Exophthalmos
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| Exophthalmos Classification and external resources | |
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| Patient with bilateral exophthalmos, as well as highly asymmetrical eye alignment. | |
| ICD-10 | H05.2 |
| ICD-9 | 376.2-376.3 |
| DiseasesDB | 18612 |
| MedlinePlus | 003033 |
| eMedicine | oph/616 |
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WikiDoc Resources for Exophthalmos | |
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Most recent articles on Exophthalmos Most cited articles on Exophthalmos | |
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Powerpoint slides on Exophthalmos | |
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Evidence Based Medicine | |
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Clinical Trials | |
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Ongoing Trials on Exophthalmos at Clinical Trials.gov Clinical Trials on Exophthalmos at Google
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Guidelines / Policies / Govt | |
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US National Guidelines Clearinghouse on Exophthalmos
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Patient Resources / Community | |
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Patient resources on Exophthalmos Discussion groups on Exophthalmos Patient Handouts on Exophthalmos Directions to Hospitals Treating Exophthalmos Risk calculators and risk factors for Exophthalmos
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Healthcare Provider Resources | |
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Causes & Risk Factors for Exophthalmos | |
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Overview
Exophthalmos is a bulging of the eye anteriorly out of the orbit. Exophthalmos can be either bilateral (as is often seen in Grave's Disease) or unilateral (as is often seen in an orbital tumor). Measurement of the degree of exophthalmos is performed using an exophthalmometer. Complete or partial dislocation from the orbit is also possible from trauma or swelling of surrounding tissue resulting from trauma.
In the case of Graves Disease, the displacement of the eye is due to abnormal connective tissue deposition in the orbit and extraocular muscles which can be visualized by CT or MRI.[1]
If left untreated, exophthalmos can causes the eye lids to fail to close during sleep leading to corneal damage. The process that is causing the displacement of the eye may also compress the optic nerve or ophthalmic artery leading to blindness.
- A "bulging" of the eye due to foreward displacement. Some sources define exophthalmos as a protrusion of the globe greater than 18 mm and proptosis as a protusion equal to or less than 18 mm. (Epstein et al, 2003). Others define "exophthalmos" as protusion secondary to endocrine dysfunction and "proptosis" as any non-endocrine-mediated protusion.
- Common in Grave's Disease patients
- Causes
- inflammatory
- infectious
- neoplastic
- traumatic
- vascular
- Sight can be compromised
- Imaging is essential for all patients
Differential Diagnosis
- Arteriorvenous malformation
- Cavernous Sinus Thrombosis
- Mucormycosis
- Neurofibromatosis
- Orbital cellulitis
- Orbital tumors
- Pseudoproptosis
- TAO (Thyroid associated orbitopathy)
- Trauma [1] [1]
Diagnosis
History and Symptoms
- Includes:
Physical Examination
Appearance of the Patient
Eyes
- full optomologic exam
Ear Nose and Throat
- full otolaryngologic exam
Neurologic
- full neurologic exam
Laboratory Findings
- Labs include
MRI and CT
- CT of orbits
Echocardiography or Ultrasound
- Ultrasound if arteriovenous malformation is suspected
Treatment
Acute Pharmacotherapies
- Direct IV antibiotics -> if infectious
- Systemic steroids -> if non infectious
Surgery and Device Based Therapy
Indications for Surgery
- Surgical decompression
Primary Prevention
- Prevent eye injury
- artificial tears
- eye protection (sunglasses)
See also
References
WikiDoc Research Resources for Exophthalmos | |
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| Articles on Exophthalmos | Most recent articles on Exophthalmos • Most cited articles on Exophthalmos • Review articles on Exophthalmos • Articles on Exophthalmos in N Eng J Med, Lancet, BMJ |
| Media (Slides, Video, Images, MP3) on Exophthalmos | Powerpoint slides on Exophthalmos • Images of Exophthalmos • Photos of Exophthalmos • Podcasts & MP3s on Exophthalmos • Videos on Exophthalmos |
| Evidence Based Medicine Regarding Exophthalmos | Cochrane Collaboration on Exophthalmos • Bandolier on Exophthalmos • TRIP on Exophthalmos |
| Cost Effectiveness of Exophthalmos | Cost Effectiveness of Exophthalmos |
| Clinical Trials Involving Exophthalmos | Ongoing Trials on Exophthalmos at Clinical Trials.gov • Trial results on Exophthalmos • Clinical Trials on Exophthalmos at Google |
| Guidelines / Policies / Government Resources (FDA/CDC) Regarding Exophthalmos | US National Guidelines Clearinghouse on Exophthalmos • NICE Guidance on Exophthalmos • NHS PRODIGY Guidance • FDA on Exophthalmos • CDC on Exophthalmos |
| Textbook Information on Exophthalmos | Books and Textbook Information on Exophthalmos |
| Pharmacology Resources on Exophthalmos | Dosing of Exophthalmos • Drug interactions with Exophthalmos • Side effects of Exophthalmos • Allergic reactions to Exophthalmos • Overdose information on Exophthalmos • Carcinogenicity information on Exophthalmos • Exophthalmos in pregnancy • Pharmacokinetics of Exophthalmos • |
| Genetics, Pharmacogenomics, and Proteinomics of Exophthalmos | Genetics of Exophthalmos • Pharmacogenomics of Exophthalmos • Proteomics of Exophthalmos |
| Newstories on Exophthalmos | Exophthalmos in the news • Be alerted to news on Exophthalmos • News trends on Exophthalmos |
| Commentary on Exophthalmos | Blogs on Exophthalmos |
| Patient Resources on Exophthalmos | Patient resources on Exophthalmos • Discussion groups on Exophthalmos • Patient Handouts on Exophthalmos • Directions to Hospitals Treating Exophthalmos • Risk calculators and risk factors for Exophthalmos |
| Healthcare Provider Resources on Exophthalmos | Symptoms of Exophthalmos • Causes & Risk Factors for Exophthalmos • Diagnostic studies for Exophthalmos • Treatment of Exophthalmos |
| Continuing Medical Education (CME) Programs on Exophthalmos | CME Programs on Exophthalmos |
| International Resources on Exophthalmos | Exophthalmos en Espanol • Exophthalmos en Francais |
| Business Resources on Exophthalmos | Exophthalmos in the Marketplace • Patents on Exophthalmos |
| Informatics Resources on Exophthalmos | List of terms related to Exophthalmos |
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Acknowledgement and Attribution Regarding Sources of Content
Some of the initial content on this page may be incorporated in part from copyleft sources in the public domain including wikis such as Wikipedia and AskDrWiki. Drug information for patients came from the The National Library of Medicine. Infectious disease information may have come from the Centers for Disease Control (CDC). Differential Diagnoses are drawn from clinicians as well as an amalgamation of 3 sources: 1.The Disease Database; 2. Kahan, Scott, Smith, Ellen G. In A Page: Signs and Symptoms. Malden, Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishing, 2004:3; 3. Sailer, Christian, Wasner, Susanne. Differential Diagnosis Pocket. Hermosa Beach, CA: Borm Bruckmeir Publishing LLC, 2002:7 .
