

References

↑ Casburn-Jones, Anna C; Farthing, Michael Jg (2004). "Traveler's diarrhea". Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology. 19 (6): 610–618. doi:10.1111/j.1440-1746.2003.03287.x. ISSN 0815-9319.
↑ Kamat, Deepak; Mathur, Ambika (2006). "Prevention and Management of Travelers' Diarrhea". Disease-a-Month. 52 (7): 289–302. doi:10.1016/j.disamonth.2006.08.003. ISSN 0011-5029.
↑ Pfeiffer, Margaret L.; DuPont, Herbert L.; Ochoa, Theresa J. (2012). "The patient presenting with acute dysentery – A systematic review". Journal of Infection. 64 (4): 374–386. doi:10.1016/j.jinf.2012.01.006. ISSN 0163-4453.
↑ Barr W, Smith A (2014). "Acute diarrhea". Am Fam Physician. 89 (3): 180–9. PMID 24506120.
↑ Amil Dias J (2017). "Celiac Disease: What Do We Know in 2017?". GE Port J Gastroenterol. 24 (6): 275–278. doi:10.1159/000479881. PMID 29255768.
↑ Kotloff KL, Riddle MS, Platts-Mills JA, Pavlinac P, Zaidi A (2017). "Shigellosis". Lancet. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(17)33296-8. PMID 29254859. Vancouver style error: initials (help)
↑ Yamamoto-Furusho, J.K.; Bosques-Padilla, F.; de-Paula, J.; Galiano, M.T.; Ibañez, P.; Juliao, F.; Kotze, P.G.; Rocha, J.L.; Steinwurz, F.; Veitia, G.; Zaltman, C. (2017). "Diagnóstico y tratamiento de la enfermedad inflamatoria intestinal: Primer Consenso Latinoamericano de la Pan American Crohn's and Colitis Organisation". Revista de Gastroenterología de México. 82 (1): 46–84. doi:10.1016/j.rgmx.2016.07.003. ISSN 0375-0906.
↑ Borbély, Yves M; Osterwalder, Alice; Kröll, Dino; Nett, Philipp C; Inglin, Roman A (2017). "Diarrhea after bariatric procedures: Diagnosis and therapy". World Journal of Gastroenterology. 23 (26): 4689. doi:10.3748/wjg.v23.i26.4689. ISSN 1007-9327.
↑ Crawford, Sue E.; Ramani, Sasirekha; Tate, Jacqueline E.; Parashar, Umesh D.; Svensson, Lennart; Hagbom, Marie; Franco, Manuel A.; Greenberg, Harry B.; O'Ryan, Miguel; Kang, Gagandeep; Desselberger, Ulrich; Estes, Mary K. (2017). "Rotavirus infection". Nature Reviews Disease Primers. 3: 17083. doi:10.1038/nrdp.2017.83. ISSN 2056-676X.
↑ Kist M (2000). "[Chronic diarrhea: value of microbiology in diagnosis]". Praxis (Bern 1994) (in German). 89 (39): 1559–65. PMID 11068510.
↑ Guerrant RL, Shields DS, Thorson SM, Schorling JB, Gröschel DH (1985). "Evaluation and diagnosis of acute infectious diarrhea". Am. J. Med. 78 (6B): 91–8. PMID 4014291.
↑ López-Vélez R, Turrientes MC, Garrón C, Montilla P, Navajas R, Fenoy S, del Aguila C (1999). "Microsporidiosis in travelers with diarrhea from the tropics". J Travel Med. 6 (4): 223–7. PMID 10575169.
↑ Wahnschaffe, Ulrich; Ignatius, Ralf; Loddenkemper, Christoph; Liesenfeld, Oliver; Muehlen, Marion; Jelinek, Thomas; Burchard, Gerd Dieter; Weinke, Thomas; Harms, Gundel; Stein, Harald; Zeitz, Martin; Ullrich, Reiner; Schneider, Thomas (2009). "Diagnostic value of endoscopy for the diagnosis of giardiasis and other intestinal diseases in patients with persistent diarrhea from tropical or subtropical areas". Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology. 42 (3): 391–396. doi:10.1080/00365520600881193. ISSN 0036-5521.
↑ Mena Bares LM, Carmona Asenjo E, García Sánchez MV, Moreno Ortega E, Maza Muret FR, Guiote Moreno MV, Santos Bueno AM, Iglesias Flores E, Benítez Cantero JM, Vallejo Casas JA (2017). "75SeHCAT scan in bile acid malabsorption in chronic diarrhoea". Rev Esp Med Nucl Imagen Mol. 36 (1): 37–47. doi:10.1016/j.remn.2016.08.005. PMID 27765536.
↑ Gibson RJ, Stringer AM (2009). "Chemotherapy-induced diarrhoea". Curr Opin Support Palliat Care. 3 (1): 31–5. doi:10.1097/SPC.0b013e32832531bb. PMID 19365159.
↑ Abraham BP, Sellin JH (2012). "Drug-induced, factitious, & idiopathic diarrhoea". Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol. 26 (5): 633–48. doi:10.1016/j.bpg.2012.11.007. PMID 23384808.
↑ Reintam Blaser A, Deane AM, Fruhwald S (2015). "Diarrhoea in the critically ill". Curr Opin Crit Care. 21 (2): 142–53. doi:10.1097/MCC.0000000000000188. PMID 25692805.
↑ McMahan ZH, DuPont HL (2007). "Review article: the history of acute infectious diarrhoea management--from poorly focused empiricism to fluid therapy and modern pharmacotherapy". Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 25 (7): 759–69. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2036.2007.03261.x. PMID 17373914.
↑ Schiller LR (2012). "Definitions, pathophysiology, and evaluation of chronic diarrhoea". Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol. 26 (5): 551–62. doi:10.1016/j.bpg.2012.11.011. PMID 23384801.
↑ Giannella RA (1986). "Chronic diarrhea in travelers: diagnostic and therapeutic considerations". Rev. Infect. Dis. 8 Suppl 2: S223–6. PMID 3523719.
↑ Silverberg MS, Satsangi J, Ahmad T, Arnott ID, Bernstein CN, Brant SR; et al. (2005). "Toward an integrated clinical, molecular and serological classification of inflammatory bowel disease: report of a Working Party of the 2005 Montreal World Congress of Gastroenterology". Can J Gastroenterol. 19 Suppl A: 5A–36A. PMID 16151544.
↑ Sauter GH, Moussavian AC, Meyer G, Steitz HO, Parhofer KG, Jüngst D (2002). "Bowel habits and bile acid malabsorption in the months after cholecystectomy". Am J Gastroenterol. 97 (7): 1732–5. doi:10.1111/j.1572-0241.2002.05779.x. PMID 12135027.
↑ Maiuri L, Raia V, Potter J, Swallow D, Ho MW, Fiocca R; et al. (1991). "Mosaic pattern of lactase expression by villous enterocytes in human adult-type hypolactasia". Gastroenterology. 100 (2): 359–69. PMID 1702075.
↑ RUBIN CE, BRANDBORG LL, PHELPS PC, TAYLOR HC (1960). "Studies of celiac disease. I. The apparent identical and specific nature of the duodenal and proximal jejunal lesion in celiac disease and idiopathic sprue". Gastroenterology. 38: 28–49. PMID 14439871.
↑ Konvolinka CW (1994). "Acute diverticulitis under age forty". Am J Surg. 167 (6): 562–5. PMID 8209928.
↑ Satsangi J, Silverberg MS, Vermeire S, Colombel JF (2006). "The Montreal classification of inflammatory bowel disease: controversies, consensus, and implications". Gut. 55 (6): 749–53. doi:10.1136/gut.2005.082909. PMC 1856208. PMID 16698746.
↑ Haque R, Huston CD, Hughes M, Houpt E, Petri WA (2003). "Amebiasis". N Engl J Med. 348 (16): 1565–73. doi:10.1056/NEJMra022710. PMID 12700377.
↑ Hertzler SR, Savaiano DA (1996). "Colonic adaptation to daily lactose feeding in lactose maldigesters reduces lactose intolerance". Am J Clin Nutr. 64 (2): 232–6. PMID 8694025.
↑ Briet F, Pochart P, Marteau P, Flourie B, Arrigoni E, Rambaud JC (1997). "Improved clinical tolerance to chronic lactose ingestion in subjects with lactose intolerance: a placebo effect?". Gut. 41 (5): 632–5. PMC 1891556. PMID 9414969.
↑ BLACK-SCHAFFER B (1949). "The tinctoral demonstration of a glycoprotein in Whipple's disease". Proc Soc Exp Biol Med. 72 (1): 225–7. PMID 15391722.

[Casburn-JonesFarthing2004-1] Casburn-Jones, Anna C; Farthing, Michael Jg (2004). "Traveler's diarrhea". Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology. 19 (6): 610–618. doi:10.1111/j.1440-1746.2003.03287.x. ISSN 0815-9319.

[KamatMathur2006-2] Kamat, Deepak; Mathur, Ambika (2006). "Prevention and Management of Travelers' Diarrhea". Disease-a-Month. 52 (7): 289–302. doi:10.1016/j.disamonth.2006.08.003. ISSN 0011-5029.

[PfeifferDuPont2012-3] Pfeiffer, Margaret L.; DuPont, Herbert L.; Ochoa, Theresa J. (2012). "The patient presenting with acute dysentery – A systematic review". Journal of Infection. 64 (4): 374–386. doi:10.1016/j.jinf.2012.01.006. ISSN 0163-4453.

[pmid24506120-4] Barr W, Smith A (2014). "Acute diarrhea". Am Fam Physician. 89 (3): 180–9. PMID 24506120.

[pmid29255768-5] Amil Dias J (2017). "Celiac Disease: What Do We Know in 2017?". GE Port J Gastroenterol. 24 (6): 275–278. doi:10.1159/000479881. PMID 29255768.

[pmid29254859-6] Kotloff KL, Riddle MS, Platts-Mills JA, Pavlinac P, Zaidi A (2017). "Shigellosis". Lancet. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(17)33296-8. PMID 29254859. Vancouver style error: initials (help)

[Yamamoto-FurushoBosques-Padilla2017-7] Yamamoto-Furusho, J.K.; Bosques-Padilla, F.; de-Paula, J.; Galiano, M.T.; Ibañez, P.; Juliao, F.; Kotze, P.G.; Rocha, J.L.; Steinwurz, F.; Veitia, G.; Zaltman, C. (2017). "Diagnóstico y tratamiento de la enfermedad inflamatoria intestinal: Primer Consenso Latinoamericano de la Pan American Crohn's and Colitis Organisation". Revista de Gastroenterología de México. 82 (1): 46–84. doi:10.1016/j.rgmx.2016.07.003. ISSN 0375-0906.

[BorbélyOsterwalder2017-8] Borbély, Yves M; Osterwalder, Alice; Kröll, Dino; Nett, Philipp C; Inglin, Roman A (2017). "Diarrhea after bariatric procedures: Diagnosis and therapy". World Journal of Gastroenterology. 23 (26): 4689. doi:10.3748/wjg.v23.i26.4689. ISSN 1007-9327.

[CrawfordRamani2017-9] Crawford, Sue E.; Ramani, Sasirekha; Tate, Jacqueline E.; Parashar, Umesh D.; Svensson, Lennart; Hagbom, Marie; Franco, Manuel A.; Greenberg, Harry B.; O'Ryan, Miguel; Kang, Gagandeep; Desselberger, Ulrich; Estes, Mary K. (2017). "Rotavirus infection". Nature Reviews Disease Primers. 3: 17083. doi:10.1038/nrdp.2017.83. ISSN 2056-676X.

[pmid11068510-10] Kist M (2000). "[Chronic diarrhea: value of microbiology in diagnosis]". Praxis (Bern 1994) (in German). 89 (39): 1559–65. PMID 11068510.

[pmid4014291-11] Guerrant RL, Shields DS, Thorson SM, Schorling JB, Gröschel DH (1985). "Evaluation and diagnosis of acute infectious diarrhea". Am. J. Med. 78 (6B): 91–8. PMID 4014291.

[pmid10575169-12] López-Vélez R, Turrientes MC, Garrón C, Montilla P, Navajas R, Fenoy S, del Aguila C (1999). "Microsporidiosis in travelers with diarrhea from the tropics". J Travel Med. 6 (4): 223–7. PMID 10575169.

[WahnschaffeIgnatius2009-13] Wahnschaffe, Ulrich; Ignatius, Ralf; Loddenkemper, Christoph; Liesenfeld, Oliver; Muehlen, Marion; Jelinek, Thomas; Burchard, Gerd Dieter; Weinke, Thomas; Harms, Gundel; Stein, Harald; Zeitz, Martin; Ullrich, Reiner; Schneider, Thomas (2009). "Diagnostic value of endoscopy for the diagnosis of giardiasis and other intestinal diseases in patients with persistent diarrhea from tropical or subtropical areas". Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology. 42 (3): 391–396. doi:10.1080/00365520600881193. ISSN 0036-5521.

[pmid27765536-14] Mena Bares LM, Carmona Asenjo E, García Sánchez MV, Moreno Ortega E, Maza Muret FR, Guiote Moreno MV, Santos Bueno AM, Iglesias Flores E, Benítez Cantero JM, Vallejo Casas JA (2017). "75SeHCAT scan in bile acid malabsorption in chronic diarrhoea". Rev Esp Med Nucl Imagen Mol. 36 (1): 37–47. doi:10.1016/j.remn.2016.08.005. PMID 27765536.

[pmid19365159-15] Gibson RJ, Stringer AM (2009). "Chemotherapy-induced diarrhoea". Curr Opin Support Palliat Care. 3 (1): 31–5. doi:10.1097/SPC.0b013e32832531bb. PMID 19365159.

[pmid23384808-16] Abraham BP, Sellin JH (2012). "Drug-induced, factitious, & idiopathic diarrhoea". Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol. 26 (5): 633–48. doi:10.1016/j.bpg.2012.11.007. PMID 23384808.

[pmid25692805-17] Reintam Blaser A, Deane AM, Fruhwald S (2015). "Diarrhoea in the critically ill". Curr Opin Crit Care. 21 (2): 142–53. doi:10.1097/MCC.0000000000000188. PMID 25692805.

[pmid17373914-18] McMahan ZH, DuPont HL (2007). "Review article: the history of acute infectious diarrhoea management--from poorly focused empiricism to fluid therapy and modern pharmacotherapy". Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 25 (7): 759–69. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2036.2007.03261.x. PMID 17373914.

[pmid23384801-19] Schiller LR (2012). "Definitions, pathophysiology, and evaluation of chronic diarrhoea". Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol. 26 (5): 551–62. doi:10.1016/j.bpg.2012.11.011. PMID 23384801.

[pmid3523719-20] Giannella RA (1986). "Chronic diarrhea in travelers: diagnostic and therapeutic considerations". Rev. Infect. Dis. 8 Suppl 2: S223–6. PMID 3523719.

[pmid16151544-21] Silverberg MS, Satsangi J, Ahmad T, Arnott ID, Bernstein CN, Brant SR; et al. (2005). "Toward an integrated clinical, molecular and serological classification of inflammatory bowel disease: report of a Working Party of the 2005 Montreal World Congress of Gastroenterology". Can J Gastroenterol. 19 Suppl A: 5A–36A. PMID 16151544.

[pmid12135027-22] Sauter GH, Moussavian AC, Meyer G, Steitz HO, Parhofer KG, Jüngst D (2002). "Bowel habits and bile acid malabsorption in the months after cholecystectomy". Am J Gastroenterol. 97 (7): 1732–5. doi:10.1111/j.1572-0241.2002.05779.x. PMID 12135027.

[pmid1702075-23] Maiuri L, Raia V, Potter J, Swallow D, Ho MW, Fiocca R; et al. (1991). "Mosaic pattern of lactase expression by villous enterocytes in human adult-type hypolactasia". Gastroenterology. 100 (2): 359–69. PMID 1702075.

[pmid14439871-24] RUBIN CE, BRANDBORG LL, PHELPS PC, TAYLOR HC (1960). "Studies of celiac disease. I. The apparent identical and specific nature of the duodenal and proximal jejunal lesion in celiac disease and idiopathic sprue". Gastroenterology. 38: 28–49. PMID 14439871.

[pmid8209928-25] Konvolinka CW (1994). "Acute diverticulitis under age forty". Am J Surg. 167 (6): 562–5. PMID 8209928.

[pmid16698746-26] Satsangi J, Silverberg MS, Vermeire S, Colombel JF (2006). "The Montreal classification of inflammatory bowel disease: controversies, consensus, and implications". Gut. 55 (6): 749–53. doi:10.1136/gut.2005.082909. PMC 1856208. PMID 16698746.

[pmid12700377-27] Haque R, Huston CD, Hughes M, Houpt E, Petri WA (2003). "Amebiasis". N Engl J Med. 348 (16): 1565–73. doi:10.1056/NEJMra022710. PMID 12700377.

[pmid8694025-28] Hertzler SR, Savaiano DA (1996). "Colonic adaptation to daily lactose feeding in lactose maldigesters reduces lactose intolerance". Am J Clin Nutr. 64 (2): 232–6. PMID 8694025.

[pmid9414969-29] Briet F, Pochart P, Marteau P, Flourie B, Arrigoni E, Rambaud JC (1997). "Improved clinical tolerance to chronic lactose ingestion in subjects with lactose intolerance: a placebo effect?". Gut. 41 (5): 632–5. PMC 1891556. PMID 9414969.

[pmid15391722-30] BLACK-SCHAFFER B (1949). "The tinctoral demonstration of a glycoprotein in Whipple's disease". Proc Soc Exp Biol Med. 72 (1): 225–7. PMID 15391722.

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-{{Infobox_Disease |
+__NOTOC__
-  Name           = {{PAGENAME}} |
+{| class="infobox" style="float:right;"
-  Image          = |
+|-
-  Caption        = |
+| [[File:Siren.gif|30px|link=Diarrhea resident survival guide]]|| <br> || <br>
-  DiseasesDB     = 3742 |
+| [[Diarrhea resident survival guide|'''Resident'''<br>'''Survival'''<br>'''Guide''']]
-  ICD10          = {{ICD10|A|09||a|00}}, {{ICD10|K|59|1|k|55}} |
+|}
-  ICD9           = {{ICD9|787.91}} |
+{{Diarrhea}}
-  ICDO           = |
+{{CMG}} ; {{AE}} {{USAMA}}, {{SSH}}, {{SMP}}, {{CZ}}, {{MUT}}
-  OMIM           = |
-  MedlinePlus    = |
+{{SK}} Loose stools
-  eMedicineSubj  = ped |
-  eMedicineTopic = 583 |
+==Overview==
-  MeshID         = D003967 |
+Diarrhea is defined as the passage of unformed or abnormally liquid stools at an increased [[frequency]]. Diarrhea can be classified as acute or chronic. [[Acute Diarrhea|Acute diarrhea]] has a duration of less than 2 weeks and may be classified on the basis of etiology and presentation. On the basis of etiology, acute diarrhea may be classified into [[infectious]] and non-infectious subtypes. Subacute diarrhea is defined as a diarrhea lasting for two to four weeks. Although [[chronic diarrhea]] has multiple definitions, a current working definition is the production of loose stools for longer than 4 weeks. Frequent defecation with normal consistency is termed psuedo-diarrhea. There are 3 basic categories of chronic diarrhea: watery, fatty (malabsorption), and inflammatory (with blood and pus). The diagnosis is based on duration of symptoms, signs, microscopic [[stool examination]] and culture, stool osmolarity, and in some rare instances [[colonoscopy]]. The treatment is mainly based on severity of symptoms, etiology and availability of medications. Prevention is based on proper maintaining the filtration systems at water plants, hand wash, and effectively use of alcohol-based hand sanitizers. [[Vaccination]] for some viruses, such as Rotavirus is a part of preventive measures.
-}}
-{{SI}}
-{{CMG}}
-{{EH}}
+==Classification==
+Diarrhea can be classified as acute or chronic depending on the duration of onset of symptoms. Acute and chronic diarrhea can be further classified as follows:
-[[Diarrhea]] (in [[American English]]) or '''diarrhoea''' (in [[British English]]) is a condition in which the sufferer has frequent watery, loose bowel movements.
+=== Classification of Acute Diarrhea ===
-Many things can cause [[diarrhea]], which can make diagnosis complex. Acute diarrhea is usually related to a bacterial, viral, or parasitic infection. Chronic diarrhea is usually related to functional disorders such as irritable bowel syndrome or inflammatory bowel disease.
+<br>
+{| align=center
+|-
+|
+{{Family tree/start}}
+{{Family tree | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | A01 | | | |A01= Acute diarrhea}}
+{{Family tree | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | }}
+{{Family tree | | | | | | | | | | | |,|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|^|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|.| }}
+{{Family tree | | | | | | | | | | | C01 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | C02 | | | |C01=Infectious |C02=Non-Infectious}}
+{{Family tree | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | |}}
+{{Family tree | | | |,|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|^|-|-|v|-|-|-|.| | | | | | | |,|-|-|-|-|+|-|-|-|-|.| }}
+{{Family tree | | | C01 | | C02 | | | | | C03 | | C04 | | | | | | C05 | | | C06 | | | C07 | | | |C01=[[Bacterial]]|C02=[[Viral]]|C03=[[Fungal]]|C04=[[Protozoa]]|C05=[[Medications]]|C06=[[Poisoning]]|C07=[[Systemic illness]]}}
+{{Family tree/end}}
+|}
-* Bacterial infections. Several types of bacteria consumed through contaminated food or water can cause diarrhea. Common culprits include Campylobacter, Salmonella, Shigella, and Escherichia coli (E. coli).
+=== Classification of Chronic Diarrhea ===
-* Viral infections. Many viruses cause diarrhea, including rotavirus, Norwalk virus, cytomegalovirus, herpes simplex virus, and viral hepatitis.
-* Food intolerances. Some people are unable to digest food components such as artificial sweeteners and lactose—the sugar found in milk.
-* Parasites. Parasites can enter the body through food or water and settle in the digestive system. Parasites that cause diarrhea include Giardia lamblia, Entamoeba histolytica, and Cryptosporidium.
-* Reaction to medicines. Antibiotics, blood pressure medications, cancer drugs, and antacids containing magnesium can all cause diarrhea.
-* Intestinal diseases. Inflammatory bowel disease, colitis, Crohn’s disease, and celiac disease often lead to diarrhea.
-* Functional bowel disorders. Diarrhea can be a symptom of irritable bowel syndrome.
-==The Complete List of Causes of Diarrhea==
+<br>
-{{refbegin|2}}
+{| align=center
-* [[Abdominal abscess]]
+|-
-* [[Abdominal cancer]]
+|
-* [[Achlorhydria]]
+{{Family tree/start}}
-* [[Acquired angioedema]]
+{{familytree | | | | | | | | | | | | | | A01 | | | | | | | | |A01= Chronic diarrhea}}
-* [[Acquired angioedema, type 1]]
+{{familytree | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | |}}
-* [[Acquired angioedema, type 2]]
+{{familytree | | | | | | | | | |,|-|-|-|-|^|-|-|-|-|.| | | |}}
-* [[Acrodermatitis enteropathica]]
+{{familytree | | | | | | | | | C01 | | | | | | | | C02 | | |C01= Watery |C02=Inflammatory}}
-* [[Acrodynia]]
+{{family tree| | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | |}}
-* [[Acute appendicitis]]
+{{family tree| | | | |,|-|-|-|-|^|-|-|-|-|.| | | | }}
-* [[Acute gastritis]]
+{{family tree| | | | C01 | | | | | | | | C02 | | | | | | | |C01= Secretory| C02= Osmotic}}
-* [[Acute kidney failure]]
+{{Family tree/end}}
-* [[Acute tin poisoning]]
+|}
-* [[Acute zinc toxicity]]
-* [[Addison's disease]]
+==Differential Diagnosis of Diarrhea of other diseases==
-* [[Adenophorea Infections]]
+'''''To review the differential diagnosis of diarrhea, click [[Diarrhea#Differential Diagnosis of Diarrhea of other diseases|here]].'''''
-* [[Adenoviridae Infections]]
-* [[Adenovirus infection in immunocompromised patients]]
+'''''To review the differential diagnosis of acute diarrhea, click [[Acute diarrhea differential diagnosis|here]].'''''
-* [[Adenoviruses]]
-* [[Adrenal hyperplasia, congenital type 3]]
+'''''To review the differential diagnosis of chronic diarrhea, click [[Chronic diarrhea differential diagnosis|here]].'''''
-* [[Adverse reaction]]
-* [[AIDS]]
+'''''To review the differential diagnosis of traveler's diarrhea, click [[Traveler's diarrhea differential diagnosis|here]].'''''
-* [[AIDS-Related Complex]]
-* [[Alcohol withdrawal]]
+'''''To review the differential diagnosis of acute watery diarrhea, click [[Acute watery diarrhea differential diagnosis|here]].'''''
-* [[Alcohol intoxication]]
-* [[Allergic disorders]]
+'''''To review the differential diagnosis of acute bloody diarrhea, click [[Acute bloody diarrhea differential diagnosis|here]].'''''
-* [[Allergies]]
-* [[Amebiasis]]
+'''''To review the differential diagnosis of acute fatty diarrhea, click [[Acute fatty diarrhea differential diagnosis|here]].'''''
-* [[Amyloidosis]]
-* [[Amyloidosis AL]]
+'''''To review the differential diagnosis of chronic watery diarrhea, click [[Chronic watery diarrhea differential diagnosis|here]].'''''
-* [[Anaphylaxis]]
-* [[Ancylostoma duodenale]]
+'''''To review the differential diagnosis of chronic bloody diarrhea, click [[Chronic bloody diarrhea differential diagnosis|here]].'''''
-* [[Anguillulosis]]
-* [[Anxiety-tension syndrome]]
+'''''To review the differential diagnosis of chronic fatty diarrhea, click [[Chronic fatty diarrhea differential diagnosis|here]].'''''
-* [[Aromatic amino acid decarboxylase deficiency]]
-* [[Arsenic poisoning]]
+'''''To review the differential diagnosis of acute diarrhea and fever, click [[Acute diarrhea and fever differential diagnosis|here]].'''''
-* [[Ascaris]]
-* [[Aspartylglycosaminuria]]
+'''''To review the differential diagnosis of chronic diarrhea and fever, click [[Chronic diarrhea and fever differential diagnosis|here]].'''''
-* [[Astrovirus]]
-* [[Athabaskan severe combined immunodeficiency]]
+'''''To review the differential diagnosis of acute diarrhea and abdominal pain, click [[Acute diarrhea and abdominal pain differential diagnosis|here]].'''''
-* [[Attenuated familial polyposis]]
-* [[Autoimmune diseases]]
+'''''To review the differential diagnosis of chronic diarrhea and abdominal pain, click [[Chronic diarrhea and abdominal pain differential diagnosis|here]].'''''
-* [[Autoimmune enteropathy]]
-* [[Baber's syndrome]]
+'''''To review the differential diagnosis of acute diarrhea and weight loss, click [[Acute diarrhea and weight loss differential diagnosis|here]].'''''
-* [[Bacterial digestive infections]]
-* [[Bacterial toxic-shock syndrome]]
+'''''To review the differential diagnosis of chronic diarrhea and weight loss, click [[Chronic diarrhea and weight loss differential diagnosis|here]].'''''
-* [[Bacterial toxins]]
-* [[Banti's syndrome]]
+'''''To review the differential diagnosis of acute diarrhea, fever, and abdominal pain, click [[Acute diarrhea, fever, and abdominal pain differential diagnosis|here]].'''''
-* [[Bartter's syndrome, antenatal type 1]]
-* [[Bartters syndrome, antenatal , type 2]]
+'''''To review the differential diagnosis of chronic diarrhea, fever, and abdominal pain, click [[Chronic diarrhea, fever, and abdominal pain differential diagnosis|here]].'''''
-* [[Behcet's disease]]
-* [[Biliary atresia]]
+'''''To review the differential diagnosis of acute diarrhea, abdominal pain, and weight loss, click [[Acute diarrhea, abdominal pain, and weight loss differential diagnosis|here]].'''''
-* [[Biliary tract cancer]]
-* [[Biotinidase deficiency]]
+'''''To review the differential diagnosis of chronic diarrhea, abdominal pain, and weight loss, click [[Chronic diarrhea, abdominal pain, and weight loss differential diagnosis|here]].'''''
-* [[Blastocystis]]
-* [[Blastocystis hominis]]
-* [[Blind loop syndrome]]
-* [[Boron overuse]]
-* [[Botulism food poisoning]]
-* [[Bowel conditions]]
-* [[Brainerd diarrhea]]
-* [[Brennemann's syndrome]]
-* [[Brown-Symmers disease]]
-* [[Campylobacter]]
-* [[Candida]]
-* [[Carbamate insecticide poisoning]]
-* [[Carcinoid syndrome]]
-* [[Carnitine overuse]]
-* [[Celiac disease]]
-* [[Cephalothoracic progressive lipodystrophy]]
-* [[Chemical pneumonia]]
-* [[Chromosome 16q, partial deletion]]
-* [[Chronic fatigue syndrome]]
-* [[Chronic granulomatous disease]]
-* [[Chronic myeloproliferative disorders]]
-* [[Chronic vitamin A toxicity]]
-* [[Ciguatera poisoning]]
-* [[Classic galactosemia]]
-* [[Clostridium perfringens food poisoning]]
-* [[Clostridium sordellii]]
-* [[Colchicine toxicity]]
-* [[Colitis]]
-* [[Colonic inertia]]
-* [[Colonic malakoplakia]]
-* [[Colorectal cancer]]
-* [[Colorectal polyps]]
-* [[Common migraine]]
-* [[Common variable immunodeficiency]]
-* [[Congenital adrenal hyperplasia - sodium-wasting form]]
-* [[Congenital disorder of glycosylation type 1B]]
-* [[Congenital short bowel]]
-* [[Congenital sucrose-isomaltose malabsorption]]
-* [[Congenital syndromes (chloridorrhea) ]]
-* [[Congenital toxoplasmosis]]
-* [[Copper toxicity]]
-* [[Cornelia de Lange syndrome 2]]
-* [[Cree leukoencephalopathy]]
-* [[Crohn's disease]]
-* [[Cronkhite-Canada disease]]
-* [[Cryptosporidium]]
-* [[Cryptosporiosis]]
-* [[Cutaneous mastocytosis]]
-* [[Cutaneous photosensitivity colitis, lethal]]
-* [[Cyclic vomiting syndrome]]
-* [[Cyclospora]]
-* [[Cyclosporine toxicity]]
-* [[Cysticercosis]]
-* [[Cytomegalic inclusion body disease]]
-* [[Darvocet withdrawal]]
-* [[Deal-Barratt-Dillon syndrome]]
-* [[Degos disease]]
-* [[Diabetes insipidus]]
-* [[Diabetic neuropathy]]
-* [[Diarrhea - polyendocrinopathy - infections, X-linked]]
-* [[Diarrheagenic Escherichia coli]]
-* [[Dibasic aminoaciduria 2]]
-* [[Dientamoeba fragilis]]
-* [[Diffuse systemic sclerosis]]
-* [[Digestive diseases]]
-* [[Digestive duplication]]
-* [[Digestive system cancer]]
-* [[Dilaudid withdrawal]]
-* [[Dipylidium]]
-* [[Dipylidium caninum infection]]
-* [[Disseminated infection with mycobacterium avium complex]]
-* [[Dissociative disorder]]
-* [[Distomatosis]]
-* [[Diverticular disease]]
-* [[Dracunculiasis]]
-* [[Dressler syndrome]]
-* [[Drugs and poisons]]
-* [[Ebola]]
-* [[Echinococcosis]]
-* [[EGE]]
-* [[Egg Hypersensitivity]]
-* [[Ehrlichiosis]]
-* [[End stage liver failure]]
-* [[Endometriosis]]
-* [[Entamoeba histolytica]]
-* [[Enteritis]]
-* [[Entero-Aggregative Escherichia coli]]
-* [[Entero-Toxic Escherichia coli]]
-* [[Enterocele]]
-* [[Enterocolitis]]
-* [[Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia Coli Infection]]
-* [[Enterovirus antenatal infection]]
-* [[Envenomization by the Martinique lancehead viper]]
-* [[Eosinophilic enteropathy, pattern II]]
-* [[Epidemic secretory Brainerd diarrhea]]
-* [[Erythroderma desquamativa of Leiner]]
-* [[Escherichia coli ]]
-* [[Evening Primrose oil ]]
-* [[Familial amyloid polyneuropathy]]
-* [[Familial polyposis - classical]]
-* [[Familial polyposis, autosomal recessive]]
-* [[Familial visceral myopathy]]
-* [[Fanconi-ichthyosis-dysmorphism]]
-* [[Fascioliasis]]
-* [[Fasciolopsiasis]]
-* [[Favism]]
-* [[Fecal impaction]]
-* [[Fecal incontinence]]
-* [[Fever]]
-* [[Filariasis]]
-* [[Flavivirus]]
-* [[Fluke infections]]
-* [[Folic acid toxicity]]
-* [[Food allergies]]
-* [[Food intolerances]]
-* [[Food poisoning]]
-* [[Functioning pancreatic endocrine tumor]]
-* [[Galactosemia]]
-* [[Galactosemia I]]
-* [[Galactosemia III]]
-* [[Gardner syndrome]]
-* [[Gastrinoma]]
-* [[Gastritis]]
-* [[Gastritis, familial giant hypertrophic]]
-* [[Gastro-enteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumor]]
-* [[Gastroenteritis]]
-* [[Gastrointestinal amyloidosis]]
-* [[Gastrointestinal neoplasm]]
-* [[Giardia lamblia]]
-* [[Ginseng overuse]]
-* [[Glanders]]
-* [[Glucosamine - adverse effects]]
-* [[Glucose-galactose malabsorption]]
-* [[Glutathione Synthetase Deficiency]]
-* [[Glénard syndrome]]
-* [[Gnathostoma Infection]]
-* [[Graft-versus-host disease – acute]]
-* [[Groin Hernia]]
-* [[Hantavirosis]]
-* [[Hantavirus]]
-* [[Headache-free migraine]]
-* [[Helminth infections]]
-* [[Helminthiasis]]
-* [[Hemolytic uremic syndrome]]
-* [[Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis, familial, 1]]
-* [[Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis, familial, 2]]
-* [[Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis, familial, 3]]
-* [[Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis, familial, 4]]
-* [[Hemorragic fever with renal syndrome]]
-* [[Hepatitis]]
-* [[Hepatitis A]]
-* [[Hepatitis B]]
-* [[Hepatitis C]]
-* [[Hepatitis D]]
-* [[Hepatitis E]]
-* [[Hepatitis X]]
-* [[Hepatorenal tyrosinemia]]
-* [[Hereditary amyloidosis]]
-* [[Hereditary angioedema, type 1]]
-* [[Hereditary angioedema, type 2]]
-* [[Hereditary angioedema, type 3]]
-* [[Hereditary pancreatitis]]
-* [[Heroin dependence]]
-* [[Heroin withdrawal]]
-* [[Heterophyiasis]]
-* [[Hirschsprung's disease]]
-* [[HIV/AIDS]]
-* [[Hookworm, pinworm]]
-* [[Human granulocytic ehrlichiosis]]
-* [[Human monocytic ehrlichiosis]]
-* [[Hydrocodone withdrawal]]
-* [[Hymenolepiasis]]
-* [[Hyper IgM syndrome 1]]
-* [[Hyper IgM syndrome 3]]
-* [[Hyper IgM syndrome 4]]
-* [[Hyper-IgD syndrome]]
-* [[Hyper-IgM Syndrome]]
-* [[Hyperimmunoglobinemia D with recurrent fever]]
-* [[Hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia, familial, 1]]
-* [[Hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia, familial, 2]]
-* [[Hyperthyroidism]]
-* [[Hypoadrenocorticism - hypoparathyroidism – moniliasis]]
-* [[Idiopathic hypereosinophilic syndrome]]
-* [[Idiopathic intestinal pseudoobstruction]]
-* [[Idiopathic sclerosing mesenteritis]]
-* [[Immunoglobulinic amyloidosis]]
-* [[Immunoproliferative diseases]]
-* [[Inborn amino acid metabolism disorder]]
-* [[Incontinence]]
-* [[Inflammatory bowel disease]]
-* [[Insect parasite conditions]]
-* [[Insect sting allergies]]
-* [[Intestinal Conditions]]
-* [[Intestinal Flu]]
-* [[Intestinal lymphangiectasis]]
-* [[Intestinal pseudoobstruction chronic idiopathic]]
-* [[Intrinsic factor, congenital deficiency]]
-* [[Invasive group A Streptococcal disease]]
-* [[Iron poisoning]]
-* [[Irritable bowel syndrome]]
-* [[Ischemic colitis]]
-* [[Isospora]]
-* [[Isosporiasis]]
-* [[Isosporosiasis]]
-* [[Juvenile polyposis of infancy]]
-* [[Katayama fever]]
-* [[Keratosis palmoplantaris - adenocarcinoma of the colon]]
-* [[Lactose Intolerance]]
-* [[Lassa fever]]
-* [[Laxative abuse]]
-* [[Legionnaires' disease]]
-* [[Leiner disease]]
-* [[Leptospirosis]]
-* [[Leukocytoclastic angiitis – systemic]]
-* [[Levy-Yeboa Syndrome]]
-* [[Lipoid congenital adrenal hyperplasia]]
-* [[Listeriosis]]
-* [[Liver diseases]]
-* [[Lortab withdrawal]]
-* [[Lymphangiectasies and lymphedema Hennekam type]]
-* [[Lymphangiectasis]]
-* [[Lymphomatoid granulomatosis]]
-* [[Malabsorption]]
-* [[Malaria]]
-* [[Malonic aciduria]]
-* [[Marburg virus]]
-* [[Mastocytosis]]
-* [[Megaloblastic anemia]]
-* [[Melioidosis]]
-* [[Meningitis]]
-* [[Mercury poisoning]]
-* [[Mesothelioma, adult malignant – peritoneal]]
-* [[Metabolic disorders]]
-* [[Metagonimiasis]]
-* [[Methionine malabsorption syndrome]]
-* [[Methotrexate toxicity]]
-* [[Middle ear infection]]
-* [[Mitochondrial neurogastrointestinal encephalopathy syndrome]]
-* [[Mixed connective tissue disease]]
-* [[Morphine withdrawal]]
-* [[Mucoepithelial dysplasia, Witkop type]]
-* [[Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1]]
-* [[Mycobacterium avium Complex]]
-* [[Mycobacterium avium complex infection]]
-* [[Myiasis]]
-* [[Ménétrier's disease]]
-* [[Neonatal bacterial meningitis]]
-* [[Neonatal sepsis]]
-* [[Neoplasia]]
-* [[Neuroblastoma]]
-* [[Neuroendocrine tumors]]
-* [[Neurofibromatosis, familial intestinal]]
-* [[Nezelof's syndrome]]
-* [[Norwalk gastroenteritis]]
-* [[Norwalk-like viruses]]
-* [[Obal syndrome]]
-* [[Obstructive Jaundice]]
-* [[Ogilvie's syndrome]]
-* [[OHSS]]
-* [[Omenn syndrome]]
-* [[Opioid withdrawal]]
-* [[Opisthorchiasis]]
-* [[Opium withdrawal]]
-* [[Ovarian Cancer]]
-* [[OxyContin withdrawal]]
-* [[Pancreatic adenoma]]
-* [[Paragonimiasis]]
-* [[Paraneoplastic Autoimmune Syndromes]]
-* [[Peanut allergy]]
-* [[Pellagra]]
-* [[Pelvic abscess]]
-* [[Penicillin allergy]]
-* [[Periodic hyperlysinemia]]
-* [[Pernicious anemia]]
-* [[Phenol sulfotransferase deficiency]]
-* [[Plant poisoning - Angel's trumpet (D. suaveolans)]]
-* [[Plant poisoning - Castor bean (Ricinus communis)]]
-* [[Plant poisoning - daffodil (Narcissus pseudonarcissus)]]
-* [[Plant poisoning - holly (Ilex sp.)]]
-* [[Plant poisoning - Jimsonweed (Datura stramonium)]]
-* [[Plant poisoning - mistletoe (Phoradendron serotinum)]]
-* [[Plant poisoning - pokeweed (Phytolacca Americana)]]
-* [[Plant poisoning - potato (Solanum tuberosum)]]
-* [[Plant poisoning - Rosary pea (Abrus precatorious)]]
-* [[Plant poisoning - Water hemlock (Cicuta sp.)]]
-* [[Poisoning]]
-* [[Pollen allergy]]
-* [[Portal thrombosis]]
-* [[Portal vein thrombosis]]
-* [[Portuguese type amyloidosis]]
-* [[Postoperative Abdominal Wound Dehiscence]]
-* [[Powell-Buist-Stenzel syndrome]]
-* [[Primary agammaglobulinemia]]
-* [[Primary immunodeficiency disorders]]
-* [[Primary tubular proximal acidosis]]
-* [[Protozoal Infection]]
-* [[Protozoan Conditions]]
-* [[Proximal Renal Tubular Acidosis]]
-* [[Proximal tubulopathy - diabetes mellitus - cerebellar ataxia]]
-* [[Psyllium - adverse effects]]
-* [[Ptomaine food poisoning]]
-* [[Q fever]]
-* [[Radiation colitis]]
-* [[Radiation sickness]]
-* [[Rambaud-Galian syndrome]]
-* [[Rapid gastric emptying]]
-* [[Rectal cancer]]
-* [[Rectal conditions]]
-* [[Refsum disease, infantile form]]
-* [[Reiter’s syndrome]]
-* [[Rhabditida Infections]]
-* [[Ritter syndrome]]
-* [[Rocky Mountain spotted fever]]
-* [[Rotavirus]]
-* [[Roundworm]]
-* [[Sakamoto disease]]
-* [[Salmonella]]
-* [[Salmonella enteritidis]]
-* [[Salmonella food poisoning]]
-* [[Sarcosporidiosis]]
-* [[SARS]]
-* [[Schistosomiasis]]
-* [[SCID]]
-* [[Sclerosing Mesenteritis]]
-* [[Scombrotoxic fish poisoning]]
-* [[Secernentea Infections]]
-* [[Secretory diarrhea]]
-* [[Selenium – overuse]]
-* [[Serotonin Syndrome]]
-* [[Severe combined immunodeficiency, T- B+ due to JAK3 deficiency]]
-* [[Severe congenital neutropenia]]
-* [[Shigellosis]]
-* [[Short Bowel Syndrome]]
-* [[Sickle cell crisis]]
-* [[Smith disease]]
-* [[Smoking stools syndrome]]
-* [[Spencer disease]]
-* [[Sphingolipidosis]]
-* [[Spira syndrome]]
-* [[Spirurida Infections]]
-* [[Spleen Cancer]]
-* [[Spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia - nephrotic syndrome]]
-* [[Sprue]]
-* [[St. Anthony's fire]]
-* [[Stachybotrys chartarum]]
-* [[Staphylococcal food poisoning]]
-* [[Staphylococcal infection]]
-* [[Staphylococcal toxic shock syndrome]]
-* [[Staphylococcus aureus food poisoning]]
-* [[Stomach cancer]]
-* [[Stomach Conditions]]
-* [[Streptococcal Infections]]
-* [[Strongyloides]]
-* [[Subacute myelo-optico neuropathy syndrome]]
-* [[Subacute thyroiditis]]
-* [[Substance withdrawal syndrome]]
-* [[Sudden digestive conditions]]
-* [[Tapeworms]]
-* [[Thymus cancer]]
-* [[Thymus disorders]]
-* [[Thyroid cancer, familial medullary]]
-* [[Toxemia]]
-* [[Toxic epidermal necrolysis]]
-* [[Toxic shock syndrome]]
-* [[Toxocara]]
-* [[Toxoplasmosis]]
-* [[Traveler's diarrhea]]
-* [[Trematoda - Intestinal, lung, liver flukes]]
-* [[Trichinosis]]
-* [[Trichuris]]
-* [[Tularemia]]
-* [[Turcot syndrome]]
-* [[Typhoid fever]]
-* [[Ultram withdrawal]]
-* [[Valinemia]]
-* [[Vanadium - adverse effect]]
-* [[Vancomycin resistant enterococcal bacteremia]]
-* [[Vasculitis hypersensitivity]]
-* [[Venezuelan equine encephalitis]]
-* [[Vibrio cholerae]]
-* [[Vibrio Infections]]
-* [[Vibrio mimicus food poisoning]]
-* [[Vibrio parahemolyticus]]
-* [[Vibrio vulnificus]]
-* [[Vibrio vulnificus infection]]
-* [[Vicodin withdrawal]]
-* [[Vipoma]]
-* [[Viral digestive infections]]
-* [[Viral hemorrhagic fever]]
-* [[Viral Hepatitis]]
-* [[Viral meningitis]]
-* [[Visceral myopathy familial external ophthalmoplegia]]
-* [[Visceral neuropathy, familial, autosomal dominant]]
-* [[Vitamin C toxicity]]
-* [[Vitamin D - adverse effects]]
-* [[Von Gierke disease IB]]
-* [[Waldmann disease]]
-* [[Water-skier colon]]
-* [[Waterhouse-Friederichsen syndrome]]
-* [[Weil's syndrome]]
-* [[West Nile encephalitis]]
-* [[West Nile fever]]
-* [[Western equine encephalitis]]
-* [[Wheat intolerance]]
-* [[Whipple's disease]]
-* [[Whipworm]]
-* [[Whole-body acute irradiation - gastrointestinal syndrome]]
-* [[Whooping cough]]
-* [[Wolman disease]]
-* [[Worm conditions]]
-* [[X-linked agammaglobulinaemia]]
-* [[Yellow fever]]
-* [[Yersinia enterocolitica]]
-* [[Yersinia pseudotuberculosis]]
-* [[Yersiniosis]]
-* [[Yorifuji Okuno syndrome]]
-* [[ZAP70 deficiency]]
-* [[Zinc deficiency]]
-* [[Zollinger-Ellison syndrome]]
-{{refend}}
-==Complete Differential Diagnosis of the Causes of Diarrhea==
+===Diarrhea===
+'''The following table outlines the major differential diagnoses of diarrhea.'''<ref name="Casburn-JonesFarthing2004">{{cite journal|last1=Casburn-Jones|first1=Anna C|last2=Farthing|first2=Michael Jg|title=Traveler's diarrhea|journal=Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology|volume=19|issue=6|year=2004|pages=610–618|issn=0815-9319|doi=10.1111/j.1440-1746.2003.03287.x}}</ref><ref name="KamatMathur2006">{{cite journal|last1=Kamat|first1=Deepak|last2=Mathur|first2=Ambika|title=Prevention and Management of Travelers’ Diarrhea|journal=Disease-a-Month|volume=52|issue=7|year=2006|pages=289–302|issn=00115029|doi=10.1016/j.disamonth.2006.08.003}}</ref><ref name="PfeifferDuPont2012">{{cite journal|last1=Pfeiffer|first1=Margaret L.|last2=DuPont|first2=Herbert L.|last3=Ochoa|first3=Theresa J.|title=The patient presenting with acute dysentery – A systematic review|journal=Journal of Infection|volume=64|issue=4|year=2012|pages=374–386|issn=01634453|doi=10.1016/j.jinf.2012.01.006}}</ref><ref name="pmid24506120">{{cite journal |vauthors=Barr W, Smith A |title=Acute diarrhea |journal=Am Fam Physician |volume=89 |issue=3 |pages=180–9 |year=2014 |pmid=24506120 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid29255768">{{cite journal |vauthors=Amil Dias J |title=Celiac Disease: What Do We Know in 2017? |journal=GE Port J Gastroenterol |volume=24 |issue=6 |pages=275–278 |year=2017 |pmid=29255768 |doi=10.1159/000479881 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid29254859">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kotloff KL, Riddle MS, Platts-Mills JA, Pavlinac P, Zaidi AKM |title=Shigellosis |journal=Lancet |volume= |issue= |pages= |year=2017 |pmid=29254859 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(17)33296-8 |url=}}</ref><ref name="Yamamoto-FurushoBosques-Padilla2017">{{cite journal|last1=Yamamoto-Furusho|first1=J.K.|last2=Bosques-Padilla|first2=F.|last3=de-Paula|first3=J.|last4=Galiano|first4=M.T.|last5=Ibañez|first5=P.|last6=Juliao|first6=F.|last7=Kotze|first7=P.G.|last8=Rocha|first8=J.L.|last9=Steinwurz|first9=F.|last10=Veitia|first10=G.|last11=Zaltman|first11=C.|title=Diagnóstico y tratamiento de la enfermedad inflamatoria intestinal: Primer Consenso Latinoamericano de la Pan American Crohn's and Colitis Organisation|journal=Revista de Gastroenterología de México|volume=82|issue=1|year=2017|pages=46–84|issn=03750906|doi=10.1016/j.rgmx.2016.07.003}}</ref><ref name="BorbélyOsterwalder2017">{{cite journal|last1=Borbély|first1=Yves M|last2=Osterwalder|first2=Alice|last3=Kröll|first3=Dino|last4=Nett|first4=Philipp C|last5=Inglin|first5=Roman A|title=Diarrhea after bariatric procedures: Diagnosis and therapy|journal=World Journal of Gastroenterology|volume=23|issue=26|year=2017|pages=4689|issn=1007-9327|doi=10.3748/wjg.v23.i26.4689}}</ref><ref name="CrawfordRamani2017">{{cite journal|last1=Crawford|first1=Sue E.|last2=Ramani|first2=Sasirekha|last3=Tate|first3=Jacqueline E.|last4=Parashar|first4=Umesh D.|last5=Svensson|first5=Lennart|last6=Hagbom|first6=Marie|last7=Franco|first7=Manuel A.|last8=Greenberg|first8=Harry B.|last9=O'Ryan|first9=Miguel|last10=Kang|first10=Gagandeep|last11=Desselberger|first11=Ulrich|last12=Estes|first12=Mary K.|title=Rotavirus infection|journal=Nature Reviews Disease Primers|volume=3|year=2017|pages=17083|issn=2056-676X|doi=10.1038/nrdp.2017.83}}</ref><ref name="pmid11068510">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kist M |title=[Chronic diarrhea: value of microbiology in diagnosis] |language=German |journal=Praxis (Bern 1994) |volume=89 |issue=39 |pages=1559–65 |year=2000 |pmid=11068510 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid4014291">{{cite journal |vauthors=Guerrant RL, Shields DS, Thorson SM, Schorling JB, Gröschel DH |title=Evaluation and diagnosis of acute infectious diarrhea |journal=Am. 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The apparent identical and specific nature of the duodenal and proximal jejunal lesion in celiac disease and idiopathic sprue. | journal=Gastroenterology | year= 1960 | volume= 38 | issue=  | pages= 28-49 | pmid=14439871 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=14439871  }}</ref><ref name="pmid8209928">{{cite journal| author=Konvolinka CW| title=Acute diverticulitis under age forty. | journal=Am J Surg | year= 1994 | volume= 167 | issue= 6 | pages= 562-5 | pmid=8209928 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8209928  }} </ref><ref name="pmid16698746">{{cite journal| author=Satsangi J, Silverberg MS, Vermeire S, Colombel JF| title=The Montreal classification of inflammatory bowel disease: controversies, consensus, and implications. | journal=Gut | year= 2006 | volume= 55 | issue= 6 | pages= 749-53 | pmid=16698746 | doi=10.1136/gut.2005.082909 | pmc=1856208 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16698746  }} </ref><ref name="pmid12700377">{{cite journal| author=Haque R, Huston CD, Hughes M, Houpt E, Petri WA| title=Amebiasis. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 2003 | volume= 348 | issue= 16 | pages= 1565-73 | pmid=12700377 | doi=10.1056/NEJMra022710 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12700377  }} </ref><ref name="pmid8694025">{{cite journal| author=Hertzler SR, Savaiano DA| title=Colonic adaptation to daily lactose feeding in lactose maldigesters reduces lactose intolerance. | journal=Am J Clin Nutr | year= 1996 | volume= 64 | issue= 2 | pages= 232-6 | pmid=8694025 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8694025  }} </ref><ref name="pmid9414969">{{cite journal| author=Briet F, Pochart P, Marteau P, Flourie B, Arrigoni E, Rambaud JC| title=Improved clinical tolerance to chronic lactose ingestion in subjects with lactose intolerance: a placebo effect? | journal=Gut | year= 1997 | volume= 41 | issue= 5 | pages= 632-5 | pmid=9414969 | doi= | pmc=1891556 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9414969  }} </ref><ref name="pmid15391722">{{cite journal| author=BLACK-SCHAFFER B| title=The tinctoral demonstration of a glycoprotein in Whipple's disease. | journal=Proc Soc Exp Biol Med | year= 1949 | volume= 72 | issue= 1 | pages= 225-7 | pmid=15391722 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15391722  }} </ref>
-'''(By organ system)'''
+<span style="font-size:85%">'''Abbreviations:''' '''GI:''' [[Gastrointestinal tract|Gastrointestinal]], '''CBC''': [[Complete blood count]], '''WBC:''' [[White blood cells|White blood cell]], '''RBC''': [[Red blood cell]], '''Plt:''' [[Platelet]], '''Hgb:''' [[Hemoglobin]], '''ESR''': [[Erythrocyte sedimentation rate]], '''CRP''': [[C-reactive protein|C–reactive protein]], '''IgE:''' [[Immunoglobulin E]], '''IgA:''' [[Immunoglobulin A]], '''ETEC:''' [[Escherichia coli enteritis]], '''EPEC''': [[Escherichia coli|Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli]], '''EIEC''': [[Escherichia coli enteritis|Enteroinvasive Escherichia coli]], '''EHEC''': [[Escherichia coli|Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli]], '''EAEC''': [[Escherichia coli enteritis|Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli]], '''Nl''': Normal, '''ASCA''': [[Anti saccharomyces cerevisiae antibodies]], '''ANCA''': [[Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody|Anti–neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody]], '''DNA''': [[DNA|Deoxyribonucleic acid]], '''CFTR''': [[Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator]], '''SLC10A2''': [[SLC10A2|Solute carrier family 10 member 2]], '''SeHCAT''': [[SeHCAT|Selenium homocholic acid taurine or tauroselcholic acid]], '''IEL''': Intraepithelial [[Lymphocyte|lymphocytes]], '''MRCP''': [[Magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography]], '''ANA''': [[Antinuclear antibodies]], '''AMA''': [[Anti-mitochondrial antibody]], '''LDH''': [[Lactate dehydrogenase]], '''CPK''': [[Creatine phosphokinase]], '''PCR''': [[Polymerase chain reaction]], '''ELISA''': [[Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)|Enzyme–linked immunosorbent assay]], '''LT''': Heat–labile [[enterotoxin]], ST: Heat–stable [[enterotoxin]], '''RT-PCR''': Reverse–transcriptase [[polymerase chain reaction]], '''CD4:''' [[CD4|Cluster of differentiation 4]], '''HIV''': [[Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)|Human immunodeficiency virus]], '''RUQ''': [[RUQ|Right-upper quadrant]], '''VIP''': [[Vasoactive intestinal peptide]], '''GI:''' [[Gastrointestinal tract|Gastrointestinal]], '''FAP''': [[Familial adenomatous polyposis]], '''HNPCC''': [[Hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer]], '''MTP''': [[Microsomal triglyceride transfer protein]], '''Scl‑70''': Anti–[[Type I topoisomerase|topoisomerase I]], '''TSH''': [[Thyroid-stimulating hormone]], '''T4''': [[Thyroxine]], '''T3''': [[Triiodothyronine]], '''DTR''': [[Deep tendon reflex]], '''RNA''': [[RNA|Ribonucleic acid]]</span>
-{|style="width:80%; height:100px" border="1"
+{| class="wikitable" style="border: 0px; font-size: 100%; margin: 3px;" align="center"
-|style="height:100px"; style="width:25%" border="1" bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | '''Cardiovascular'''
+! colspan="2" rowspan="5" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Categories
-|style="height:100px"; style="width:75%" border="1" bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
+! colspan="2" rowspan="5" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Cause
+| colspan="9" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |'''Clinical manifestation'''
+! colspan="9" rowspan="3" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |'''Lab findings'''
+! rowspan="5" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Extra intestinal findings
+! rowspan="5" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Cause/Pathogenesis
+! rowspan="5" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Gold standard diagnosis
 |-
-|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+! colspan="8" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Symptoms
-| '''Chemical / poisoning'''
+! rowspan="4" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |GI signs
-|bgcolor="Beige"|
 |-
-|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+! colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Duration
-| '''Dermatologic'''
+! colspan="3" rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Diarrhea
-|bgcolor="Beige"|
+! rowspan="3" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Fever
+! rowspan="3" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Abdominal pain
+! rowspan="3" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Weight loss
 |-
-|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+! colspan="5" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Stool exam
-| '''Drug Side Effect'''
+| colspan="3" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |'''CBC'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"|
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Other lab findings
 |-
-|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Acute
-| '''Ear Nose Throat'''
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Chronic
-|bgcolor="Beige"|
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Watery
-|-
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Bloody
-|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Fatty
-| '''Endocrine'''
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |WBC
-|bgcolor="Beige"|
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |RBC
-|-
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Ova/Parasite
-|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Osmotic gap
-| '''Environmental'''
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Other
-|bgcolor="Beige"|
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |WBC
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Hgb
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Plt
 |-
-|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+! colspan="2" rowspan="15" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Gastrointestinal
-| '''Gastroenterologic'''
+! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Crohns disease|Crohn's disease]]
-|bgcolor="Beige"|
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | ±
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+* [[Abdominal tenderness]]
+* Oral [[mucosal]] lesions
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↑
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↓
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↑
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+* [[Anti saccharomyces cerevisiae antibodies]] (ASCA)
+* [[Vitamin B12]] deficiency
+* Elevated [[erythrocyte sedimentation rate|ESR]]
+* Elevated [[C-reactive protein|CRP]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+* [[Uveitis]]
+* [[Arthritis]]
+* [[Erythema nodosum]]
+* [[Pyoderma gangrenosum]]
+* [[Amyloidosis]]
+* Venous and arterial [[thromboembolism]]
+* [[Kidney stone|Renal stones]]
+* [[Bronchiectasis]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+* Abnormal immune response to self [[antigens]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+* [[Colonoscopy]] with [[biopsy]]
 |-
-|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Ulcerative colitis]]
-| '''Genetic'''
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-|bgcolor="Beige"|
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | ±
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+* [[Abdominal tenderness]]
+* [[Blood]] on [[rectal examination]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↑
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↓
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↑
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+* [[Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody|Anti–neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody]] ([[P-ANCA|P–ANCA]])
+* [[Hypoalbuminemia]]
+* [[Hypokalemia]]
+* [[Hypomagnesemia]]
+* Elevated [[Erythrocyte sedimentation rate|ESR]]
+* Elevated [[C-reactive protein|CRP]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+* [[Skin rash]]
+* [[Iritis]]
+* [[Uveitis]]
+* Seronegative [[arthritis]]
+* [[Clubbing]]
+* [[Erythema nodosum]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+* Abnormal immune response to self [[antigens]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+* [[Colonoscopy]] with [[biopsy]]
 |-
-|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Celiac disease]]
-| '''Hematologic'''
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-|bgcolor="Beige"|
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | ±
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | ±
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+* [[Abdominal distention]]
+* Increased [[bowel]] sounds
+* Oral [[Mucous membrane|mucosal]] lesions
+* [[Hepatosplenomegaly]]
+* [[Ascites]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+* Fat droplets on [[sudan stain]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | ↓
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+* [[IgA]] endomysial [[antibody]]
+* Anti–tissue [[transglutaminase]] [[antibody]]
+* [[Anti-gliadin antibodies|Anti–gliadin antibody]]
+* [[Fat soluble vitamins]] deficiency
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+* [[Malabsorption]]
+* [[Dementia]]
+* [[Dermatitis herpetiformis]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+* [[HLA-DQ2|HLA–DQ2]]
+* [[HLA-DQ8|HLA–DQ8]]
+* Innate responses to wheat [[Protein|proteins]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+* [[IgA]] endomysial [[antibody]]
+* Anti–tissue [[transglutaminase]] [[antibody]]
 |-
-|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+! colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Cause
-| '''Iatrogenic'''
+! colspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Duration
-|bgcolor="Beige"|
+! colspan="3" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Diarrhea
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Fever
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Abdominal pain
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Weight loss
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |GI signs
+! colspan="5" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Stool exam
+! colspan="3" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |CBC
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Other lab findings
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Extra intestinal findings
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Cause/Pathogenesis
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Gold standard diagnosis
 |-
-|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Acute
-| '''Infectious Disease'''
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Chronic
-|bgcolor="Beige"|
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Watery
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Bloody
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Fatty
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |WBC
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |RBC
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Ova/Parasite
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Osmotic gap
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Other
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |WBC
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Hgb
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Plt
 |-
-|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Cystic fibrosis]]
-| '''Musculoskeletal / Ortho'''
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-|bgcolor="Beige"|
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |±
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*[[Abdominal distension|Abdominal distention]]
+*[[Hepatosplenomegaly]]
+*[[Rectal prolapse]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+* Fat droplets on [[sudan stain]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↓
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+* Positive [[DNA]] analysis for [[CFTR|cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator]] [[CFTR|(CFTR)]]
+* Nasal transepithelial potential difference
+* [[Fat soluble vitamins]] deficiency
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+* [[Malabsorption]]
+* Recurrent [[respiratory tract infection]]
+* [[Bronchiectasis]]
+* [[Diabetes mellitus]]
+* [[Scoliosis]]
+* [[Infertility]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+* Mutations in the [[cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator]] ([[CFTR]]) protein
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+* Positive [[genetic testing]]
+* Elevated [[Sweat chloride test|sweat chloride]] ≥60 mmol/L
 |-
-|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Chronic pancreatitis]]
-| '''Neurologic'''
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-|bgcolor="Beige"|
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+* [[Tenderness (medicine)|Abdominal tenderness]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+* Fat droplets on [[sudan stain]]
+* Positive [[fecal elastase]] measurement
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+* Slightly elevated [[amylase]] and [[lipase]]
+* Abnormal pancreatic function test
+* [[Secretin]] stimulation test
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+* [[Malabsorption]]
+* [[Diabetes mellitus]]
+* [[Pancreatic pseudocyst]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+* [[Toxin|Toxins]]
+* Recurrent [[acute pancreatitis]]
+* [[Genetics|Genetic]] predesposition
+* [[Autoimmunity|Autoimmune]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+* [[Magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography]] ([[Magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography|MRCP]])
 |-
-|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Bile acid malabsorption]]
-| '''Nutritional / Metabolic'''
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-|bgcolor="Beige"|
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="Left" |
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*Fat droplets on [[sudan stain]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*Reduced [[cholesterol]] level
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*[[Malabsorption]]
+*[[Hypotension]]
+*[[Tachycardia]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*Genetic defects in ''[[SLC10A2]]''
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+* [[SeHCAT]] test
 |-
-|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Microscopic colitis]]
-| '''Obstetric/Gynecologic'''
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-|bgcolor="Beige"|
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+* [[Abdominal tenderness]]
+* Fecal [[incontinence]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |–
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↓
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+* [[Hypokalemia]]
+* Elevated [[C-reactive protein|CRP]]
+* Positive [[autoantibodies]] include:
+**RF
+**[[ANA]]
+**[[Anti-mitochondrial antibody|AMA]]
+**[[ANCA]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+* [[Arthritis]]
+* [[Uveitis]]
+* [[Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura]]
+* Pleuro [[pericarditis]]
+* [[Hypothyroidism]]
+* [[Psoriasis]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+* [[Mucosal]] [[immune responses]] to luminal factors in a genetically predisposed individual
+* Drug–induced
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+* [[Colonoscopy]] with [[mucosal]] [[biopsy]] with [[mononuclear]] infiltrates:
+** [[Collagenous colitis]] is characterized by a colonic subepithelial [[collagen]] band >10 micrometers in diameter
+** [[Lymphocytic]] [[colitis]] is characterized by ≥20 intraepithelial [[lymphocytes]] (IEL) per 100 surface epithelial cells
 |-
-|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+! colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Cause
-| '''Oncologic'''
+! colspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Duration
-|bgcolor="Beige"|
+! colspan="3" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Diarrhea
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Fever
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Abdominal pain
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Weight loss
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |GI signs
+! colspan="5" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Stool exam
+! colspan="3" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |CBC
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Other lab findings
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Extra intestinal findings
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Cause/Pathogenesis
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Gold standard diagnosis
 |-
-|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Acute
-| '''Opthalmologic'''
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Chronic
-|bgcolor="Beige"|
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Watery
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Bloody
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Fatty
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |WBC
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |RBC
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Ova/Parasite
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Osmotic gap
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Other
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |WBC
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Hgb
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Plt
 |-
-|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Infective colitis]]
-| '''Overdose / Toxicity'''
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-|bgcolor="Beige"|
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="Left" |
+*Rebound [[Tenderness (medicine)|abdominal tenderness]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*Positive [[stool culture]]
+*Positive fecal calprotectin
+*Positive fecal [[lactoferrin]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↑
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↓
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↑
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*Elevated [[C-reactive protein|CRP]]
+*Elevated [[Erythrocyte sedimentation rate|ESR]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*[[Arthritis]]
+* [[Uveitis]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*[[Salmonella|''Salmonella'']]
+*[[Shigella|''Shigella'']]
+*[[Campylobacter|''Campylobacter'']]
+*''[[Escherichia coli|E. coli 0157:H7]]''
+*[[Clostridium difficile|''Clostridium difficile'']]
+*[[Entamoeba histolytica|''Entamoeba histolytica'']]
+*[[Adenoviridae|''Adenovirus'']]
+*[[Cytomegalovirus|''Cytomegalovirus'']]
+*[[Herpes simplex virus|''Herpes simplex virus'']]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*[[Stool culture]]
+*[[Blood culture]]
 |-
-|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Ischemic colitis]]
-| '''Psychiatric'''
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-|bgcolor="Beige"|
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="Left" |
+*Hyperactive then absent [[Stomach rumble|bowel sounds]]
+*[[Tenderness (medicine)|Abdominal tenderness]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |–
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↑
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↓
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↑
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*Elevated [[C-reactive protein|CRP]]
+*Elevated [[Erythrocyte sedimentation rate|ESR]]
+*Elevated serum [[Lactic acid|lactate]]
+*Elevated [[lactate dehydrogenase]] ([[Lactate dehydrogenase|LDH]])
+*Elevated [[Creatine kinase|creatine phosphokinase]] ([[Creatine kinase|CPK]])
+*Elevated [[amylase]]
+*[[Hypoalbuminemia]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*[[Henoch-Schönlein purpura|IgA vasculitis]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*[[Thrombophilia|Hypercoagulability]]
+*Nonocclusive [[Ischemic colitis|colonic ischemia]]
+*[[Embolism|Embolic]] and [[Thrombosis|thrombotic]] arterial occlusion
+*[[Mesenteric vein thrombosis]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*Abdominal [[Computed tomography|CT scan]]
 |-
-|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Lactose intolerance]]
-| '''Pulmonary'''
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-|bgcolor="Beige"|
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+* [[Abdominal tenderness ]]
+* [[Abdominal distention]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↑
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |–
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+* Lactose tolerance test
+* Genetic testing
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+* [[Headache]]
+* [[Vertigo]]
+* [[Memory impairment]]
+* [[Lethargy]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+* Reduction of lactase enzyme activity or inability to produce persistent [[lactase]]
+* Congenital [[lactase deficiency]]
+* Secondary lactose malabsorption
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+* [[Small bowel]] [[biopsy]]
+* Lactose breath hydrogen test
 |-
-|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Irritable bowel syndrome]]
-| '''Renal / Electrolyte'''
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-|bgcolor="Beige"|
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |±
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |±
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |±
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+* [[Abdominal tenderness]]
+* [[Abdominal distention]]
+* Normal [[Stomach rumble|bowel sounds]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |–
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*[[Anxiety]]
+*[[Palpitation]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*Unknown
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+* Diagnosis of exclusion
 |-
-|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+! rowspan="43" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Infection
-| '''Rheum / Immune / Allergy'''
+! rowspan="28" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Bacterial
-|bgcolor="Beige"|
+! colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Cause
+! colspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Duration
+! colspan="3" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Diarrhea
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Fever
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Abdominal pain
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Weight loss
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |GI signs
+! colspan="5" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Stool exam
+! colspan="3" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |CBC
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Other lab findings
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Extra intestinal findings
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Cause/Pathogenesis
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Gold standard diagnosis
 |-
-|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Acute
-| '''Sexual'''
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Chronic
-|bgcolor="Beige"|
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Watery
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Bloody
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Fatty
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |WBC
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |RBC
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Ova/Parasite
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Osmotic gap
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Other
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |WBC
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Hgb
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Plt
 |-
-|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Whipple's disease]]
-| '''Trauma'''
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-|bgcolor="Beige"|
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | ±
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+* [[Hepatosplenomegaly]]
+* [[Ascites]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+* Positive [[fecal fat]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↓
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↓
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↓/↑
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*[[Hypoalbuminemia]]
+*[[Fat soluble vitamins]] deficiency
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+* [[Malabsorption]]
+* [[Ocular motility disorders|Abnormal extraocular movement]]
+* [[Lymphadenopathy]]
+* [[Hyperpigmentation]]
+* [[Uveitis]]
+* [[Endocarditis]]
+* [[Encephalitis]]
+* [[Dementia]]
+* [[Pleural effusion]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+* [[Tropheryma whipplei|''Tropheryma whipplei'']]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+* [[Small intestine]] [[biopsy]] for [[Tropheryma whipplei]] testing
+* [[PCR]] testing
 |-
-|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Tropical sprue]]
-| '''Urologic'''
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-|bgcolor="Beige"|
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+* Angular [[stomatitis]]
+* Oral mucosal lesion
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*Positive [[stool culture]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | ↓
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+* [[Fat soluble vitamins]] deficiency
+* [[Vitamin B12 deficiency]]
+* [[Folate deficiency]]
+* [[Hypokalemia]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*[[Myalgia]]
+*[[Neuropathy]]
+*[[Edema]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+* ''[[Escherichia coli]]''
+* ''[[Klebsiella pneumoniae]]''
+* ''[[Enterobacter cloacae]]''
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+* Diagnosis of exclusion
 |-
-|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Small bowel bacterial overgrowth syndrome|Small bowel bacterial overgrowth]]
-| '''Miscellaneous'''
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-|bgcolor="Beige"|
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+* [[Abdominal distension|Abdominal distention]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*Positive [[stool culture]]
+*Positive [[fecal fat]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↓
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+* [[Hypoalbuminemia]]
+* Abnormal [[Hydrogen Breath Test|hydrogen breath test]]
+* [[Lactic acidosis]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+* [[Malabsorption]]
+* [[Rosacea]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+* Excess bacteria in the [[small intestine]]
+* Alterations in [[Intestine|intestinal]] [[anatomy]] or GI motility
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+* Diagnosis of exclusion
 |-
-|}
+! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Pseudomembranous enterocolitis]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |±
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |±
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+* Generalized [[Tenderness (medicine)|abdominal tenderness]]
+* [[Abdominal distention]]
+* [[Rebound tenderness|Rebound abdominal tenderness]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+* [[Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)|Enzyme–linked immunosorbent assay]] ([[Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)|ELISA]])
+* [[Polymerase chain reaction]] ([[Polymerase chain reaction|PCR]]) assay or ''[[Clostridium difficile infection|C. difficile]]'' antigen
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↑
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↓
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↓
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+* Elevated [[Creatinine|serum creatinine]]
+* [[Hypoalbuminemia]]
+* Elevated [[lactic acid]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+* [[Dehydration]]
+* [[Acute kidney injury]]
-==The Complete List of Drugs may Cause Diarrhea==
+* [[Bacteremia]]
-{{refbegin|3}}
+* [[Reactive arthritis]]
-* [[A-Cillin]]
+* [[Necrotizing fasciitis]]
-* [[A/T/S]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* [[Abacavir]]
+* [[Clostridium difficile|''Clostridium difficile'']]
-* [[Abelcet Injection]]
+* Recent [[antibiotics]] use
-* [[Acamprosate]]
+* Recent [[surgery]]
-* [[Acarbose]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* [[Accolate]]
+* [[Stool examination|Stool exam]]
-* [[Accurbron]]
+* Pseudomembranes on [[colonoscopy]]
-* [[Accure]]
+|-
-* [[Acebutolol]]
+! colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Cause
-* [[Acebutolol Hydrochloride]]
+! colspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Duration
-* [[Acetazolam]]
+! colspan="3" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Diarrhea
-* [[Acetazolamide]]
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Fever
-* [[Aches-N-Pain]]
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Abdominal pain
-* [[Achromycin]]
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Weight loss
-* [[Achromycin V]]
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |GI signs
-* [[Acifur]]
+! colspan="5" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Stool exam
-* [[Acimax]]
+! colspan="3" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |CBC
-* [[Acimox]]
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Other lab findings
-* [[Aciphex]]
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Extra intestinal findings
-* [[Aclin]]
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Cause/Pathogenesis
-* [[Acrivatine and Pseudoephedrine]]
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Gold standard diagnosis
-* [[Acromicina]]
+|-
-* [[Act-3]]
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Acute
-* [[Actidose with Sorbitol]]
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Chronic
-* [[Actidose-Aqua]]
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Watery
-* [[Actifed]]
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Bloody
-* [[Actifed CC Junior]]
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Fatty
-* [[Actifed Chesty]]
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |WBC
-* [[Actifed Dry]]
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |RBC
-* [[Actilax]]
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Ova/Parasite
-* [[Action Cold and Flu]]
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Osmotic gap
-* [[Actiprofen]]
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Other
-* [[Actonel]]
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |WBC
-* [[Actos]]
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Hgb
-* [[ACWY]]
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Plt
-* [[Acyclovir capsules, suspension and tablets]]
+|-
-* [[Adapin]]
+! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" | [[Campylobacteriosis]]
-* [[Adderall]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-* [[Adderall XR]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
-* [[Adefovir]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-* [[Adoxa]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-* [[Adriamycin PFS]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
-* [[Adriamycin RDF]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-* [[Advair Diskus]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-* [[Advicor]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
-* [[Advil]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="Left" |
-* [[Aerolate]]
+*Diffuse [[abdominal tenderness]]
-* [[Agenerase]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-* [[Aggrenox]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-* [[Agiolax]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-* [[Agrylin]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-* [[AK Beta]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* [[AK-Chlor]]
+*Positive [[stool culture]]
-* [[AK-Tracin]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↑
-* [[Ak-Zol]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Nl
-* [[Akamin]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Nl
-* [[Akne-mycin]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |Nl
-* [[Akorazol]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* [[AL-R]]
+*[[Toxic megacolon]]
-* [[Ala-Tet]]
+*[[Sepsis]]
-* [[Albendazole]]
+*[[Arthritis]]
-* [[Albert Docusate]]
+*[[Endocarditis]]
-* [[Alclox Capsules]]
+*[[Guillain-Barré syndrome|Guillain–Barré syndrome]]
-* [[Aldactazide]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* [[Aldactone]]
+*[[Campylobacter jejuni|''Campylobacter jejuni'']]
-* [[Aldara]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* [[Aldomet]]
+*[[Stool culture]]
-* [[Aldopren]]
+|-
-* [[Alendronate]]
+! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Salmonellosis]]
-* [[Alendronate Sodium]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-* [[Alertonic]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-* [[Aleve]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-* [[Alferon N]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-* [[Alfotax]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-* [[Alinia]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-* [[Alkeran]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-* [[Allegra-D]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-* [[Aller Max]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="Left" |
-* [[Aller-Chlor]]
+*[[Abdominal distention]]
-* [[Allohexal]]
+*Diffuse [[abdominal tenderness]]
-* [[Allopurinol]]
+*[[Hepatosplenomegaly]]
-* [[Allorin]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-* [[Alocril capsule]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-* [[Alpha-Baclofen]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-* [[Alphamox]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-* [[Alphapress]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* [[Alpidine]]
+*Positive [[stool culture]]
-* [[Alpraclonidine Hydrochloride]]
+*Positive serologic testing
-* [[Altocor]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↑
-* [[Aludrol]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-* [[Alupent]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↑
-* [[Amaphen]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* [[Ambenonium Chloride]]
+*[[Hypokalemia]]
-* [[Ambien]]
+*[[Hypernatremia]]
-* [[Ambotetra]]
+*[[Hyponatremia]]
-* [[Ameblin]]
+* [[Hypercalciuria]]
-* [[Amicar]]
+* [[Hypocitraturia]]
-* [[Aminocaproic Acid]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* [[Aminogluthethmide]]
+* [[Post-infectious arthritis|Post–infectious arthritis]]
-* [[Aminophyllin]]
+* [[Obtundation]]
-* [[Aminosalicylate Sodium]]
+* [[Bacteremia]]
-* [[Amitriptyline Hydrochloride]]
+* [[Pericarditis]]
-* [[Amlexanox]]
+* [[Pyelonephritis]]
-* [[Amlodipine and Benazepril]]
+*[[Brain abscess]]
-* [[Amodopa]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* [[Amohexal]]
+*[[Salmonella|''Salmonella'']]
-* [[Amoxapine]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* [[Amoxicillin and Clavulanic Acid]]
+*[[Stool culture]]
-* [[Amoxifur]]
+|-
-* [[Amoxil]]
+! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Shigellosis]]
-* [[Amoxil Duo]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-* [[Amoxisol]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
-* [[Amoxivet]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-* [[Ampexin]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-* [[Amphetamine Sulfate]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
-* [[Amphotericin B Lipid Complex]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-* [[Amphotericin Tablets]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-* [[Ampicillin Sodium and Sulbactam Sodium]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
-* [[Amprenavir]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="Left" |
-* [[Amsicrine]]
+* [[Abdominal distention]]
-* [[Amsidyl]]
+* Hyperactive [[Stomach rumble|bowel sounds]]
-* [[Amylobarbitone]]
+* Diffuse [[abdominal tenderness]]
-* [[Amytal Sodium]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-* [[Anafranil]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-* [[Anagrelide]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-* [[Anakinra]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-* [[Anamine]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* [[Anamine TD]]
+*Positive [[stool culture]]
-* [[Anaplex]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↑/↓
-* [[Anaprox]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↓
-* [[Anaprox DS]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↓
-* [[Anapsique]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* [[Anastrozole]]
+*Elevated [[C-reactive protein|CRP]]
-* [[Ancef]]
+*Elevated [[Erythrocyte sedimentation rate|ESR]]
-* [[Ancobon]]
+*[[Hyponatremia]]
-* [[Ancolan]]
+* [[Hypoglycemia]]
-* [[Ancotil]]
+* [[Azotemia]]
-* [[Androderm Transdermal System]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* [[Androgel]]
+* [[Headache]]
-* [[Android]]
+* [[Lethargy]]
-* [[Andrumin]]
+* [[Seizures]]
-* [[Angiotrofen A.P]]
+* [[Delirium]]
-* [[Angiotrofen Retard]]
+* [[Post-infectious arthritis|Post–infectious arthritis]]
-* [[Anitrim]]
+* [[Myocarditis]]
-* [[AnoqTwo-Dyneuan]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* [[Anoquan]]
+*[[Shigella|''Shigella'']]
-* [[Ansaid]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* [[Anselol]]
+*[[Stool culture]]
-* [[Anspor]]
+|-
-* [[Antacids containing magnesium]]
+! colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Cause
-* [[Antehexal]]
+! colspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Duration
-* [[Antenex]]
+! colspan="3" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Diarrhea
-* [[Anthel]]
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Fever
-* [[Antibiotics]]
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Abdominal pain
-* [[Antiotrofen]]
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Weight loss
-* [[Antivert]]
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |GI signs
-* [[Antivert 25]]
+! colspan="5" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Stool exam
-* [[Antrizine]]
+! colspan="3" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |CBC
-* [[Anxanil]]
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Other lab findings
-* [[Anzemet]]
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Extra intestinal findings
-* [[Apatef]]
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Cause/Pathogenesis
-* [[Aphthasol]]
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Gold standard diagnosis
-* [[Apo-Acetazolamide]]
+|-
-* [[Apo-Allopurinol]]
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Acute
-* [[Apo-Amitriptyline]]
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Chronic
-* [[Apo-Amoxi]]
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Watery
-* [[Apo-Atenol]]
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Bloody
-* [[Apo-C]]
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Fatty
-* [[Apo-Capto]]
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |WBC
-* [[Apo-Clomipramine]]
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |RBC
-* [[Apo-Clorazepate]]
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Ova/Parasite
-* [[Apo-Diclo]]
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Osmotic gap
-* [[Apo-Diflunisal]]
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Other
-* [[Apo-Diltiaz]]
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |WBC
-* [[Apo-Dipyridamole FC]]
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Hgb
-* [[Apo-Dipyridamole SC]]
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Plt
-* [[Apo-Doxepin]]
+|-
-* [[Apo-Doxy]]
+! rowspan="5" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Escherichia coli enteritis]]
-* [[Apo-Doxy Tabs]]
+| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[ETEC|'''ETEC''']]
-* [[Apo-Enalapril]]
+([[Traveler's diarrhea]])
-* [[Apo-Erythro]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-* [[Apo-Hydroxyzine]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-* [[Apo-Ibuprofen]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-* [[Apo-Keto]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-* [[Apo-Keto-E]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-* [[Apo-Meprobamate]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-* [[Apo-Metronidazole]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-* [[Apo-Minocycline]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-* [[Apo-Naproxen]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="Left" |
-* [[Apo-Sulfatrim]]
+*Diffuse [[abdominal tenderness]]
-* [[Apo-Tetra]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-* [[Apomine]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
-* [[Apormorphine Hydrochloride]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-* [[ApraClonidine tablets]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-* [[Aprepitant]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* [[Apresoline]]
+*Positive [[stool culture]]
-* [[Aprinox]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↑
-* [[Apro-Flurbiprofen]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Nl
-* [[Aquachloral Supprettes]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Nl
-* [[Aquae]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |–
-* [[Aquaphyllin]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |–
-* [[Aquatag]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* [[Aquatensen]]
+*[[Escherichia coli|''Enterotoxigenic escherichia coli'']]
-* [[Aralen Phosphate]]
+*[[Enterotoxin|Enterotoxins]]:
-* [[Aralen Phosphate with Primaquine Phosphate]]
+**Heat–labile [[enterotoxin]] (LT)
-* [[Arava]]
+**Heat–stable [[enterotoxin]] (ST)
-* [[Arestin]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* [[Aricept]]
+*[[Stool culture]]
-* [[Arima]]
+|-
-* [[Arimidex]]
+| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[EPEC|'''EPEC''']]
-* [[Armour Thyroid]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-* [[Aromasin]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-* [[Arthrexin]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-* [[Arthrotec]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-* [[Artrenac]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
-* [[ASA]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-* [[Asacol capsules]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-* [[Asacol rectal suspension]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-* [[Asacol suppositories]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="Left" |
-* [[Asacol tablets]]
+*Diffuse [[abdominal tenderness]]
-* [[Asasantin SR]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-* [[Ascorbic 500]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-* [[Ascorbic Acid]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-* [[Ascorbicap]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-* [[Asendin]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* [[Asmalix]]
+*Positive [[stool culture]]
-* [[Aspirin and Meprobamate]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↑
-* [[Asprodeine]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Nl
-* [[Atacand]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Nl
-* [[Atacand HCT]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |–
-* [[Atacand Plus]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |–
-* [[Atapryl]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* [[Atarax]]
+*''[[Enteropathogenic E. coli]]''
-* [[Atazanavir Sulfate]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* [[Atenolol]]
+*[[Hybridization probe|DNA probe]] or [[polymerase chain reaction]] ([[Polymerase chain reaction|PCR]]) of the ''EPEC'' adherence factor
-* [[Atiquim]]
+*[[Stool culture]]
-* [[Atisuril]]
+|-
-* [[Atorvastatin]]
+| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[EIEC|'''EIEC''']]
-* [[Atovaquone]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-* [[Atozine]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
-* [[Atridox]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-* [[Atrofen]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-* [[Atrohist Pediatric]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
-* [[Augmentin]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-* [[Augmentin Duo]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-* [[Augmentin ES-600]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
-* [[Augmentin XR]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="Left" |
-* [[Auranofin]]
+*Diffuse [[abdominal tenderness]]
-* [[Aureomycin 3% Skin Ointment]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-* [[Aurorix]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-* [[Aurothiogluccose]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-* [[Ausclav]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-* [[Ausclav Duo]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* [[Ausgem]]
+*Positive [[stool culture]]
-* [[Ausran]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↑
-* [[Austramycin V]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Nl
-* [[Austyn SR]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Nl
-* [[Avalide]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |–
-* [[Avandamet]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |–
-* [[Avandia]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* [[Avapro]]
+*[[Escherichia coli enteritis|''Enteroinvasive E. coli'']]
-* [[Avapro HCT]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* [[Avelox]]
+*[[Hybridization probe|DNA probe]]
-* [[Aventyl]]
+*[[Stool culture]]
-* [[Aventyl Pulvules]]
+|-
-* [[Avil]]
+| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[EHEC|'''EHEC''']]
-* [[Avil Decongestant]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-* [[Avil Retard]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-* [[Avil Syrup]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-* [[Avilettes]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-* [[Avirax]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-* [[Avonex]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-* [[Axotal]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-* [[Azacitidine]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-* [[Azatadine Maleate]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="Left" |
-* [[Azithromycin]]
+*Diffuse [[abdominal tenderness]]
-* [[Azopt]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-* [[Azulfidine]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-* [[Azulfidine EN-Tabs]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-* [[B-A-C]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-* [[Bacampicillin Hydrochloride]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* [[Baci-IM]]
+*Positive [[stool culture]]
-* [[Baciguent]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↑
-* [[Bacitin]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↓
-* [[Bacitracin]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↓
-* [[Baclo]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* [[Baclofen]]
+* [[Azotemia]]
-* [[Baclohexal]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* [[Bactelan]]
+*[[Hemolytic-uremic syndrome|Hemolytic uremic syndrome]] ([[Hemolytic-uremic syndrome|HUS]])
-* [[Bactocil]]
+*[[Renal insufficiency|Renal failure]]
-* [[Bactrim]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* [[Bactrim DS]]
+*[[Enterohemorrhagic escherichica coli|''Enterohemorrhagic E. coli'']]
-* [[Bactrim Pediatric]]
+*[[Shiga toxin|Shiga toxins]]
-* [[Balsalazide capsules]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* [[Balsalazide suppositories]]
+*[[Stool culture]]
-* [[Balsalazide tablets]]
+|-
-* [[Bancap]]
+| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[EAEC|'''EAEC''']]
-* [[Banophen]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-* [[Bapadin]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-* [[Barbloc]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-* [[Batrizol]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-* [[Bayer Select Pain Relief Formula]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-* [[Beepen-VK]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-* [[Bel-Phen-Ergot S]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-* [[Belladonna, Phenobarbital and Ergotamine Tartrate]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-* [[Bellatal]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="Left" |
-* [[Bellergal-S]]
+*Diffuse [[abdominal tenderness]]
-* [[Benacine]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-* [[Benadryl Cough Medicine]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-* [[Benadryl Family Dry]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-* [[Benadryl Family Original]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-* [[Benadryl for the Family - Dry]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* [[Benadryl for the Family Chesty]]
+*Positive [[stool culture]]
-* [[Benadryl for the Family Dry Forte]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↑
-* [[Benadryn Allergy]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↓
-* [[Benaxima]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↓
-* [[Benaxona]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |–
-* [[Bendrofluazide]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* [[Bendroflumethiazide]]
+*Chronic infection in [[Immunodeficiency|immunocompromised]] patients
-* [[Benemid]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* [[Benicar]]
+*[[Escherichia coli enteritis|''Enteroaggregative E. coli'']]
-* [[Benicar HCT]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* [[Bentiromide]]
+*[[Stool culture]]
-* [[Benzamycin]]
+|-
-* [[Benzphetamine Hydrochloride]]
+! colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Cause
-* [[Benzthiazide]]
+! colspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Duration
-* [[Bepridil]]
+! colspan="3" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Diarrhea
-* [[Bepridil Hydrochloride]]
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Fever
-* [[Beractant]]
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Abdominal pain
-* [[Berubigen]]
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Weight loss
-* [[Betaferon]]
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |GI signs
-* [[Betagan]]
+! colspan="5" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Stool exam
-* [[Betahistine]]
+! colspan="3" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |CBC
-* [[Betaine]]
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Other lab findings
-* [[Betaloc]]
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Extra intestinal findings
-* [[Betapace]]
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Cause/Pathogenesis
-* [[Betapace AF]]
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Gold standard diagnosis
-* [[Betapen-VK]]
+|-
-* [[Betaseron]]
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Acute
-* [[Betaxolol]]
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Chronic
-* [[Betaxolol Hydrochloride]]
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Watery
-* [[Betaxon]]
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Bloody
-* [[Bethanechol]]
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Fatty
-* [[Betimol]]
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |WBC
-* [[Betoptic]]
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |RBC
-* [[Betoptic S]]
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Ova/Parasite
-* [[Betoquin]]
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Osmotic gap
-* [[Bextra]]
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Other
-* [[Bgramin]]
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |WBC
-* [[Biaxin]]
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Hgb
-* [[Biaxin Filmtabs]]
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Plt
-* [[Biaxin XL]]
+|-
-* [[Biaxsig]]
+! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Yersinia enterocolitica]]
-* [[Bicalutamide]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-* [[Bicor]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-* [[Bio-Tab]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-* [[Biohist-LA]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-* [[Biosint]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-* [[Biotech Cold & Flu]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-* [[Biquinate]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-* [[Bisacodyl]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-* [[Bisalax]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="Left" |
-* [[Bismuth citrate and Clarithromycin]]
+* [[Abdominal distention]]
-* [[Bisolvon Chesty]]
+* Hyperactive [[Stomach rumble|bowel sounds]]
-* [[Bisolvon Dry]]
+* Diffuse [[abdominal tenderness]]
-* [[Bisolvon Dry Junior]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-* [[Bisolvon Elixir]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-* [[Bisolvon Sinus]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-* [[Bisolvon Tablets]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-* [[Bisoprolol]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* [[Blackmores B12]]
+*Positive [[stool culture]]
-* [[Blackmores For Women Folic Acid]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↑
-* [[Blastocarb]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-* [[Blocadren]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-* [[Blood pressure medications]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |–
-* [[Bonine]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* [[Bonviva]]
+*[[Bacteremia]]
-* [[Bretylate]]
+*[[Reactive arthritis]]
-* [[Bretylium Tosylate]]
+*[[Glomerulonephritis]]
-* [[Bretylol]]
+*[[Endocarditis]]
-* [[Brevibloc]]
+*[[Erythema nodosum]]
-* [[Brexin L.A]]
+*[[Abscess]]
-* [[Bricanyl]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* [[Brispen]]
+*[[Yersinia enterocolitica|''Yersinia enterocolitica'']]
-* [[Bristacycline]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* [[Brofed Liquid]]
+*[[Stool culture]]
-* [[Bromaline Elixir]]
+|-
-* [[Bromanate Elixir]]
+! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Vibrio cholerae|Vibrio cholera]]
-* [[Bromarest]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-* [[Bromatapp]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-* [[Brombay]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-* [[Bromfed]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-* [[Bromfed Tablet]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-* [[Bromfed-PD]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-* [[Bromfenex]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-* [[Bromfenex PD]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-* [[Bromhexine]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="Left" |
-* [[Bromphen]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-* [[Brompheniramine]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
-* [[Brompheniramine Maleate]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-* [[Brondecon Expectorant]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-* [[Bronkodyl]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* [[Brufen]]
+*Positive [[stool culture]]
-* [[Budesonide tablet]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↑
-* [[Bugesic]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Nl
-* [[Bumex]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Nl
-* [[Bupropion]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* [[Busulfan]]
+*[[Azotemia]]
-* [[Butacet Improved]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* [[Butacortelone]]
+*Severe [[dehydration]]
-* [[Butal Compound]]
+*Decreased [[Turgor|skin turgor]]
-* [[Butalbital Compound]]
+*[[Oliguria]]
-* [[Butazolidin]]
+*[[Renal insufficiency|Renal failure]]
-* [[Butobarbitone]]
+*[[Cramp|Muscle cramps]]
-* [[C-Flox]]
+*[[Seizure]]
-* [[C-Span]]
+*[[Somnolence]]
-* [[Cafergot]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* [[Calcijex]]
+*[[Cholera toxin]]
-* [[Calcitare]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* [[Calcitriol]]
+*[[Stool culture]]
-* [[Calcium Carbimide]]
+|-
-* [[Calcium Folinate]]
+! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Aeromonas]]
-* [[Calcium Glubionate]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-* [[Calm-X]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-* [[Calsynar]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-* [[Campral]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-* [[Canasa capsules]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-* [[Canasa rectal suspension]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-* [[Canasa suppositories]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-* [[Canasa tablets]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-* [[Candyl]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="Left" |
-* [[Capace]]
+* [[Abdominal distention]]
-* [[Capecitabine]]
+* Hyperactive [[Stomach rumble|bowel sounds]]
-* [[Capitral]]
+* Diffuse [[abdominal tenderness]]
-* [[Capoten]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-* [[Capotena]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-* [[Capozide]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-* [[Captopril]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-* [[Capurate]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* [[Carafate]]
+*Positive [[stool culture]]
-* [[Caramiphen and Phenylpropanolamine]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↑
-* [[Carbenicillin]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-* [[Carbex]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-* [[Carbimazole]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |–
-* [[Carbiset]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* [[Carbiset TR]]
+*Wound [[infection]]
-* [[Carbodec]]
+*[[Bacteremia]]
-* [[Carbodec TR]]
+*[[Hemolytic-uremic syndrome|Hemolytic uremic syndrome]]
-* [[Carboplat]]
+*[[Meningitis]]
-* [[Carboplatin]]
+*[[Ocular]] infection
-* [[Carboprost Tromethamine]]
+*[[Pneumonia]]
-* [[Carbosorb S]]
+*[[Urinary tract infection]]
-* [[Carbrital]]
+*[[Osteomyelitis]]
-* [[Cardcal]]
+*[[Peritonitis]]
-* [[Cardec DM]]
+*[[Acute cholecystitis]]
-* [[Cardec-S]]
+*[[Opportunistic infection|Opportunistic infections]] in [[Immunodeficiency|immunocompromised]] patients
-* [[Cardene]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* [[Cardene SR]]
+*''[[Aeromonas]]'' virulence factors including [[Endotoxin|endotoxins]], [[Hemolysin|hemolysins]], [[Enterotoxin|enterotoxins]], and adherence factors
-* [[Cardioquin]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* [[Cardipril]]
+*[[Blood culture]]
-* [[Cardizem]]
+*Wound [[Culture collection|culture]]
-* [[Cardizem CD]]
+|-
-* [[Cardizem LA]]
+! colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Cause
-* [[Cardizem SR]]
+! colspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Duration
-* [[Cardol]]
+! colspan="3" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Diarrhea
-* [[Cardophyllin Tablets and Suppositories]]
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Fever
-* [[Cardura]]
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Abdominal pain
-* [[Carteolol]]
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Weight loss
-* [[Carteolol Hydrochloride]]
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |GI signs
-* [[Cartia XT]]
+! colspan="5" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Stool exam
-* [[Cartrol]]
+! colspan="3" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |CBC
-* [[Carvedilol]]
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Other lab findings
-* [[Cascara Sagrada]]
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Extra intestinal findings
-* [[Casodex]]
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Cause/Pathogenesis
-* [[Cataflam]]
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Gold standard diagnosis
-* [[Catovit]]
+|-
-* [[Ce-Vi-Sol]]
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Acute
-* [[Ceclor]]
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Chronic
-* [[Ceclor CD]]
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Watery
-* [[Ceclor Pulvules]]
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Bloody
-* [[Cecon]]
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Fatty
-* [[Cedax]]
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |WBC
-* [[Cee-1000 T.D]]
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |RBC
-* [[Cefaclor]]
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Ova/Parasite
-* [[Cefadroxil Monohydrate]]
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Osmotic gap
-* [[Cefadyl]]
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Other
-* [[Cefalexin-BC]]
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |WBC
-* [[Cefamezin]]
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Hgb
-* [[Cefaxim]]
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Plt
-* [[Cefaxona]]
+|-
-* [[Cefazolin]]
+! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Plesiomonas shigelloides|Plesiomonas]]
-* [[Cefazolin Sodium]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-* [[Cefixime]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
-* [[Cefkor]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-* [[Cefobid]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-* [[Cefoclin]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
-* [[Cefonicid Sodium]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-* [[Cefoperazone Sodium]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-* [[Cefotan]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
-* [[Cefotaxime Sodium]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="Left" |
-* [[Cefotaxime-BC]]
+* Hyperactive [[Stomach rumble|bowel sounds]]
-* [[Cefotetan Disodium]]
+* Diffuse [[abdominal tenderness]]
-* [[Cefoxitin Sodium]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-* [[Cefpodoxime]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-* [[Cefpodoxime Proxetil]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-* [[Cefprozil]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-* [[Cefrom]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* [[Ceftazidime]]
+*Positive [[stool culture]]
-* [[Ceftazim]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↑
-* [[Ceftibuten]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Nl
-* [[Ceftin]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Nl
-* [[Ceftina]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |–
-* [[Cefuroxime]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* [[Cefuroxime Axetil]]
+*[[Opportunistic infection|Opportunistic infections]] in [[Immunodeficiency|immunocompromised]] patients or [[Hepato-biliary diseases|hepatobiliary disease]]
-* [[Cefzil]]
+*[[Bacteremia]]
-* [[Celapram]]
+*[[Cellulitis]] and [[Skin and soft-tissue infections|skin abscesses]]
-* [[Celebrex]]
+*[[Peritonitis]]
-* [[Celecoxib]]
+*[[Meningoencephalitis]]
-* [[Celexa]]
+*[[Ocular]] [[infection]]
-* [[CellCept]]
+*[[Pneumonia]]
-* [[Cena-L]]
+*[[Prosthetic devices|Prosthetic]] joint [[infection]]
-* [[Centany]]
+*Septic [[Pregnancy termination complications|abortion]]
-* [[Cepacol Cough]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* [[Cephalexin]]
+*[[Plesiomonas shigelloides|''Plesiomonas shigelloides'']]
-* [[Cephalexin Hydrochloride]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* [[Cephapirin Sodium]]
+*[[Blood culture]]
-* [[Cephradine]]
+|-
-* [[Ceporacin]]
+! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Mycobacterium avium complex]]
-* [[Ceptaz]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-* [[Cerebyx]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-* [[Cerivastatin]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-* [[Certain anti-diabetes drugs]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-* [[Certain cholesterol drugs]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-* [[Cerubidine]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-* [[Cetane]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-* [[Cetina]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-* [[Cetrizide]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* [[Cevalin]]
+*[[Abdominal distension|Abdominal distention]]
-* [[Cevimeline]]
+*[[Hepatosplenomegaly]]
-* [[Cevita]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-* [[Charcoaid]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-* [[Chemists’ Own Chesty Cough]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-* [[Chemists’ Own Chesty Mucus Cough]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-* [[Chemists’ Own Cold & Flu Night]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |–
-* [[Chemists’ Own Coldeze]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↓
-* [[Chemists’ Own Difenacol Cough]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↓
-* [[Chemists’ Own Hayfever Sinus Relief]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-* [[Chemists’ Own Infant’s Cold & Allergy Drops]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* [[Chemists’ Own Kiddicol]]
+*Elevated [[Liver function tests|liver enzymes]]
-* [[Chemists’ Own Peetalix]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* [[Chemists’ Own Promethazine]]
+*[[Opportunistic infection]] in [[Immunodeficiency|immunocompromised]] patients
-* [[Chemist’s Own Dry Raspy Cough]]
+*[[Pulmonary]] [[infection]]
-* [[Chemotherapy]]
+*[[Lymphadenopathy|Adenopathy]]
-* [[Cheracol]]
+*[[Sleep hyperhidrosis|Night sweats]]
-* [[Chibroxin]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* [[Children’s Advil]]
+*[[Mycobacterium avium complex|''Mycobacterium avium complex'']]
-* [[Children’s Motrin]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* [[Chlo-Amine]]
+*[[Blood culture]]
-* [[Chlor-Phen]]
+|-
-* [[Chlor-Pro]]
+! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Foodborne illness|Food poisoning]]
-* [[Chlor-Trimeton]]
+* [[Staphylococcus aureus]]
-* [[Chlor-Tripolon]]
+* [[Bacillus cereus]]
-* [[Chlorafed Timecelles]]
+* [[Clostridium perfringens]]
-* [[Chloral Hydrate]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-* [[Chlorambucil]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-* [[Chloramphenicol]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-* [[Chlorate]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |±
-* [[Chlordrine SR]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-* [[Chloroptic]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-* [[Chloroquine and Primaquine]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-* [[Chloroquine Phosphate]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |±
-* [[Chlorphedrine SR]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* [[Chlorpheniramine]]
+*[[Abdominal distension|Abdominal distention]]
-* [[Chlorpheniramine Maleate]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-* [[Chlorquin]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |±
-* [[Chlorquine]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-* [[Chlortetracycline]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-* [[Chlorthalidone]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* [[Chlorzoxazone]]
+*Positive [[stool culture]]
-* [[Cholan-HMB]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↑
-* [[Choledyl SA]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-* [[Cholera vaccine]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-* [[Cholestyramine]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |–
-* [[Cholestyramine Resin]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* [[Cholybar]]
+*History of travel or ingestion of infected food
-* [[Chymex]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* [[Cibacalcin]]
+*[[Enterotoxin|Enterotoxins]]
-* [[Cilamox]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* [[Cilex]]
+*[[Stool culture]]
-* [[CiloQuin]]
+|-
-* [[Cilostazol]]
+! rowspan="8" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Virus
-* [[Ciloxan]]
+! colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Cause
-* [[Ciloxin]]
+! colspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Duration
-* [[Cimehexal]]
+! colspan="3" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Diarrhea
-* [[Cimetidine]]
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Fever
-* [[Cimogal]]
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Abdominal pain
-* [[Cinobac Pulvules]]
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Weight loss
-* [[Cinoxacin]]
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |GI signs
-* [[Cipoxin]]
+! colspan="5" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Stool exam
-* [[Cipramil]]
+! colspan="3" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |CBC
-* [[Cipro]]
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Other lab findings
-* [[Cipro XR]]
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Extra intestinal findings
-* [[Ciproflox]]
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Cause/Pathogenesis
-* [[Ciprofloxacin]]
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Gold standard diagnosis
-* [[Ciproflur]]
+|-
-* [[Ciproxin HC]]
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Acute
-* [[Ciproxina]]
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Chronic
-* [[Cisapride]]
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Watery
-* [[Citalopram]]
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Bloody
-* [[Citralite]]
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Fatty
-* [[Citravescent]]
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |WBC
-* [[Citrihexal]]
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |RBC
-* [[Cladribine]]
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Ova/Parasite
-* [[Claforan]]
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Osmotic gap
-* [[Clamoxyl]]
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Other
-* [[Clamoxyl Duo]]
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |WBC
-* [[Clarithromycin]]
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Hgb
-* [[Claritin-D 12-Hour]]
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Plt
-* [[Claritin-D 24-Hour]]
+|-
-* [[Clavulin]]
+! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Norovirus]]
-* [[Clavulin Duo]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-* [[Clemastine Fumarate]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-* [[Cleocin]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-* [[Cleocin capsules]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-* [[Cleocin T capsules]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-* [[Cleocin T vaginal cream]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-* [[Cleocin vaginal cream]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-* [[Clinda-Derm capsules]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-* [[Clinda-Derm vaginal cream]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="Left" |
-* [[Clindagel capsules]]
+*[[Abdominal distension|Abdominal distention]]
-* [[Clindagel vaginal cream]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-* [[ClindaMax capsules]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-* [[ClindaMax vaginal cream]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-* [[Clindamycin capsules]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-* [[Clindamycin vaginal cream]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* [[Clindatech]]
+*Positive stool reverse–transcriptase [[polymerase chain reaction]] (RT–PCR)
-* [[Clindets capsules]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↓
-* [[Clindets vaginal cream]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-* [[Clinoril]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-* [[Clobemix]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |–
-* [[Clofazime]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* [[Clofazimine Palmitate]]
+*[[Myalgia]]
-* [[Clofen]]
+*[[Headache]]
-* [[Clomipramine Hydrochloride]]
+*[[Seizure]]
-* [[Clonazepam]]
+*[[Encephalopathy]]
-* [[Clonodifen]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* [[Clopidogrel]]
+*[[Norovirus|''Norovirus'']]
-* [[Clopra]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* [[Clorafen]]
+*Clinical diagnosis
-* [[Clorambucil]]
+|-
-* [[Clorazepate Dipotassium]]
+! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Rotavirus]]
-* [[Clotrimazole lozenges]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-* [[Cloxapen]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-* [[Co-trimoxazole]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-* [[Cobex]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-* [[Cod Liver Oil]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-* [[Codalgin Plus]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-* [[Codimal L.A]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-* [[Codral 4 Flu]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-* [[Codral Cough Cold & Flu Night]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="Left" |
-* [[Codral Cough Cold and Flu]]
+* Hyperactive [[Stomach rumble|bowel sounds]]
-* [[Codral Night Time]]
+* Diffuse [[abdominal tenderness]]
-* [[Cognex]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-* [[Colace]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-* [[Colax-C]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-* [[Colazal capsules]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-* [[Colazal rectal suspension]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |–
-* [[Colazal suppositories]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-* [[Colazal tablets]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-* [[Colchicine]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-* [[Colchiquim]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* [[Colchiquim-30]]
+*Elevated [[blood urea nitrogen]]
-* [[Colesevelam]]
+*[[Hyperchloremic acidosis]]
-* [[Colestid]]
+*[[Hypocalcemia]]
-* [[Colestipol]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* [[Colfed-A]]
+*[[Necrotizing enterocolitis]]
-* [[Colgout]]
+*[[Intussusception]]
-* [[Coloxyl Drops]]
+*[[Biliary atresia]]
-* [[Coloxyl Enema]]
+*[[Central nervous system]] involvement
-* [[Coloxyl Suppositories]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* [[Coloxyl Tablets]]
+*[[Rotavirus|''Rotavirus'']]
-* [[Coloxyl with Senna]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* [[Combantrin]]
+*Stool immune–based assays
-* [[Combantrin Mebendazole]]
+|-
-* [[Combivir]]
+! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Echovirus]]
-* [[Comhist]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-* [[Comhist LA]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
-* [[Comprecin]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-* [[Comtan]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
-* [[Comvax]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
-* [[Consupren]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-* [[Convax]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-* [[Cophene No. 2]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
-* [[Corbeton]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="Left" |
-* [[Coreg]]
+*[[Abdominal distension|Abdominal distention]]
-* [[Corgard]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-* [[Cosig]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-* [[Cosmegen]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-* [[Cosopt]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-* [[Cosudex]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |–
-* [[Cotazym-S Forte]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Nl
-* [[Cotrim]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Nl
-* [[Cotrim DS]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Nl
-* [[Cotrim Pediatric]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |–
-* [[Coumadin]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* [[Coversyl Plus]]
+*[[Hepatic failure|Liver failure]]
-* [[Cozaar]]
+*[[Myocarditis]]
-* [[Creon]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* [[Crestor]]
+*[[Echovirus|''Echovirus'']]
-* [[Crinone]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* [[Crixivan]]
+*Clinical diagnosis
-* [[Crolon capsule]]
+|-
-* [[Cromolyn capsule]]
+! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Adenoviridae|Adenovirus]]
-* [[Cromolyn Sodium]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-* [[Cromoptic capsule]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-* [[Cryopril]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-* [[Crysanal]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-* [[Crystamine]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-* [[Crystodigin]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-* [[Cyanocobalamin]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-* [[Cyanoject]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-* [[Cycloblastin]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="Left" |
-* [[Cyclopenthiazide]]
+*[[Abdominal distension|Abdominal distention]]
-* [[Cyclophosphamide]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-* [[Cyclosporin]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-* [[Cyclosporine]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-* [[Cyklokapron]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-* [[Cymevene]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* [[Cyomin]]
+*Viral antigen assay
-* [[Cyproheptadine Hydrochloride]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Nl
-* [[Cysporin]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Nl
-* [[Cystadane]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Nl
-* [[Cytadren]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |–
-* [[Cytamen]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* [[Cytarabine]]
+*[[Respiratory disease]]
-* [[Cytarabine Hydrochloride]]
+*[[Hyperkeratosis|Follicular]] [[conjunctivitis]]
-* [[Cytomel]]
+*Epidemic [[keratoconjunctivitis]]
-* [[Cytosar-U]]
+*[[Hepatitis]]
-* [[Cytotec]]
+*[[Urethritis]]
-* [[Cytovene]]
+*[[Myocarditis]]
-* [[Cytoxan]]
+*[[Meningitis]]
-* [[D-Penamine]]
+*[[Bacteremia]]
-* [[D-S-S]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* [[Dacarbazine]]
+*[[Adenoviridae|''Adenovirus'']]
-* [[Dactinomycin]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* [[Daktagold]]
+*Clinical diagnosis
-* [[Dalacin C]]
+|-
-* [[Dalacin T]]
+! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[CMV colitis]]
-* [[Dalacin V]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-* [[Dallergy-JR]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-* [[Dalmane]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
-* [[Dantrium]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-* [[Dantrolene]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
-* [[Dantrolene Sodium]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |±
-* [[Dapa-Tabs]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-* [[Darapin]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-* [[Daraprim]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* [[Daunorubicin]]
+*Diffuse [[Tenderness (medicine)|abdominal tenderness]]
-* [[Daunorubicin Hydrochloride]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-* [[Daunoxome]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-* [[Day & Night Cold & Flu]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-* [[Daypro]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-* [[Daypro ALTA]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* [[Dayto Sulf]]
+*Viral antigen assay
-* [[Dazamide]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↓
-* [[DC 240]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-* [[Decholin]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-* [[Declomycin]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* [[Deconamine SR]]
+*Decreased [[CD4]] level
-* [[Deferoxamine Mesylate]]
+*Abnormal [[Liver function tests|liver function test]]
-* [[Dehydrocholic Acid]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* [[Del-Mycin]]
+*[[Encephalitis]]
-* [[Delavirdine]]
+*[[Guillain-Barré syndrome|Guillain–Barré syndrome]]
-* [[Delixir]]
+*[[Pneumonia]]
-* [[Demadex]]
+*[[Retinitis]]
-* [[Demazin Cold & Flu]]
+*[[Pericarditis]] and [[myocarditis]]
-* [[Demazin Day/Night Relief]]
+*[[Atherosclerosis]]
-* [[Demazin Hot Lemon]]
+*[[Venous thromboembolism|Venous thrombosis]]
-* [[Demazin Repetabs]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* [[Demazin Syrup]]
+*[[Cytomegalovirus|''Cytomegalovirus'']]
-* [[Demazin Tablets]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* [[Demecarium Bromide]]
+*[[Quantitative polymerase chain reaction|Quantitative PCR]] tests
-* [[Demeclocycline]]
+|-
-* [[Demeclocycline Hydrochloride]]
+! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)|HIV]]
-* [[Demolox]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-* [[Denvar]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-* [[Depacon]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-* [[Depakene]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
-* [[Depakote]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
-* [[Depakote ER]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-* [[Depakote Sprinkle]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-* [[Deralin]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-* [[Desferal]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="Left" |
-* [[Desferal Mesylate]]
+*[[Abdominal distension|Abdominal distention]]
-* [[Desferrioxamine]]
+*Diffuse [[Tenderness (medicine)|abdominal tenderness]]
-* [[Desipramine Hydrochloride]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-* [[Detrol]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-* [[Detrol LA]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-* [[DeWorm]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-* [[Dexamphetamine]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |–
-* [[Dexaphen-SA]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↓
-* [[Dexbrompheniramine and Pseudoephedrine]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↓
-* [[Dexchlorpheniramine]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-* [[Dexchlorpheniramine Maleate]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* [[Dexedrine]]
+*Decreased [[CD4]] level
-* [[Dexi-Tuss]]
+*[[Electrolyte disturbance|Electrolyte imbalance]]
-* [[Dexpanthenol]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* [[Dextramphetamine Sulfate]]
+*[[Lymphadenopathy]]
-* [[Dextroamphetamine Sulfate]]
+*Disseminated [[infection]]
-* [[Dextromethorphan]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* [[Dextrostat]]
+*[[Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)|''HIV'']]
-* [[Dialose]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* [[Diamine T.D]]
+*HIV virologic (viral load) test
-* [[Diamox]]
+*Immunoassay
-* [[Diamox Sequels]]
+|-
-* [[Diazemuls]]
+| rowspan="7" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Parasite
-* [[Diazepam]]
+! colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Cause
-* [[Diazoxide]]
+! colspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Duration
-* [[Dibufen]]
+! colspan="3" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Diarrhea
-* [[Dichlotride]]
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Fever
-* [[Diclocil]]
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Abdominal pain
-* [[Diclofenac]]
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Weight loss
-* [[Diclohexal]]
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |GI signs
-* [[Dicloxacillin]]
+! colspan="5" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Stool exam
-* [[Dicloxacillin Sodium]]
+! colspan="3" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |CBC
-* [[Dicloxsig]]
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Other lab findings
-* [[Didanosine]]
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Extra intestinal findings
-* [[Didrex]]
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Cause/Pathogenesis
-* [[Didrocal]]
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Gold standard diagnosis
-* [[Didronel]]
+|-
-* [[Diethylpropion]]
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Acute
-* [[Diethylpropion Hydrochloride]]
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Chronic
-* [[Diethylstilbestrol]]
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Watery
-* [[Diflucan]]
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Bloody
-* [[Digitaline]]
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Fatty
-* [[Digitalis]]
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |WBC
-* [[Digitek]]
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |RBC
-* [[Digitoxin]]
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Ova/Parasite
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Osmotic gap
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Other
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |WBC
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Hgb
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Plt
+|-
+! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Entamoeba histolytica]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="Left" |
+*[[Abdominal distension|Abdominal distention]]
+*Diffuse [[Tenderness (medicine)|abdominal tenderness]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |–
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↑
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |–
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*[[Liver abscess]]
+*Pleuropulmonary infection
+*[[Cardiac]] [[infection]]
+*[[Brain abscess]]
+*[[Skin and soft-tissue infections|Cutaneous infection]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*[[Entamoeba histolytica|''Entamoeba histolytica'']]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*Antigen testing
+*Serology
+|-
+! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Giardia lamblia|Giardia]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="Left" |
+*[[Abdominal distension|Abdominal distention]]
+*Diffuse [[Tenderness (medicine)|abdominal tenderness]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |–
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |–
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*[[Malabsorption]]
+*[[Urticaria]]
+*[[Depression]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*''[[Giardia lamblia]]''
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*Antigen detection assays
+|-
+! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Cryptosporidium]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="Left" |
+*[[Abdominal distension|Abdominal distention]]
+*Diffuse [[Tenderness (medicine)|abdominal tenderness]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*Positive stool microscopy
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*Elevated [[alkaline phosphatase]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*Chronic, life–threatening illness in [[Immunodeficiency|immunocompromised]] patients
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*[[Cryptosporidium|''Cryptosporidium'']]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*Polymerase chain reaction
+|-
+! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Microsporidia]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="Left" |
+*[[Abdominal distension|Abdominal distention]]
+*Diffuse [[Tenderness (medicine)|abdominal tenderness]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*Positive stool microscopy
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*Decreased [[CD4]] count
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*[[Malabsorption]]
+*[[Keratitis]]
+*[[Seizure]]
+*[[Myositis]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*[[Microsporidia]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*Antigen detection assays
+|-
+! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Isospora]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*[[Abdominal distension|Abdominal distention]]
+*Diffuse [[Tenderness (medicine)|abdominal tenderness]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*Positive stool microscopy
+*Positive [[fecal fat]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↑
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*Elevated [[Eosinophil granulocyte|eosinophils]]
+*[[Hypokalemia]]
+*Increased [[creatinine]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*Chronic illness in [[Immunodeficiency|immunocompromised]] patients
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*[[Isospora|''Isospora'']]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*Detecting oocysts in the feces
+|-
+! colspan="2" rowspan="10" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Tumors
+! colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Cause
+! colspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Duration
+! colspan="3" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Diarrhea
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Fever
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Abdominal pain
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Weight loss
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |GI signs
+! colspan="5" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Stool exam
+! colspan="3" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |CBC
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Other lab findings
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Extra intestinal findings
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Cause/Pathogenesis
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Gold standard diagnosis
+|-
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Acute
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Chronic
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Watery
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Bloody
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Fatty
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |WBC
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |RBC
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Ova/Parasite
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Osmotic gap
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Other
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |WBC
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Hgb
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Plt
+|-
+! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Carcinoid syndrome|Carcinoid tumor]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="Left" |
+* [[Abdominal distention]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↓
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |–
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*Elevated urinary [[5-Hydroxyindoleacetic acid|5–hydroxyindoleacetic acid]] ([[5-Hydroxyindoleacetic acid|5–HIAA]]) level
+*High [[chromogranin A]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*[[Flushing|Facial flushing]]
+*[[Jaundice]]
+*[[Edema]]
+*[[Valvular heart disease]]
+*[[Congestive heart failure|Right–sided heart failure]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*Well–differentiated [[Neuroendocrine tumors|neuroendocrine tumor]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*Blood [[chromogranin A]]  level
+|-
+! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[VIPoma]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="Left" |
+* [[Abdominal distention]]
+* Abdominal [[RUQ]] [[tenderness]]
+* [[Nausea]]
+* [[Vomiting]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↓
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |–
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*Elevated [[VIP]] level
+*[[Hypokalemia]]
+*[[Hypochlorhydria]] or [[achlorhydria]]
+*Low osmotic gap (<50 mOsm/kg)
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+* [[Rash]]
+* [[Facial flushing]]
+* [[Dehydration]]
+* [[Lethargy]]
+* [[Muscle weakness]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+* Primary secretory tumor
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+* Blood [[VIP]] levels
+* Followed by imaging
+|-
+! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Zollinger-Ellison syndrome|Zollinger–Ellison syndrome]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="Left" |
+** [[Tenderness|Epigastric tenderness]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↓
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |–
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↓
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+* Positive [[secretin]] stimulation test
+* Elevated serum [[chromogranin A]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+** [[Jaundice]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+* [[Gastrin]] producing [[tumor]] mainly in [[duodenum]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+* [[Secretin]] stimulation test
+|-
+! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Neuroendocrine tumors|Somatostatinoma]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="Left" |
+** [[Tenderness|Epigastric tenderness]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↓
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |–
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*Elevated fasting plasma [[somatostatin]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+** [[Diabetes mellitus]]
+** [[Gallstone disease|Cholelithiasis]]
+** [[Jaundice]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*[[Neuroendocrine tumors]] of D–cell origin
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*Plasma [[somatostatin]] level
+*Followed by imaging
+|-
+! colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Cause
+! colspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Duration
+! colspan="3" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Diarrhea
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Fever
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Abdominal pain
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Weight loss
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |GI signs
+! colspan="5" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Stool exam
+! colspan="3" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |CBC
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Other lab findings
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Extra intestinal findings
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Cause/Pathogenesis
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Gold standard diagnosis
+|-
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Acute
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Chronic
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Watery
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Bloody
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Fatty
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |WBC
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |RBC
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Ova/Parasite
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Osmotic gap
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Other
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |WBC
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Hgb
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Plt
+|-
+! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Lymphoma]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="Left" |
+*Diffuse [[Tenderness (medicine)|abdominal tenderness]]
+*[[Hepatosplenomegaly]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |–
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↓
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*[[Paraproteinemia]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+* [[Malabsorption]]
+* [[Lactose intolerance]]
+* [[Ascites]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*Primary [[tumor]] of GI tract
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*[[Colonoscopy]] with [[biopsy]]
+|-
+! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Colorectal cancer]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*Diffuse [[Tenderness (medicine)|abdominal tenderness]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |–
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↓
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+* Positive [[carcinoembryonic antigen]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*[[Metastasis]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*[[FAP|FAP gene]]
+*[[Hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer|HNPCC gene]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+** [[Colonoscopy]] and [[biopsy]]
+|-
+! colspan="2" rowspan="7" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Medication/Toxicity
+! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |Medications
+* [[ACE inhibitor|ACE inhibitors]]
 * [[Digoxin]]
-* [[Dilacor XR]]
+* [[Cephalosporin|Cephalosporins]]
-* [[Dilantin]]
+* [[Statins]]
-* [[Dilantin Kapseals]]
+* [[Thiazide|Thiazide diuretics]]
-* [[Dilatrend]]
+* [[Triptans]]
-* [[Dilor]]
-* [[Dilor-400]]
-* [[Dilosyn]]
-* [[Diltia XT]]
-* [[Diltiazem]]
-* [[Dimaphen Tablets]]
-* [[Dimenhydrinate]]
-* [[Dimetabs]]
-* [[Dimetane]]
-* [[Dimetapp 4-hour Liqui-Gel Capsule]]
-* [[Dimetapp Cold & Flu]]
-* [[Dimetapp Cold Cough & Flu]]
-* [[Dimetapp Cold Cough & Flu Day & Night]]
-* [[Dimetapp Cold Cough & Flu Night]]
-* [[Dimetapp Cold Cough & Sinus]]
-* [[Dimetapp Cold Cough and Sinus Liquid Capsules]]
-* [[Dimetapp DM]]
-* [[Dimetapp Drops]]
-* [[Dimetapp Elixir]]
-* [[Dimetapp Extentabs]]
-* [[Dimetapp Headcold and Flu]]
-* [[Dimetapp Tablet]]
-* [[Dimetriose]]
-* [[Dinac]]
-* [[Dinate]]
-* [[Dindevan]]
-* [[Dinoprost F2 Alpha]]
-* [[Dinoprostone]]
-* [[Diochloram]]
-* [[Diocto]]
-* [[Diocto-K]]
-* [[Dioeze]]
-* [[Diomycin]]
-* [[Diovan]]
-* [[Diovan HCT]]
-* [[Dipentum capsules]]
-* [[Dipentum rectal suspension]]
-* [[Dipentum suppositories]]
-* [[Dipentum tablets]]
-* [[Diphen AF]]
-* [[Diphenhist]]
-* [[Diphenhydramine Hydrochloride]]
-* [[Dipsan]]
-* [[Dipyridamole]]
-* [[Dirinol]]
-* [[Dirithromycin]]
-* [[Disobrom]]
-* [[Disodium etidronate]]
-* [[Disonate]]
-* [[Disophrol Chrontabs]]
-* [[Disophrol Tab let]]
-* [[Disopyramide]]
-* [[Distaph]]
-* [[Ditropan]]
-* [[Ditropan XL]]
-* [[Diucardin]]
-* [[Diulo]]
-* [[Diurese]]
-* [[Diurigen]]
-* [[Diuril]]
-* [[Docusate]]
-* [[Docusate sodium]]
-* [[Dofetilide]]
-* [[DOK]]
-* [[Dolac Injectable]]
-* [[Dolac Oral]]
-* [[Dolased Analgesic Relaxant]]
-* [[Dolased Night Pain]]
-* [[Dolasetron]]
-* [[Dolo Pangavit D]]
-* [[Dolobid]]
-* [[Domperidone]]
-* [[Donepezil]]
-* [[Dopar]]
-* [[Doryx]]
-* [[DOS Softgel]]
-* [[Doxazosin]]
-* [[Doxepin Hydrochloride]]
-* [[Doxil Injection]]
-* [[Doxinate]]
-* [[Doxolem]]
-* [[Doxorubicin Hydrochloride]]
-* [[Doxsig]]
-* [[Doxy Caps]]
-* [[Doxychel Hyclate]]
-* [[Doxycin]]
-* [[Doxycycline]]
-* [[Doxyhexal]]
-* [[Doxylin]]
-* [[Doxytec]]
-* [[Dozile]]
-* [[Dramamine]]
-* [[Dramilin]]
-* [[Drixomed]]
-* [[Drixoral Syrup]]
-* [[Dronabinol]]
-* [[DTIC-Dome]]
-* [[Ducene]]
-* [[Duphalac]]
-* [[Dur-Elix Plus]]
-* [[Dura-Tap/PD]]
-* [[Duralex]]
-* [[Duricef]]
-* [[Duro-Tuss Cold & Allergy]]
-* [[Duro-Tuss Expectorant]]
-* [[Duro-tuss Mucolytic]]
-* [[Durolax]]
-* [[Duromine]]
-* [[Durrax]]
-* [[Dyazide]]
-* [[Dycill]]
-* [[Dyflex]]
-* [[Dynabac]]
-* [[Dynacin]]
-* [[DynaCirc]]
-* [[DynaCirc CR]]
-* [[Dynapen]]
-* [[Dyphylline]]
-* [[Dytuss]]
-* [[E-Base]]
-* [[E-C]]
-* [[E-Mycin]]
-* [[E-Vista]]
-* [[E.E.S. 200]]
-* [[E.E.S. 400]]
-* [[Early Bird]]
-* [[EC-Naprosyn]]
-* [[Ecapresan]]
-* [[Ecaten]]
-* [[Echothiophate Iodide]]
-* [[Ecstasy]]
-* [[Ectaprim]]
-* [[Ectaprim-F]]
-* [[ED A-Hist]]
-* [[ED-IN-SOL]]
-* [[Edecril]]
-* [[Edecrin]]
-* [[EES]]
-* [[Efavirenz]]
-* [[Efexor]]
-* [[Effer-K]]
-* [[Elavil]]
-* [[Eldepryl]]
-* [[Eldisine]]
-* [[Elixomin]]
-* [[Elixophyllin]]
-* [[Elmiron]]
-* [[Emend]]
-* [[Emgel]]
-* [[Emtricitabine]]
-* [[Emtriva]]
-* [[Enaladil]]
-* [[Enalapril]]
-* [[Enbrel]]
-* [[Endafed]]
-* [[Endep]]
-* [[Endolor]]
-* [[Endoxan]]
-* [[Enduron]]
-* [[Enduron M]]
-* [[Ener-B]]
-* [[Enfuvirtide]]
-* [[Engerix-B]]
-* [[Eni]]
-* [[Enovil]]
-* [[Enoxacin]]
-* [[Enoxin]]
-* [[Entacapone]]
-* [[Enterobacticel]]
-* [[Enteropride]]
-* [[Entocort]]
-* [[Ephedrine]]
-* [[Epilim]]
-* [[Epivir]]
-* [[Epivir-HBV]]
-* [[Epoetin]]
-* [[Epoetin Alfa]]
-* [[Epogen]]
-* [[Eprex]]
-* [[Epromate-M]]
-* [[Equagesic]]
-* [[Equanil]]
-* [[Ergamisol]]
-* [[Ergodryl]]
-* [[Ergodryl Mono]]
-* [[Ergotamine]]
-* [[Eritoquim]]
-* [[Ery-Tab]]
-* [[Eryacne]]
-* [[Erybid]]
-* [[Eryc]]
-* [[Erycette]]
-* [[Eryderm]]
-* [[Erygel]]
-* [[Erymax]]
-* [[EryPads]]
-* [[EryPed]]
-* [[EryPed 200]]
-* [[EryPed 400]]
-* [[EryPed Drops]]
-* [[Erythra-Derm]]
-* [[Erythro-Base]]
-* [[Erythrocin]]
-* [[Erythrocin Stearate]]
-* [[Erythromycin]]
-* [[Erythromycin DR]]
-* [[Erythromycin ES]]
-* [[Erythromycin Filmtabs]]
-* [[Eryzole]]
-* [[Esgic]]
-* [[Esgic-Plus]]
-* [[Esidrix]]
-* [[Eskalith]]
-* [[Eskalith CR]]
-* [[Eskazole]]
-* [[Esmolol]]
-* [[Estazolam]]
-* [[Esteprim]]
-* [[Etanercept]]
-* [[Ethacrynic Acid]]
-* [[Ethambutol]]
-* [[Ethosuximide]]
-* [[Etodolac]]
-* [[Etopophos]]
-* [[Etoposide]]
-* [[Etrafon]]
-* [[Etrafon-A]]
-* [[Etrafon-Forte]]
-* [[Euky Bear Cough Syrup]]
-* [[Eulexin]]
-* [[Evoxac]]
-* [[Excedrin]]
-* [[Excedrin Extra Strength]]
-* [[Exelon]]
-* [[Exemestane]]
-* [[Exna]]
-* [[Ezetimibe]]
-* [[Fabahistin]]
-* [[Factive]]
-* [[Famciclovir]]
-* [[Famvir]]
-* [[Fansidar]]
-* [[Fareston]]
-* [[Fasigyn]]
-* [[Fedahist Gyrocaps]]
-* [[Fedahist Timecaps]]
-* [[Fefol]]
-* [[Felbamate]]
-* [[Felbatol]]
-* [[Feldene]]
-* [[Feldene Gel]]
-* [[Felodipine]]
-* [[Femara]]
-* [[Femcet]]
-* [[Femiron]]
-* [[Fenac]]
-* [[Fenamine]]
-* [[Fenfluramine]]
-* [[Fenofibrate]]
-* [[Fensaid]]
-* [[Feosol]]
-* [[Feostat]]
-* [[Fer-Gen-Sol]]
-* [[Fer-In-Sol]]
-* [[Feratab]]
-* [[Fergon]]
-* [[Fergon Elixir]]
-* [[Ferndex]]
-* [[Ferretts]]
-* [[Ferrex]]
-* [[Ferrous Gluconate]]
-* [[Ferrous Sulphate]]
-* [[FGF]]
-* [[Fioricet]]
-* [[Fiorinal]]
-* [[Fiorital]]
-* [[Fiorpap]]
-* [[Fisamox]]
-* [[Flagenase]]
-* [[Flagyl]]
-* [[Flagyl ER]]
-* [[Flavorcee]]
-* [[Flecainide]]
-* [[Flecatab]]
-* [[Fleet]]
-* [[Fleet Micro-Enema]]
-* [[Flexen]]
-* [[Flogen]]
-* [[Flomax]]
-* [[Flopen]]
-* [[Floxapen]]
-* [[Floxin]]
-* [[Floxin Otic]]
-* [[Floxsig]]
-* [[Flucil]]
-* [[Flucloxacillin]]
-* [[Fluconazole]]
-* [[Flucytosine]]
-* [[Flumadine]]
-* [[Fluorouracil]]
-* [[Fluoxymesterone]]
-* [[Flurazepam]]
-* [[Flurbiprofen]]
-* [[Flurbiprofen Sodium]]
-* [[Flutamide]]
-* [[Flutamin]]
-* [[Fluvastatin]]
-* [[Folic Acid]]
-* [[Follicle Stimulating Hormone]]
-* [[Fortaz]]
-* [[Forteo]]
-* [[Fortovase]]
-* [[Fortum]]
-* [[Fosamax]]
-* [[Fosfomycin]]
-* [[Fosinopril]]
-* [[Fotexina]]
-* [[Frangula]]
-* [[Froben]]
-* [[Froben-SR]]
-* [[Froxal]]
-* [[Fucidin Tablets]]
-* [[Fugerel]]
-* [[Fungizone Intravenous]]
-* [[Fungoid lozenges]]
-* [[Furadantin]]
-* [[Fustaren Retard]]
-* [[Fuxen]]
-* [[Fuzeon]]
-* [[Fybogel]]
-* [[Gabitril]]
-* [[Galantamine]]
-* [[Galecin]]
-* [[Galedol]]
-* [[Ganciclovir]]
-* [[Gani-Tuss NR]]
-* [[Gantanol]]
-* [[Gantrisin]]
-* [[Gastrocram capsule]]
-* [[Gavigrans]]
-* [[Gefitinib]]
-* [[Gelpirin]]
-* [[Gemfibrizol]]
-* [[Gemfibrozil]]
-* [[Gemhexal]]
-* [[Gen-K]]
-* [[Gen-Xene]]
-* [[Genahist]]
-* [[Genatap Elixir]]
-* [[Gengraf]]
-* [[Genlac]]
-* [[Genox]]
-* [[Genpril]]
-* [[Geocillin]]
-* [[Geodon]]
-* [[Gestrinone]]
-* [[Giatussin with Codeine]]
-* [[Giloten]]
-* [[Gimalxina]]
-* [[Ginkgo]]
-* [[Gleevec]]
-* [[Glipizide]]
-* [[Glivec]]
-* [[Glucobay]]
-* [[Glucophage]]
-* [[Glucophage XR]]
-* [[Glucovance]]
-* [[Glyset]]
-* [[Go Kit]]
-* [[Gold]]
-* [[Gold Cross Antihistamine]]
-* [[Gold-50 injection]]
-* [[Gonal-F]]
-* [[Goody’s Headache Powders]]
-* [[Granocol]]
-* [[Grunicina]]
-* [[Guanabenz]]
-* [[Guiatuss AC]]
-* [[Gyne-Sulf]]
-* [[H-B-Vax II]]
-* [[Habitrol]]
-* [[Haemophilus influenzae B Vaccine]]
-* [[Halotestin]]
-* [[Halotussin AC]]
-* [[Haltran]]
-* [[Helidac]]
-* [[Hemabate]]
-* [[Hemocyte]]
-* [[Hepatitis B Vaccine]]
-* [[Hepsera]]
-* [[Heptogesic]]
-* [[Herceptin]]
-* [[Hexal Diclac]]
-* [[Hexal Ranitic]]
-* [[Hiberix]]
-* [[Hicin]]
-* [[Hidramox]]
-* [[Histalet]]
-* [[Histor-D]]
-* [[Histrodrix]]
-* [[Hivid]]
-* [[Honvol]]
-* [[Humorsol]]
-* [[Hy-Pam]]
-* [[Hydralazine]]
-* [[Hydrate]]
-* [[Hydrea]]
-* [[Hydrene]]
-* [[Hydrex]]
-* [[Hydro-Par]]
-* [[HydroDIURIL]]
-* [[Hydromox]]
-* [[Hydroxacen]]
-* [[Hydroxocobalamin]]
-* [[Hydroxyethylrutosides]]
-* [[Hydroxyurea]]
-* [[Hydroxyzine]]
-* [[Hygroton]]
-* [[Hyperstat I.V]]
-* [[Hytinic]]
-* [[Hyzaar]]
-* [[Hyzine-50]]
-* [[Ibandronate]]
-* [[Ibiamox]]
-* [[Ibilex]]
-* [[IBU]]
-* [[Ibuprin]]
-* [[Ibuprofen]]
-* [[Ibuprohm]]
-* [[Icar]]
-* [[Idarubicin]]
-* [[Ikorel]]
-* [[Ilocap]]
-* [[Ilopan]]
-* [[Ilopan-Choline]]
-* [[Ilosone]]
-* [[Ilosone Pulvules]]
-* [[Ilotycin]]
-* [[Imatinib]]
-* [[Imipramine]]
-* [[Imiquimod]]
-* [[Imukin]]
-* [[Indahexal]]
-* [[Indapamide]]
-* [[Inderal]]
-* [[Inderide]]
-* [[Inderide LA]]
-* [[Indinavir]]
-* [[Indo-Spray]]
-* [[Indochron E-R]]
-* [[Indocid]]
-* [[Indocin]]
-* [[Indocin SR]]
-* [[Indomed]]
-* [[Indomethacin]]
-* [[Ineral LA]]
-* [[Inerferon Alfa]]
-* [[Infanrix HepB]]
-* [[Infants’ Motrin]]
-* [[Infergen]]
-* [[Innopran XL]]
-* [[Insig]]
-* [[Inspra]]
-* [[Insta-Char]]
-* [[Intal capsule]]
-* [[Interferon]]
-* [[Interferon Beta]]
-* [[Intron A]]
-* [[Invirase]]
-* [[Inza]]
-* [[Iopidine]]
-* [[Ipol]]
-* [[Ircon]]
-* [[Iressa]]
-* [[Ismelin]]
-* [[Isobac]]
-* [[Isocet]]
-* [[Isocover]]
-* [[Isohexal]]
-* [[Isoniazid]]
-* [[Isotretinoin]]
-* [[Isotrex]]
-* [[IsotrexGel]]
-* [[Isox]]
-* [[Ispaghula]]
-* [[Italnik]]
-* [[Itraconazole]]
-* [[Itranax]]
-* [[Ivermectin]]
-* [[Jezil]]
-* [[K+10]]
-* [[K+8]]
-* [[K+Care]]
-* [[K+Care ET]]
-* [[K-Dur 10]]
-* [[K-Dur 20]]
-* [[K-G Elixir]]
-* [[K-Lease]]
-* [[K-Lor]]
-* [[K-Lyte]]
-* [[K-Lyte DS]]
-* [[K-Lyte/Cl]]
-* [[K-Lyte/Cl 50]]
-* [[K-Mag]]
-* [[K-Norm]]
-* [[K-Profen]]
-* [[K-Tab]]
-* [[K-Vescent]]
-* [[Kaletra]]
-* [[Kaochlor 10%]]
-* [[Kaochlor S-F]]
-* [[Kaon]]
-* [[Kaon-CL 20%]]
-* [[Kaon-Cl-10]]
-* [[Kasof]]
-* [[Kay Ciel]]
-* [[Kaybovite-1000]]
-* [[Kaylixir]]
-* [[Keduril]]
-* [[Kedvil]]
-* [[Keflet]]
-* [[Keflex]]
-* [[Keflin]]
-* [[Keflor]]
-* [[Keftab]]
-* [[Kefurox]]
-* [[Kefzol]]
-* [[Kelfiprim]]
-* [[Kenacomb Otic]]
-* [[Kenolan]]
-* [[Kenzoflex]]
-* [[Keppra]]
-* [[Kerlone]]
-* [[Kessar]]
-* [[Ketoconazole]]
-* [[Ketorolac - injection and tablets]]
-* [[Ketorolac Tromethamine]]
-* [[Kineret]]
-* [[Kinestase]]
-* [[Kinidin Durules]]
-* [[Kinson]]
-* [[Klacid]]
-* [[Klacid HP7]]
-* [[Klaricid]]
-* [[Klerist-D]]
-* [[Klonopin]]
-* [[Klor-Con]]
-* [[Klor-Con 10]]
-* [[Klor-Con 8]]
-* [[Klor-Con/25]]
-* [[Klor-Con/EF]]
-* [[Kloromin]]
-* [[Klorvess]]
-* [[Klotrix]]
-* [[Klyndaken]]
-* [[Kolyum]]
-* [[Kosteo]]
-* [[Kredex]]
-* [[Kronofed-A]]
-* [[Kronofed-A Jr]]
-* [[Kytril]]
-* [[L-Deprenyl]]
-* [[Labetalol]]
-* [[Lac-Dol]]
 * [[Lactulose]]
-* [[Lamictal]]
+* [[HIV AIDS medical therapy|Anti retroviral agents]]
-* [[Lamictal CD]]
+* [[Chemotherapy|Chemotherapeutic agents]]
-* [[Lamisil]]
+* [[Antifungal drug|Antifungals]]
-* [[Lamivudine]]
+* [[Magnesium]]
-* [[Lamotrigine]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-* [[Lamprene]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-* [[Lanophyllin]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-* [[Lanorinal]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-* [[Lanoxicaps]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |±
-* [[Lanoxin]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |±
-* [[Lansoprazole]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-* [[Lanvis]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-* [[Larotid]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="Left" |
-* [[Lasix]]
+*[[Abdominal distention]]
-* [[Latotryd]]
+*[[Dehydration]]
-* [[Latycin 1% Eye Ointment]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-* [[Lauricin]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-* [[Laxatives]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-* [[Ledercillin VK]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↑/↓
-* [[Ledermicina]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |–
-* [[Ledermycin]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↑
-* [[Lederpax]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-* [[Ledertrexate]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-* [[Leflunomide]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* [[Lemsip Chesty Cough]]
+*Elevated plasma level of drug
-* [[Lemsip Flu]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |–
-* [[Lemsip Pharmacy Flu Strength Nightime]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px
-* [[Lenpryl]]
-* [[Lescol]]
-* [[Lescol XL]]
-* [[Letrozole]]
-* [[Leucovorin]]
-* [[Leukeran]]
-* [[Leuprorelin]]
-* [[Leustatin]]
-* [[Levamisole]]
-* [[Levaquin]]
-* [[Levate]]
-* [[Levatol]]
-* [[Levetiracetam]]
-* [[Levobunolol]]
-* [[Levodopa]]
-* [[Levotabs]]
-* [[Levothroid]]
-* [[Levoxyl]]
-* [[Lexapro]]
-* [[Lexxel]]
-* [[Limbitrol]]
-* [[Limbitrol DS]]
-* [[Lincocin]]
-* [[Lincomycin]]
-* [[Linezolid]]
-* [[Lioresal]]
-* [[Lipazil]]
-* [[Lipex]]
-* [[Lipitor]]
-* [[Lipobay]]
-* [[Liqui-Char]]
-* [[Liroken]]
-* [[Lisinopril]]
-* [[Lithane]]
-* [[Lithicarb]]
-* [[Lithium carbonate]]
-* [[Lithobid]]
-* [[Lithonate]]
-* [[Lithotabs]]
-* [[LoCHOLEST Light]]
-* [[LoCHOLEST Prevalite]]
-* [[Lodimol]]
-* [[Lodine]]
-* [[Lodine Retard]]
-* [[Lodine XL]]
-* [[Lodosyn]]
-* [[Lodrane LD]]
-* [[Lofibra]]
-* [[Logicin Congested Chesty Cough]]
-* [[Logicin Cough - Dry]]
-* [[Logicin Expectorant]]
-* [[Logicin Flu]]
-* [[Logicin Flu Day & Night]]
-* [[Logicin Flu Night]]
-* [[Logicin Flu Strength Night]]
-* [[Logicin Hay Fever]]
-* [[Logicin Junior Children’s Cough]]
-* [[Loniten tablets]]
-* [[Lopid]]
-* [[Lopresor]]
-* [[Lopressor]]
-* [[Lorabid]]
-* [[Loracarbef]]
-* [[Losec]]
-* [[Losec HP7]]
-* [[Lotrel]]
-* [[Lotrimin lozenges]]
-* [[Lozol]]
-* [[Lucrin]]
-* [[Lufyllin]]
-* [[Lufyllin-400]]
-* [[Luritran]]
-* [[Lurselle]]
-* [[Luvox]]
-* [[Macrobid]]
-* [[Macrodantin]]
-* [[Madopar]]
-* [[Magicul]]
-* [[Magmin]]
-* [[Magnoplasm]]
-* [[Malarone]]
-* [[Maloprim]]
-* [[Mandol]]
-* [[Maosig]]
-* [[Marazide]]
-* [[Marcillin]]
-* [[Margesic]]
-* [[Marinol]]
-* [[Marmine]]
-* [[Marnal]]
-* [[Mavik]]
-* [[Maxamox]]
-* [[Maxaquin]]
-* [[Maxipime]]
-* [[Maxolon]]
-* [[Maxor]]
-* [[Maxzide]]
-* [[Maxzide-25]]
-* [[Mazindol]]
-* [[Mebendazole]]
-* [[Mebhydrolin]]
-* [[Meclan]]
-* [[Meclomen]]
-* [[Meclozine]]
-* [[Medevac]]
-* [[Medigesic]]
-* [[Medipren]]
-* [[Meditran]]
-* [[Mefenamic Acid]]
-* [[Mefic]]
-* [[Mefoxin]]
-* [[Megafol]]
-* [[Melipramine]]
-* [[Melizide]]
-* [[Meloxicam]]
-* [[Melphalan]]
-* [[Menadol]]
-* [[Mencevax]]
-* [[Meni-D]]
-* [[Meningitec]]
-* [[Meningococcal Vaccine]]
-* [[Menjugate]]
-* [[Menomune]]
-* [[Meprobamate]]
-* [[Meprogesic]]
-* [[Meprogesic Q]]
-* [[Mepron]]
-* [[Meprospan]]
-* [[Merieux Inactivated Rabies Vaccine]]
-* [[Mersyndol]]
-* [[Mersyndol Forte]]
-* [[Mesalal]]
-* [[Mesalamine capsules]]
-* [[Mesalamine suppositories]]
-* [[Mesalamine tablets]]
-* [[Mesalazine]]
-* [[Mesantoin]]
-* [[Mesna]]
-* [[Mestatin]]
-* [[Mestinon]]
-* [[Metahydrin]]
-* [[Metamucil]]
-* [[Metaproterenol]]
-* [[Metaxalone]]
-* [[Metformin]]
-* [[Methacycline]]
-* [[Methdilazinea]]
-* [[Methoblastin]]
-* [[Methotrexate]]
-* [[Methyclothiazide]]
-* [[Methyldopa]]
-* [[Methylphenobarbitone]]
-* [[Metipranolol]]
-* [[Metoclopramide]]
-* [[Metohexal]]
-* [[Metolazone]]
-* [[Metolol]]
-* [[Metoprolol]]
-* [[Metoxiprim]]
-* [[Metric 21]]
-* [[Metro I.V]]
-* [[MetroCream]]
-* [[MetroGel]]
-* [[Metrogyl]]
-* [[MetroLotion]]
-* [[Metronidazole]]
-* [[Metronidazole tablets]]
-* [[Metronide]]
-* [[Metyrapone]]
-* [[Mevacor]]
-* [[Micardis]]
-* [[Micardis HCT]]
-* [[Micardis Plus]]
-* [[Miconazole intravenous injection]]
-* [[Micor-K Extencapse]]
-* [[Micor-K LS]]
-* [[Micostatin]]
-* [[Micrainin]]
-* [[Micro-K 10 Extencaps]]
-* [[Microlax]]
-* [[Microrgan]]
-* [[Microzide]]
-* [[Midol]]
-* [[Midol-IB]]
-* [[Midoride]]
-* [[Mifeprex]]
-* [[Mifepristone]]
-* [[Miglitol]]
-* [[Migral]]
-* [[Milezzol]]
-* [[Miltown]]
-* [[Minax]]
-* [[Minidiab]]
-* [[Minipress]]
-* [[Minipress XL]]
-* [[Minizide]]
-* [[Minocin]]
-* [[Minocycline]]
-* [[Minocycline Hydrochloride]]
-* [[Minomycin]]
-* [[Minoxidil tablets]]
-* [[Misoprostol]]
-* [[Mitroken]]
-* [[Mobic]]
-* [[Mobilis]]
-* [[Moclebemide]]
-* [[Moclobemide]]
-* [[Modafinil]]
-* [[Modane Soft]]
-* [[Modavigil]]
-* [[Moduretic]]
-* [[Moexipril]]
-* [[Mohexal]]
-* [[Monitan]]
-* [[Monocid]]
-* [[Monodox]]
-* [[Monopril]]
-* [[Montelukast]]
-* [[Monurol]]
-* [[Motilium]]
-* [[Motrin]]
-* [[Motrin IB]]
-* [[Moxacin]]
-* [[Mucomyst]]
-* [[Multipax]]
-* [[Myambutol]]
-* [[Mycelex lozenges]]
-* [[Mycophenolate]]
-* [[Mycostatin]]
-* [[Mykrox]]
-* [[Mylaramine]]
-* [[Myleran]]
-* [[Mylosar]]
-* [[Myocrisin Injection]]
-* [[Myoquin]]
-* [[Myphetapp]]
-* [[Mysteclin]]
-* [[Mysteclin 250]]
-* [[Mysteclin V]]
-* [[Mytelase Caplets]]
-* [[Mytussin AC]]
-* [[Nabumetone]]
-* [[Nadide]]
-* [[Nadostine]]
-* [[Nalfon]]
-* [[Nalidixic Acid]]
-* [[Napamide]]
-* [[Naphcon-A]]
-* [[Naprelan]]
-* [[Naprodil]]
-* [[Naprogesic]]
-* [[Naprosyn]]
-* [[Naproxen]]
-* [[Naproxen Sodium]]
-* [[Naqua]]
-* [[Nardil]]
-* [[Nasahist B]]
-* [[Nasalcrom capsule]]
-* [[Natrilix]]
-* [[Naturetin]]
-* [[Nature’s Own Folic Acid]]
-* [[Navelbine]]
-* [[Navidrex]]
-* [[Navoban]]
-* [[Naxen]]
-* [[Naxil]]
-* [[ND Clear]]
-* [[ND-Stat]]
-* [[Nefazodone]]
-* [[Negram]]
-* [[NeisVac-C]]
-* [[Nelfinavir]]
-* [[Neo-Calglucon]]
-* [[Neo-Cytamen]]
-* [[Neo-Diophen]]
-* [[Neo-Mercazole]]
-* [[Neoral]]
-* [[Neosar]]
-* [[Neostigmine]]
-* [[Neosulf]]
-* [[Neothylline]]
-* [[Nephro-Fer]]
-* [[Neucalm]]
-* [[Neur-Amyl]]
-* [[Neuramate]]
-* [[Nevirapine]]
-* [[Nexium]]
-* [[Niacin]]
-* [[Niacor]]
-* [[Niaspan]]
-* [[Nicardipine]]
-* [[Nicoderm]]
-* [[Nicoderm CQ]]
-* [[Nicolar]]
-* [[Nicorandil]]
-* [[Nicorette]]
-* [[Nicorette DS]]
-* [[Nicorette Plus]]
-* [[Nicotinamide]]
-* [[Nicotine]]
-* [[Nicotine chewing gum]]
-* [[Nicotine inhaler]]
-* [[Nicotine transdermal patch]]
-* [[Nicotinell-TTS]]
-* [[Nicotinex]]
-* [[Nicotrol]]
-* [[Nicotrol Inhaler]]
-* [[Niferex]]
-* [[Niferex-150]]
-* [[Nilandron]]
-* [[Nilstat]]
-* [[Nimodipine]]
-* [[Nimotop]]
-* [[Nistalquim]]
-* [[Nitazoxanide]]
-* [[Nitrofurantoin]]
-* [[Nivoflox]]
-* [[Nobesine]]
-* [[Nolvadex]]
-* [[Nolvadex-D]]
-* [[Nor-Tet]]
-* [[Noritate]]
-* [[Normacol Plus]]
-* [[Normodyne]]
-* [[Noroxin]]
-* [[Norpace]]
-* [[Norpace CR]]
-* [[Norpramin]]
-* [[Norvir]]
-* [[Noten]]
-* [[Novacef]]
-* [[Novafed A]]
-* [[Novamoxin]]
-* [[Novo-Atenol]]
-* [[Novo-Captopril]]
-* [[Novo-Chlorhydrate]]
-* [[Novo-Clopate]]
-* [[Novo-Cromolyn]]
-* [[Novo-Difenac]]
-* [[Novo-Difenac-SR]]
-* [[Novo-Diflunidal]]
-* [[Novo-Diltazem]]
-* [[Novo-Dipiradol]]
-* [[Novo-Doxepin]]
-* [[Novo-Doxylin]]
-* [[Novo-Flurprofen]]
-* [[Novo-Hydroxyzine]]
-* [[Novo-Keto-EC]]
-* [[Novo-Mepro]]
-* [[Novo-Naproxen]]
-* [[Novo-Nidazol]]
-* [[Novo-Profen]]
-* [[Novo-purol]]
-* [[Novo-Rythro Encap]]
-* [[Novo-Tetra]]
-* [[Novo-Trimel]]
-* [[Novo-Tryptin]]
-* [[Novo-Zolamide]]
-* [[Noxitem]]
-* [[Nu-Amoxi]]
-* [[Nu-Atenol]]
-* [[Nu-Capto]]
-* [[Nu-Cotrimox]]
-* [[Nu-Diclo]]
-* [[Nu-Diflunisal]]
-* [[Nu-Diltiaz]]
-*
 ==References==
-{{Refbegin|2}}
+{{Reflist|2}}
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-* Claessens AA, Heerdink ER, van Eijk JT, et al. Characteristics of diarrhea in 10,008 users of lansoprazole in daily practice: Which co-factors contribute? Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf 2002;11:703-8.
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-* Guandalini S, Dincer AP. Nutritional management in diarrhoeal disease. Baillieres Clin Gastroenterol. Dec 1998;12(4):697-717.
-* Guandalini S, Kahn S. Acute diarrhea. In: Walker A, Goulet O, Kleinman J, et al eds. Pediatric Gastrointestinal Disease. Vol 1. Ontario, Canada: Brian C. Decker; 2008:252-64/Chapter 15.
-* Guandalini S. Probiotics for children with diarrhea: an update. J Clin Gastroenterol. Jul 2008;42 Suppl 2:S53-7.
-* Guandalini S. Treatment of acute diarrhea in the new millennium. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. May 2000;30(5):486-9.
-* Guarino A, Albano F, Ashkenazi S, et al. European Society for Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition/European Society for Paediatric Infectious Diseases evidence-based guidelines for the management of acute gastroenteritis in children in Europe: executive summary. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. May 2008;46(5):619-21.
-* Herikstad H, Yang S, Van Gilder TJ, et al. A population-based estimate of the burden of diarrhoeal illness in the United States: FoodNet, 1996-7. Epidemiol Infect 2002;129:9-17.
-* Holt PR. Diarrhoea and malabsorption in the elderly. Gastroenterol Clin North Am 2001;30:427-44.
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-* King CK, Glass R, Bresee JS, Duggan C. Managing acute gastroenteritis among children: oral rehydration, maintenance, and nutritional therapy. MMWR Recomm Rep. Nov 21 2003;52:1-16.
-* Kruszka PS, Hall LW Clinical inquiries. What is the differential diagnosis of chronic diarrhea in immunocompetent patients? The Journal of family practice volume=51 issue=3, 212, 2002 PMID 11978230
-* Kuusi M, Aavitsland P, Gondrosen B, et al. Incidence of gastroenteritis in Norway -- a population based survey. Epidemiol Infect 2003;131:591-7.
-* L'informatore farmaceutico 2002. OEMF International, Milano 2002. Guidelines for ATC classification. NLN publication no.16. Uppsala : Nordic Council on Medicines.
-* Lawton MP, Brody EM. Assessment of older people: Self-maintaining and instrumental activities of daily living. Gerontologist 1969;9:179-86.
-* Lew JF, Glass RI, Gangarosa RE, et al. Diarrheal deaths in the United States, 1979 through 1987. A special problem for the elderly. JAMA 1991;265:3280-4.
-* Longstreth GF, Thompson WG, Chey WD, et al. Functional bowel disorders. Gastroenterology 2006;130: 1480-91.
-* McFarland LV. Epidemiology, risk factors and treatments for antibiotic-associated diarrhea. Dig Dis 1998;16:292-307.
-* McInnes GT, Lawson DH, Jick H. Acute adverse reactions attributed to allopurinol in hospitalized patients. Ann Rheum Dis 1981;40:245-9.
-* Minami M, Taguchi S, Kikuchi T, et al. Effects of fluvoxamine, a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor, on serotonin release from the mouse isolated ileum. Res Commun Mol Pathol Pharmacol 2003;113-4:115-31.
-* O'Keefe EA, Talley NJ, Zinsmeister AR, et al. Bowel disorders impair functional status and quality of life in the elderly: A population-based study. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 1995;50:M184-9.
-* Pilotto A, Franceschi M, Vitale D, et al. for the FIRI and SOFIA Project Investigators. Drug use by the elderly in general practice: Effects on upper gastrointestinal symptoms. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2006;62:65-73.
-* Pilotto A, Franceschi M, Vitale DF, et al. Upper gastrointestinal symptoms and therapies in elderly out-patients, users of non-selective NSAIDs or coxibs. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2005;22:147-55.
-* Price A B. Pathology of drug-associated gastrointestinal disease. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2003;56:477-82.
-* Ratnaike RN, Jones TE. Mechanisms of drug-induced diarrhoea in the elderly. Drugs Aging 1998;13:245-53.
-* Ratnaike RN. Diarrhea in old age. In: Pilotto A, Malfertheiner P, Holt P, eds. Aging and the gastrointestinal tract. Interdiscipl Top Gerontol. Basel , Switzerland : Karger, 2003;32:187-99.
-* Ruiz-Palacios GM, Perez-Schael I, Velazquez FR, et al. Safety and efficacy of an attenuated vaccine against severe rotavirus gastroenteritis. N Engl J Med. Jan 5 2006;354(1):11-22.
-* Sandhu BK, Isolauri E, Walker-Smith JA, et al. A multicentre study on behalf of the European Society of Paediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition Working Group on Acute Diarrhoea. Early feeding in childhood gastroenteritis. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. May 1997;24(5):522-7.
-* Scallan E, Majowicz SE, Hall G, et al. Prevalence of diarrhoea in the community in Australia, Canada, Ireland, and the United States. Int J Epidemiol 2005;34:454-60.
-* Sullivan PB. Nutritional management of acute diarrhea. Nutrition. Oct 1998;14(10):758-62.
-* Svedlund J, Sjodin I, Dotevall G. GSRS -- a clinical rating scale for gastrointestinal symptoms in patients with irritable bowel syndrome and peptic ulcer disease. Dig Dis Sci 1988;33:129-34.
-*  Talley NJ, O'Keefe EA, Zinsmeister AR, et al. Prevalence of gastrointestinal symptoms in the elderly: A population-based study. Gastroenterology 1992;102:895-901.
-* Thomas VS, Rockwood K, McDowell I. Multidimensionality in instrumental and basic activities of daily living. J Clin Epidemiol 1998; 51:315-21.
-* Thomson RD, Lestina LS, Bensen SP, et al. Lansoprazole-associated microscopic colitis: A case series. Am J Gastroenterol 2002;97:2908-13.
-* Trincale E, Menon D, Topfer LA, et al. Adverse effects associated with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and tricyclic antidepressants: A meta-analysis. CMAJ 1998;159:1245-52.
-* Vernacchio L, Vezina RM, Mitchell AA, Lesko SM, Plaut AG, Acheson DW. Diarrhea in American infants and young children in the community setting: incidence, clinical presentation and microbiology. Pediatr Infect Dis J. Jan 2006;25(1):2-7.
-* Walker-Smith JA, Sandhu BK, Isolauri E, et al. Guidelines prepared by the ESPGAN Working Group on Acute Diarrhoea. Recommendations for feeding in childhood gastroenteritis. European Society of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. May 1997;24(5):619-20.
-{{refend}}
-==See Also==
-* [[Diarrhea]]
-* [[Acute gastroenteritis]]
-* [[Gastroenteritis]]
-* [[Shigellosis]]
-==External Links==
-* [http://digestive.niddk.nih.gov/ddiseases/pubs/diarrhea/#cause The National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK)]
-{{SIB}}
-{{Gastroenterology}}
+[[Category:Medicine]]
 [[Category:Gastroenterology]]
-[[Category:Water-borne diseases]]
+[[Category:Up-To-Date]]
-[[Category:Digestive disease symptoms]]
-[[Category:Conditions diagnosed by stool test]]
-[[Category:Infectious diseases]]
-[[Category:Signs and symptoms]]
-{{WH}}
-{{WS}}