Dysarthria

Dysarthria Classification and external resources
ICD-10	R47.1
ICD-9	784.5
DiseasesDB	4015
MeSH	D004401

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Phone:617-632-7753

Overview

Dysarthria is a speech disorder resulting from neurological injury, characterised by poor articulation (cf aphasia: disorder of the content of speech). Any of the speech subsystems (respiration, phonation, resonance, prosody, articulation and movements of jaw and tongue) can be affected.

Disarthic speech is due to some disorder in the nervous system, which in turn hinders control over for example tongue, throat, lips or lungs. Swallowing problems, dysphagia, are often present.

Cranial nerves that control these muscles include the facial nerve (VII), the glossopharyngeal nerve (IX), the vagus nerve (X), and the hypoglossal nerve (XII).

Classification

Dysarthrias are classified in multiple ways based on the presentation of symptoms. Specific dysarthrias include Spastic, Flaccid, Hyperkinetic, Hypokinetic, Ataxic, Unilateral upper motor neuron, and Mixed dysarthria.

Causes

The reasons behind dysarthria can be many; among the diseases are ALS, Parkinson's disease, botulism, cranial nerve lesions, chorea, prion protein related diseases, and cerebral palsy. Dysarthria can also be an early symptom of stroke, and of other forms of traumatic brain injury. More common causes are intoxication and anesthesia, although these are transient. Another possibility is myasthenia gravis.

Complete Differential Diagnosis of Dysarthria

In alphabetical order.

Neurological

• Abscess
• Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)
• Botulism
• Brainstem stroke
• Dermatomyositis
• Diabetic nerve infarction
• Hypothyroidism
• Mitochondrial disease
• Myasthenia gravis
• Myotonic muscular dystrophy
• Nerve gas/ organophosphate poisoning
• Parkinson's Disease
• Polymyositis
• Prolonged effects of anesthesia
• Stroke
• Tumor

Structural

• Tumors:

  • Lips
  • Squamous cell epithelium of the oropharynx and vocal cords
  • Tongue

Less Common Etiologies

• Acute dystonic reaction
• Amyloidosis
• Anaerobic infection
• Cleft palate
• Mild cerebral palsy
• Poor dentition or ill-fitting dentures
• Sedative/anticonvulsant intoxication
• Unrecognized foreign accent

Treatment

The articulation problems that dysarthria causes can be treated together with a speech language pathologist using a range of techniques which sometimes includes strengthening the speech musculature. Devices that make coping with dysarthria easier include speech synthesis software and text-based telephones.

References

• Haines, Duane (2004). Neuroanatomy: an atlas of structures, sections, and systems. Hagerstwon, MD: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. ISBN 0-7817-4677-9. 

• Duffy, Joseph R (2005). Motor Speech Disorders: Substrates, Differential Diagnosis, And Management. 2nd edition.. Saint Louis: C.V. Mosby. ISBN 0-323-02452-1. 

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Acknowledgement and Attribution Regarding Sources of Content

Some of the initial content on this page may be incorporated in part from copyleft sources in the public domain including wikis such as Wikipedia and AskDrWiki. Drug information for patients came from the The National Library of Medicine. Infectious disease information may have come from the Centers for Disease Control (CDC). Differential Diagnoses are drawn from clinicians as well as an amalgamation of 3 sources: 1.The Disease Database; 2. Kahan, Scott, Smith, Ellen G. In A Page: Signs and Symptoms. Malden, Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishing, 2004:3; 3. Sailer, Christian, Wasner, Susanne. Differential Diagnosis Pocket. Hermosa Beach, CA: Borm Bruckmeir Publishing LLC, 2002:7 .