Bradycardia causes: Difference between revisions

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Latest revision as of 14:55, 23 September 2020

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: M.Umer Tariq [2]; Ogheneochuko Ajari, MB.BS, MS [3]

Overview

Pathologic bradycardias are caused by disorders of impulse generation (impaired automaticity at SA node), impulse conduction (heart block), or escape pacemakers and rhythms. Bradycardia can be underlain by several causes, which are best divided into cardiac and non-cardiac causes or based on the location of the abnormality.

Causes

Drugs:

Life Threatening Causes

Life-threatening causes include conditions which may result in death or permanent disability within 24 hours if left untreated.

Common Causes

Iatrogenic after surgical correction of VSD, tetralogy of Fallot, and endocardial cushion defect
Increased vagal tone (e.g. sleep, athletes)
Inferior ST elevation MI
Ischemic heart disease
Massive calcification of the mitral annulus
Medications ( e.g. adenosine, amiodarone, beta-blockers, diltiazem, metoclopramide, procainamide, verapamil, fingolimod)
Methylprednisolone
Myocardial infarction ^[2]
Myocarditis
Nausea
Normal variants
Normal variation in vagal tone
NSTEMI
Octreotide
Obstructive sleep apnea
Organophosphate poisoning
Penetrating and non-penetrating trauma of the chest
Pericarditis
Phenobarbital
Phenytoin
Premature atrial contractions
Renal failure
Sclerodegenerative disease of the electrical conduction system
Second degree AV block
Sedative
Sepsis
Severe brain injury
Sick sinus syndrome
Sinus arrest
Sinus bradycardia
Sinus node fibrosis
Sleep
STEMI
Systemic lupus erythematosus
Valvular heart disease
Verapamil

Causes by Organ System

Cardiovascular	Acute coronary syndrome, Acute myocardial infarction, Acute rheumatic fever, Andersen cardiodysrhythmic periodic paralysis, Aspergillosis myocarditis, Atherosclerosis, Atrial septal defect, Atrioventricular block, Brugada syndrome, Calcific aortic stenosis, Cardiac arrhythmia, Cardiac catheterization, Cardiac glycosides, Cardiac transplantation, Cardiac tumor, Cardioinhibitory syncope, Cardiomyopathy, Cardioversion, Carotid sinus hypersensitivity, Complete heart block, Congenital heart block, Congenital heart disease, Congestive heart failure, Coronary artery bypass grafting, Coronary heart disease, Coronary ischemia, Coronary reperfusion therapy, Diabetes mellitus, Dilated cardiomyopathy, Ebstein’s anomaly, Electrophysiological studies, Endocardial cushion defect, Endocarditis, Enhanced vagal tone, Fontan procedure, High fitness level, Hypersensitive carotid sinus syndrome, Hypertension, Hypertensive heart disease, Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy alcohol septal ablation, Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, Hypervagotonia, Idiopathic heart block, Idiopathic hypereosinophilic syndrome, Infraclavicular brachial plexus block, Ischemic heart disease, Isorhythmic a-v dissociation, Jervell and lange-nielsen syndrome, Junctional rhythms, Lateral medullary syndrome, Left ventricular noncompaction, Lenegre's disease, Lev's disease, Long qt syndrome, Lown-ganong-levine syndrome, Lqt type 4, Lqt4 mutation, Mahaim fiber tachycardia, Maze procedure, Micturition syncope, Mitral regurgitation, Mitral stenosis, Mitral valve prolapse, Myocardial bridging, Myocardial contusion, Myocardial infarction , Myocardial ischaemia, Myocardial rupture, Myocarditis, Neurocardiogenic syncope, Noncompaction cardiomyopathy, Normal variants of pr prolongation, Normal variation in vagal tone, Nstemi, Pacemaker malfunction, Paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia, Pericarditis, Permanent pacemaker, Peroneal muscular atrophy, Post aortic valve replacement, Post catheter ablation for arrhythmias, Post closure of a ventricular septal defect, Post mitral valve replacement, Preexcitation syndrome, Premature atrial beats, Pulmonary embolism, Pulmonary stenosis, Restrictive cardiomyopathy, Rheumatic mitral valve disease, Romano-ward syndrome, Sick sinus syndrome, Sinoatrial block, Sinus arrest, Sinus bradycardia, Sinus node disease, Sinus node fibrosis, Stemi, Subarachnoid hemorrhage, Sustained ventricular tachycardia, Tachycardia-bradycardia syndrome, Takotsubo cardiomyopathy, Tetralogy of fallot, Tilt testing, Timothy syndrome, Trained athletes, Transcatheter aortic valve implantation, Transposition of the great vessels, Vagal maneuvers, Vagal reaction, Valsalva maneuver, Valvular heart disease, Vasovagal syncope, Ventricular septal defect, Wolff-parkinson-white syndrome
Chemical/Poisoning	5-fluorouracil, Alcohol intoxication, All-trans retinoic acid, Carbamate poisoning, Carbamates, Crizotinib toxicity, Digitalis, Dimethyl sulfoxide, Disopyramide, Fentanyl, Heart block, Heart surgery, Heat exhaustion, Isoprenaline infusion, Lily of the valley poisoning, Magnesium, Organophosphate poisoning, Parathion poisoning, Poisonous spider bites, Pyrethroid poisoning, Scorpion toxin, Toluene sniffing
Dental	No underlying causes
Dermatologic	Dermatomyositis, Obstructive jaundice
Drug Side Effect	Acetylcholine, Alfentanil, Ambenonium, Amiodarone, Amlodipine, Amphetamines, Anidulafungin, Anthracyclines, Antiarrhythmic drugs, Atenolol, Atetylcholine, Barbiturate, Berberine, Beta-blockers, Bethanechol, Bortezomib, Bupivacaine, Calcium channel blocker, Cannabis, Carbamazepine, Celecoxib, Ceritinib, Certain medications, Cilobradine, Cimetidine, Citalopram, Clonidine, Cocaine, Dapoxetine, Daunorubicin, Deserpidine, Dexmedetomidine, Digoxin, Diltiazem, Diphenhydramine, Distigmine, Dobutamine, Dolasetron, Donepezil, Doxorubicin, Dronedarone, Drugs, Edrophonium, Ephedrine, Epirubicin, Eslicarbazepine acetate, Febuxostat, Fesoterodine, Fingolimod, Flecainide, Flumazenil, Fluoxetine, Fluvoxamine, Fosphenytoin, Granisetron, Grayanotoxin, Guanethidine, Guanfacine, H2 receptor antagonist, Halothane, Hyoscyamine, Ibutilide, Idarubicin, Isoproterenol, Ivabradine, Labetalol, Lacosamide, Lanatoside c, Lanreotide, Lidocaine, Lithium, Lofexidine, Medications, Mefloquine, Mepivacaine, Mesalamine, Methyldopa, Methylprednisolone, Mexiletine, Morphine, Muscarine, Nadolol, Nefazodone, Nelfinavir, Neostigmine, Nerve agent, Nicorandil, Paclitaxel, Paliperidone, Palonosetron, Phenothiazine, Phenylephrine, Phenytoin, Physostigmine, Procainamide, Propafenone, Propanolol, Propofol, Propoxyphene, Propranolol, Pyridostigmine, Quinidine, Rabeprazole, Regadenoson, Remifentanil, Rescinnamine, Reserpine, Rilmenidine, Ropivacaine, Salbutamol, Sedative, Somatostatin, Sotalol, Sufentanil, Suxamethonium, Sympathomimetic agents, Tacrine, Tacrolimus, Terodiline, Theophylline, Thiamylal, Thiazides, Timolol, Tolterodine, Topical cocaine, Tramadol, Tricyclic antidepressants, Urapidil, Vecuronium, Verapamil, Veratridine (false hellebore), Zaleplon, Zatebradine
Ear Nose Throat	Esophageal or nasopharyngeal stimulation, Sjogren's syndrome
Endocrine	Cretinism, Cushing's syndrome, Hashimoto's thyroiditis, Hyperthyroidism, Hypothyroidism, Myxedema, Profound hypothyroidism, Thyrotoxic periodic paralysis, Thyrotoxicosis
Environmental	No underlying causes
Gastroenterologic	Nausea, Vomiting
Genetic	Becker muscular dystrophy, Fabry disease, Hcm, Hcn4 mutation, Hereditary neuromuscular disease, Jervell and lange-nielsen syndrome, Kearns-sayre syndrome, Mitochondrial genome inherited conditions, Nail-patella syndrome, Scn5a mutation, Timothy syndrome, X-linked inherited conditions
Hematologic	Anemia, Churg-strauss syndrome, Hemochromatosis, Hypercalcemia, Hypercapnia, Hyperkalemia, Hypermagnesemia, Hypocalcemia, Hypoglycemia, Hypokalemia, Hypomagnesemia, Hypoxia, Sepsis, Thalassemia major
Iatrogenic	No underlying causes
Infectious Disease	Aspergillosis myocarditis, Brucellosis, Chagas disease, Dengue fever, Diptheria, Legionellosis, Leptospirosis, Lyme disease, Malaria, Meningitis, Pneumonia, Protozoal infection, Q fever, Rabies, Rocky mountain spotted fever, Salmonellosis, Sepsis, Septic shock, Trichinosis, Tuberculosis, Typhoid fever, Typhus, Varicella zoster, Viral hemorrhagic fever, Yellow fever
Musculoskeletal/Orthopedic	Arnold-chiari malformation, Dermatomyositis, Duchenne's muscular dystrophy, Emery-dreifuss muscular dystrophy, x-linked, Erb's dystrophy, Hereditary neuromuscular disease, Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy type 1b (lgmd1b), Mitochondrial myopathy, Muscular dystrophy, Myotonic dystrophy, Myotonic muscular dystrophy
Neurologic	Bezold-jarisch reflex, Degenerative diseases, Diabetic neuropathy, Epilepsy, Friedreich ataxia, Increased intracranial pressure, Miller-dieker syndrome, Neurocardiogenic syncope, Raised intracranial pressure, Severe brain injury, Sleep apnea, Sleep, Timothy syndrome
Nutritional/Metabolic	Cerebral edema, Diabetes mellitus, Diabetic ketoacidosis, Diabetic neuropathy, Glycogen storage disease type ii, Glycogenosis type 2b, Hypoglycemia, Kwashiorkor, Malnutrition, Metabolic acidosis, Obesity, Pompe disease, Severe anorexia nervosa, Starvation, Very low birth weight infants
Obstetric/Gynecologic	Fetal distress, Pregnancy
Oncologic	Hodgkin disease, Hodgkin lymphoma, Multiple myeloma, Pheochromocytoma, Tumor lysis syndrome, Tumor
Ophthalmologic	No underlying causes
Overdose/Toxicity	No underlying causes
Psychiatric	Anorexia nervosa, Severe anorexia nervosa
Pulmonary	Acute respiratory failure, Altitude sickness, Breath holding spells, Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, Cough syncope, Decompression sickness, Drowning, Obstructive sleep apnea, Post lung transplantation, Pulmonary embolism, Pulmonary stenosis, Sarcoidosis, Sleep apnea, Tuberculosis
Renal/Electrolyte	Acute renal failure, Amyloidosis, Chronic renal failure, Electrolyte disturbances, Hyperkalemia, Hypokalemia, Renal failure
Rheumatology/Immunology/Allergy	Acute rheumatic fever, Ankylosing spondylitis, Churg-strauss syndrome, Neonatal lupus erythematosus, Reiter's syndrome, Relapsing polychondritis, Rheumatic fever, Rheumatic mitral valve disease, Rheumatoid arthritis, Sarcoidosis, Scleroderma, Sinus node fibrosis, Sjogren's syndrome, Systemic lupus erythematosus, Systemic sclerosis
Sexual	No underlying causes
Trauma	Cervical spine injury, Electric shock, Hypothermia, Pain, Septic shock, Severe brain injury, Spinal cord injury, acute, Starvation, Surgical trauma, Trauma
Urologic	No underlying causes
Miscellaneous	Aging, Defecation, Idiopathic

Causes Based on Pathophysiologic Origin of Impulse

From the Atria

Respiratory Sinus Arrhythmia

Sinus bradycardia

Sinoatrial block

Sinus arrest

Sick sinus syndrome

First degree AV block

Second degree AV block

Complete or third-degree AV block

Short PR interval

From the AV junction

Junctional bradycardia

From the Ventricles

Isorhythmic A-V dissociation

Idioventricular rhythm

Ventricular escape beat

Combined List of Causes in Alphabetical Order

References

↑ Boujnah MR, Jaafari A, Boukhris B, Boussabah I, Thameur M (2000). "[Sinoatrial block induced by therapeutic doses of diltiazem. Report of 3 cases]". Tunis Med. 78 (12): 735–7. PMID 11155380.
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 Malla RR, Sayami A (2007). "In hospital complications and mortality of patients of inferior wall myocardial infarction with right ventricular infarction". JNMA J Nepal Med Assoc. 46 (167): 99–102. PMID 18274563.
↑ ^3.0 ^3.1 ^3.2 ^3.3 Van Bogaert, PP.; Pittoors, F. (2003). "Use-dependent blockade of cardiac pacemaker current (If) by cilobradine and zatebradine". Eur J Pharmacol. 478 (2–3): 161–71. PMID 14575801. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
↑ ^4.0 ^4.1 ^4.2 Bailey PL (1990). "Sinus arrest induced by trivial nasal stimulation during alfentanil-nitrous oxide anaesthesia". Br J Anaesth. 65 (5): 718–20. PMID 2248851.
↑ ^5.0 ^5.1 ^5.2 ^5.3 ^5.4 ^5.5 ^5.6 ^5.7 ^5.8 Mills TA, Kawji MM, Cataldo VD, Pappas ND, O'Meallie LP, Breaux DM; et al. (2004). "Profound sinus bradycardia due to diltiazem, verapamil, and/or beta-adrenergic blocking drugs". J La State Med Soc. 156 (6): 327–31. PMID 15688675.
↑ ^6.0 ^6.1 ^6.2 ^6.3 ^6.4 ^6.5 Lines D, Shipton EA (1991). "Severe bradycardia and sinus arrest after administration of vecuronium, fentanyl and halothane. A case report". S Afr Med J. 80 (4): 200–1. PMID 1678901.
↑ ^7.0 ^7.1 ^7.2 Bonvini RF, Hendiri T, Anwar A (2006). "Sinus arrest and moderate hyperkalemia". Annales De Cardiologie Et D'angéiologie. 55 (3): 161–3. PMID 16792034. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
↑ ^8.0 ^8.1 ^8.2 Koay S, Dewan B (2013). "An unexpected Holter monitor result: multiple sinus arrests in a patient with lateral medullary syndrome". BMJ Case Rep. 2013. doi:10.1136/bcr-2012-007783. PMID 23386489.
↑ ^9.0 ^9.1 van Cleef AN, Schuurman MJ, Busari JO (2011). "Third-degree atrioventricular block in an adolescent following acute alcohol intoxication". BMJ Case Rep. 2011. doi:10.1136/bcr.07.2011.4547. PMID 22679160.
↑ ^10.0 ^10.1 Brvar M, Bunc M (2009). "High-degree atrioventricular block in acute ethanol poisoning: a case report". Cases J. 2: 8559. doi:10.4076/1757-1626-2-8559. PMC 2769457. PMID 19918387.
↑ ^11.0 ^11.1 Wills BK, Liu JM, Wahl M (2010). "Third-degree AV block from extended-release diltiazem ingestion in a nine-month-old". J Emerg Med. 38 (3): 328–31. doi:10.1016/j.jemermed.2007.10.053. PMID 18403171. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
↑ ^12.0 ^12.1 Tian Z, Fang Q, Zhao DC; et al. (2010). "[The clinico-pathological manifestation of cardiac involvement in eosinophilic diseases]". Zhonghua Nei Ke Za Zhi (in Chinese). 49 (8): 684–7. PMID 20979789. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
↑ Kertesz NJ, Fenrich AL, Friedman RA (1997). "Congenital complete atrioventricular block". Tex Heart Inst J. 24 (4): 301–7. PMC 325472. PMID 9456483.
↑ ^14.0 ^14.1 Lionakis N, Moyssakis I, Gialafos E, Dalianis N, Votteas V (2008). "Aortic dissection and third-degree atrioventricular block in a patient with a hypertensive crisis". J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). 10 (1): 69–72. PMID 18174773. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
↑ ^15.0 ^15.1 Amasyalı B, Barçın C, Kılıç A (2011). "[Supra-His complete atrioventricular block in a patient with subclinical hyperthyroidism]". Turk Kardiyol Dern Ars (in Turkish). 39 (8): 693–6. PMID 22257810. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
↑ ^16.0 ^16.1 Liu R, Qiao SB, Hu FH, Yang WX, Yuan JS (2012). "[Clinical features of five patients with delayed third degree atrioventricular block after ethanol septal ablation for hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy]". Zhonghua Xin Xue Guan Bing Za Zhi (in Chinese). 40 (12): 1009–11. PMID 23363714. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
↑ ^17.0 ^17.1 Sykes JA, Lubega J, Ezetendu C, Verma R, O'Connor B, Kalyanaraman M (2011). "Asymptomatic complete atrioventricular block in a 13-year-old girl". Pediatr Emerg Care. 27 (11): 1081–3. doi:10.1097/PEC.0b013e3182360674. PMID 22068075. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
↑ ^18.0 ^18.1 ^18.2 "Idiopathic heart block: association with vitiligo, thyroid disease, pernicious anaemia, and diabetes mellitus". Retrieved 21 August 2013.
↑ ^19.0 ^19.1 Bhattacharya IS, Dweck M, Francis M (2010). "Lyme carditis: a reversible cause of complete atrioventricular block". J R Coll Physicians Edinb. 40 (2): 121–2. doi:10.4997/JRCPE.2010.207. PMID 21125053. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
↑ ^20.0 ^20.1 Wagner V, Zima E, Gellér L, Merkely B (2010). "[Acute atrioventricular block in chronic Lyme disease]". Orv Hetil (in Hungarian). 151 (39): 1585–90. doi:10.1556/OH.2010.28965. PMID 20840915. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
↑ ^21.0 ^21.1 Semmler D, Blank R, Rupprecht H (2010). "Complete AV block in Lyme carditis: an important differential diagnosis". Clin Res Cardiol. 99 (8): 519–26. doi:10.1007/s00392-010-0152-8. PMID 20464556. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
↑ ^22.0 ^22.1 Facenda-Lorenzo M, Hernández-Afonso J, Rodríguez-Esteban M, de León-Hernández JC, Grillo-Pérez JJ (2012). "Cardiac Manifestations in Myotonic Dystrophy Type 1 Patients Followed Using a Standard Protocol in a Specialized Unit". Rev Esp Cardiol. doi:10.1016/j.recesp.2012.08.011. PMID 23194837. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
↑ ^23.0 ^23.1 Femenía F, Arce M, Arrieta M (2010). "[Systemic sclerosis complicated with syncope and complete AV block]". Medicina (B Aires) (in Spanish; Castilian). 70 (5): 442–4. PMID 20920962.
↑ ^24.0 ^24.1 Maleki AR, Nikyar B, Hosseini SM (2012). "Third-Degree Heart Block in Thalassemia major: A Case Report". Iran J Pediatr. 22 (2): 260–4. PMC 3446065. PMID 23056897. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
↑ ^25.0 ^25.1 Thakar S, Chandra P, Pednekar M, Kabalkin C, Shani J (2012). "Complete heart block following a blow on the chest by a soccer ball: a rare manifestation of commotio cordis". Ann Noninvasive Electrocardiol. 17 (3): 280–2. doi:10.1111/j.1542-474X.2012.00518.x. PMID 22816548. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
↑ ^26.0 ^26.1 Portet N, Riu B, Bounes V, Minville V, Fourcade O (2012). "Left ventricular-right atrial communication with third-degree atrioventricular block after thoracic trauma". J Emerg Med. 43 (6): e385–8. doi:10.1016/j.jemermed.2010.11.059. PMID 21621364. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
↑ ^27.0 ^27.1 Frikha Z, Abid L, Abid D; et al. (2011). "Cardiac tamponade and paroxysmal third-degree atrioventricular block revealing a primary cardiac non-Hodgkin large B-cell lymphoma of the right ventricle: a case report". J Med Case Rep. 5: 433. doi:10.1186/1752-1947-5-433. PMC 3180417. PMID 21892927.
↑ ^28.0 ^28.1 Houchaymi Z, Helou S, Ballout J (2010). "[Pericardial tamponade and third-degree atrioventricular block revealing a primary cardiac lymphoma]". Rev Med Interne (in French). 31 (11): e4–6. doi:10.1016/j.revmed.2010.01.014. PMID 20605278. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
↑ ^29.0 ^29.1 Perloff JK (1984). "Cardiac rhythm and conduction in Duchenne's muscular dystrophy: a prospective study of 20 patients". Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 3 (5): 1263–8. PMID 6707378. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
↑ ^30.0 ^30.1 Efthimiou J, McLelland J, Betteridge DJ (1986). "Short PR intervals and tachyarrhythmias in Fabry's disease". Postgraduate Medical Journal. 62 (726): 285–7. PMC 2418650. PMID 3086855. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
↑ ^31.0 ^31.1 Huang SK, Rosenberg MJ, Denes P (1984). "Short PR interval and narrow QRS complex associated with pheochromocytoma: electrophysiologic observations". Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 3 (3): 872–5. PMID 6693659. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
↑ ^32.0 ^32.1 Castellanos A, Castillo CA, Agha AS, Tessler M (1971). "His bundle electrograms in patients with short P-R intervals, narrow QRS complexes, and paroxysmal tachycardias". Circulation. 43 (5): 667–78. PMID 5578843. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
↑ ^33.0 ^33.1 McGregor A, Hurst E, Lord S, Jones G. "Bradycardia following retinoic acid differentiation syndrome in a patient with acute promyelocytic leukaemia". BMJ Case Rep. doi:10.1136/bcr.02.2012.5848. PMID 22778455.
↑ ^34.0 ^34.1 Cannillo M, Frea S, Fornengo C, Toso E, Mercurio G, Battista S; et al. (2013). "Berberine behind the thriller of marked symptomatic bradycardia". World J Cardiol. 5 (7): 261–4. doi:10.4330/wjc.v5.i7.261. PMC 3722425. PMID 23888197.
↑ ^35.0 ^35.1 Mehlsen J, Kaijer MN, Mehlsen AB (2008). "Autonomic and electrocardiographic changes in cardioinhibitory syncope". Europace. 10 (1): 91–5. doi:10.1093/europace/eum237. PMID 17971422.
↑ ^36.0 ^36.1 Isbister GK (2002). "Delayed asystolic cardiac arrest after diltiazem overdose; resuscitation with high dose intravenous calcium". Emerg Med J. 19 (4): 355–7. PMC 1725910. PMID 12101159.CS1 maint: PMC format (link)
↑ ^37.0 ^37.1 Brembilla-Perrot B, Muhanna I, Nippert M, Popovic B, Beurrier D, Houriez P; et al. (2005). "Paradoxical effect of isoprenaline infusion". Europace. 7 (6): 621–7. doi:10.1016/j.eupc.2005.06.012. PMID 16216767.
↑ ^38.0 ^38.1 Guillén EL, Ruíz AM, Bugallo JB (1998). "Hypotension, bradycardia, and asystole after high-dose intravenous methylprednisolone in a monitored patient". Am J Kidney Dis. 32 (2): E4. PMID 10074612.
↑ ^39.0 ^39.1 Landovitz RJ, Sax PE (1999). "Symptomatic junctional bradycardia after treatment with nelfinavir". Clin Infect Dis. 29 (2): 449–50. doi:10.1086/520237. PMID 10476763.
↑ ^40.0 ^40.1 Zyśko D, Gajek J, Agrawal AK, Rudnicki J (2012). "[The relevance of junctional rhythm during neurocardiogenic reaction provoked by tilt testing]". Kardiol Pol. 70 (2): 148–55. PMID 22427080.
↑ ^41.0 ^41.1 Cohen AS, Matharu MS, Goadsby PJ (2007). "Electrocardiographic abnormalities in patients with cluster headache on verapamil therapy". Neurology. 69 (7): 668–75. doi:10.1212/01.wnl.0000267319.18123.d3. PMID 17698788.

Template:WH Template:WS

[pmid11155380-1] Boujnah MR, Jaafari A, Boukhris B, Boussabah I, Thameur M (2000). "[Sinoatrial block induced by therapeutic doses of diltiazem. Report of 3 cases]". Tunis Med. 78 (12): 735–7. PMID 11155380.

[pmid18274563-2] 2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 Malla RR, Sayami A (2007). "In hospital complications and mortality of patients of inferior wall myocardial infarction with right ventricular infarction". JNMA J Nepal Med Assoc. 46 (167): 99–102. PMID 18274563.

[Van_Bogaert-2003-3] 3.0 ^3.1 ^3.2 ^3.3 Van Bogaert, PP.; Pittoors, F. (2003). "Use-dependent blockade of cardiac pacemaker current (If) by cilobradine and zatebradine". Eur J Pharmacol. 478 (2–3): 161–71. PMID 14575801. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

[pmid2248851-4] 4.0 ^4.1 ^4.2 Bailey PL (1990). "Sinus arrest induced by trivial nasal stimulation during alfentanil-nitrous oxide anaesthesia". Br J Anaesth. 65 (5): 718–20. PMID 2248851.

[pmid15688675-5] 5.0 ^5.1 ^5.2 ^5.3 ^5.4 ^5.5 ^5.6 ^5.7 ^5.8 Mills TA, Kawji MM, Cataldo VD, Pappas ND, O'Meallie LP, Breaux DM; et al. (2004). "Profound sinus bradycardia due to diltiazem, verapamil, and/or beta-adrenergic blocking drugs". J La State Med Soc. 156 (6): 327–31. PMID 15688675.

[pmid1678901-6] 6.0 ^6.1 ^6.2 ^6.3 ^6.4 ^6.5 Lines D, Shipton EA (1991). "Severe bradycardia and sinus arrest after administration of vecuronium, fentanyl and halothane. A case report". S Afr Med J. 80 (4): 200–1. PMID 1678901.

[pmid16792034-7] 7.0 ^7.1 ^7.2 Bonvini RF, Hendiri T, Anwar A (2006). "Sinus arrest and moderate hyperkalemia". Annales De Cardiologie Et D'angéiologie. 55 (3): 161–3. PMID 16792034. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

[pmid23386489-8] 8.0 ^8.1 ^8.2 Koay S, Dewan B (2013). "An unexpected Holter monitor result: multiple sinus arrests in a patient with lateral medullary syndrome". BMJ Case Rep. 2013. doi:10.1136/bcr-2012-007783. PMID 23386489.

[pmid22679160-9] 9.0 ^9.1 van Cleef AN, Schuurman MJ, Busari JO (2011). "Third-degree atrioventricular block in an adolescent following acute alcohol intoxication". BMJ Case Rep. 2011. doi:10.1136/bcr.07.2011.4547. PMID 22679160.

[pmid19918387-10] 10.0 ^10.1 Brvar M, Bunc M (2009). "High-degree atrioventricular block in acute ethanol poisoning: a case report". Cases J. 2: 8559. doi:10.4076/1757-1626-2-8559. PMC 2769457. PMID 19918387.

[pmid18403171-11] 11.0 ^11.1 Wills BK, Liu JM, Wahl M (2010). "Third-degree AV block from extended-release diltiazem ingestion in a nine-month-old". J Emerg Med. 38 (3): 328–31. doi:10.1016/j.jemermed.2007.10.053. PMID 18403171. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

[pmid20979789-12] 12.0 ^12.1 Tian Z, Fang Q, Zhao DC; et al. (2010). "[The clinico-pathological manifestation of cardiac involvement in eosinophilic diseases]". Zhonghua Nei Ke Za Zhi (in Chinese). 49 (8): 684–7. PMID 20979789. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

[pmid9456483-13] Kertesz NJ, Fenrich AL, Friedman RA (1997). "Congenital complete atrioventricular block". Tex Heart Inst J. 24 (4): 301–7. PMC 325472. PMID 9456483.

[pmid18174773-14] 14.0 ^14.1 Lionakis N, Moyssakis I, Gialafos E, Dalianis N, Votteas V (2008). "Aortic dissection and third-degree atrioventricular block in a patient with a hypertensive crisis". J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). 10 (1): 69–72. PMID 18174773. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

[pmid22257810-15] 15.0 ^15.1 Amasyalı B, Barçın C, Kılıç A (2011). "[Supra-His complete atrioventricular block in a patient with subclinical hyperthyroidism]". Turk Kardiyol Dern Ars (in Turkish). 39 (8): 693–6. PMID 22257810. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

[pmid23363714-16] 16.0 ^16.1 Liu R, Qiao SB, Hu FH, Yang WX, Yuan JS (2012). "[Clinical features of five patients with delayed third degree atrioventricular block after ethanol septal ablation for hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy]". Zhonghua Xin Xue Guan Bing Za Zhi (in Chinese). 40 (12): 1009–11. PMID 23363714. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

[pmid22068075-17] 17.0 ^17.1 Sykes JA, Lubega J, Ezetendu C, Verma R, O'Connor B, Kalyanaraman M (2011). "Asymptomatic complete atrioventricular block in a 13-year-old girl". Pediatr Emerg Care. 27 (11): 1081–3. doi:10.1097/PEC.0b013e3182360674. PMID 22068075. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

[www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov-18] 18.0 ^18.1 ^18.2 "Idiopathic heart block: association with vitiligo, thyroid disease, pernicious anaemia, and diabetes mellitus". Retrieved 21 August 2013.

[pmid21125053-19] 19.0 ^19.1 Bhattacharya IS, Dweck M, Francis M (2010). "Lyme carditis: a reversible cause of complete atrioventricular block". J R Coll Physicians Edinb. 40 (2): 121–2. doi:10.4997/JRCPE.2010.207. PMID 21125053. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

[pmid20840915-20] 20.0 ^20.1 Wagner V, Zima E, Gellér L, Merkely B (2010). "[Acute atrioventricular block in chronic Lyme disease]". Orv Hetil (in Hungarian). 151 (39): 1585–90. doi:10.1556/OH.2010.28965. PMID 20840915. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

[pmid20464556-21] 21.0 ^21.1 Semmler D, Blank R, Rupprecht H (2010). "Complete AV block in Lyme carditis: an important differential diagnosis". Clin Res Cardiol. 99 (8): 519–26. doi:10.1007/s00392-010-0152-8. PMID 20464556. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

[pmid23194837-22] 22.0 ^22.1 Facenda-Lorenzo M, Hernández-Afonso J, Rodríguez-Esteban M, de León-Hernández JC, Grillo-Pérez JJ (2012). "Cardiac Manifestations in Myotonic Dystrophy Type 1 Patients Followed Using a Standard Protocol in a Specialized Unit". Rev Esp Cardiol. doi:10.1016/j.recesp.2012.08.011. PMID 23194837. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

[pmid20920962-23] 23.0 ^23.1 Femenía F, Arce M, Arrieta M (2010). "[Systemic sclerosis complicated with syncope and complete AV block]". Medicina (B Aires) (in Spanish; Castilian). 70 (5): 442–4. PMID 20920962.

[pmid23056897-24] 24.0 ^24.1 Maleki AR, Nikyar B, Hosseini SM (2012). "Third-Degree Heart Block in Thalassemia major: A Case Report". Iran J Pediatr. 22 (2): 260–4. PMC 3446065. PMID 23056897. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

[pmid22816548-25] 25.0 ^25.1 Thakar S, Chandra P, Pednekar M, Kabalkin C, Shani J (2012). "Complete heart block following a blow on the chest by a soccer ball: a rare manifestation of commotio cordis". Ann Noninvasive Electrocardiol. 17 (3): 280–2. doi:10.1111/j.1542-474X.2012.00518.x. PMID 22816548. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

[pmid21621364-26] 26.0 ^26.1 Portet N, Riu B, Bounes V, Minville V, Fourcade O (2012). "Left ventricular-right atrial communication with third-degree atrioventricular block after thoracic trauma". J Emerg Med. 43 (6): e385–8. doi:10.1016/j.jemermed.2010.11.059. PMID 21621364. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

[pmid21892927-27] 27.0 ^27.1 Frikha Z, Abid L, Abid D; et al. (2011). "Cardiac tamponade and paroxysmal third-degree atrioventricular block revealing a primary cardiac non-Hodgkin large B-cell lymphoma of the right ventricle: a case report". J Med Case Rep. 5: 433. doi:10.1186/1752-1947-5-433. PMC 3180417. PMID 21892927.

[pmid20605278-28] 28.0 ^28.1 Houchaymi Z, Helou S, Ballout J (2010). "[Pericardial tamponade and third-degree atrioventricular block revealing a primary cardiac lymphoma]". Rev Med Interne (in French). 31 (11): e4–6. doi:10.1016/j.revmed.2010.01.014. PMID 20605278. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

[pmid6707378-29] 29.0 ^29.1 Perloff JK (1984). "Cardiac rhythm and conduction in Duchenne's muscular dystrophy: a prospective study of 20 patients". Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 3 (5): 1263–8. PMID 6707378. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

[pmid3086855-30] 30.0 ^30.1 Efthimiou J, McLelland J, Betteridge DJ (1986). "Short PR intervals and tachyarrhythmias in Fabry's disease". Postgraduate Medical Journal. 62 (726): 285–7. PMC 2418650. PMID 3086855. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

[pmid6693659-31] 31.0 ^31.1 Huang SK, Rosenberg MJ, Denes P (1984). "Short PR interval and narrow QRS complex associated with pheochromocytoma: electrophysiologic observations". Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 3 (3): 872–5. PMID 6693659. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

[pmid5578843-32] 32.0 ^32.1 Castellanos A, Castillo CA, Agha AS, Tessler M (1971). "His bundle electrograms in patients with short P-R intervals, narrow QRS complexes, and paroxysmal tachycardias". Circulation. 43 (5): 667–78. PMID 5578843. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

[pmid22778455-33] 33.0 ^33.1 McGregor A, Hurst E, Lord S, Jones G. "Bradycardia following retinoic acid differentiation syndrome in a patient with acute promyelocytic leukaemia". BMJ Case Rep. doi:10.1136/bcr.02.2012.5848. PMID 22778455.

[pmid23888197-34] 34.0 ^34.1 Cannillo M, Frea S, Fornengo C, Toso E, Mercurio G, Battista S; et al. (2013). "Berberine behind the thriller of marked symptomatic bradycardia". World J Cardiol. 5 (7): 261–4. doi:10.4330/wjc.v5.i7.261. PMC 3722425. PMID 23888197.

[pmid17971422-35] 35.0 ^35.1 Mehlsen J, Kaijer MN, Mehlsen AB (2008). "Autonomic and electrocardiographic changes in cardioinhibitory syncope". Europace. 10 (1): 91–5. doi:10.1093/europace/eum237. PMID 17971422.

[pmid12101159-36] 36.0 ^36.1 Isbister GK (2002). "Delayed asystolic cardiac arrest after diltiazem overdose; resuscitation with high dose intravenous calcium". Emerg Med J. 19 (4): 355–7. PMC 1725910. PMID 12101159.CS1 maint: PMC format (link)

[pmid16216767-37] 37.0 ^37.1 Brembilla-Perrot B, Muhanna I, Nippert M, Popovic B, Beurrier D, Houriez P; et al. (2005). "Paradoxical effect of isoprenaline infusion". Europace. 7 (6): 621–7. doi:10.1016/j.eupc.2005.06.012. PMID 16216767.

[pmid10074612-38] 38.0 ^38.1 Guillén EL, Ruíz AM, Bugallo JB (1998). "Hypotension, bradycardia, and asystole after high-dose intravenous methylprednisolone in a monitored patient". Am J Kidney Dis. 32 (2): E4. PMID 10074612.

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[pmid22427080-40] 40.0 ^40.1 Zyśko D, Gajek J, Agrawal AK, Rudnicki J (2012). "[The relevance of junctional rhythm during neurocardiogenic reaction provoked by tilt testing]". Kardiol Pol. 70 (2): 148–55. PMID 22427080.

[pmid17698788-41] 41.0 ^41.1 Cohen AS, Matharu MS, Goadsby PJ (2007). "Electrocardiographic abnormalities in patients with cluster headache on verapamil therapy". Neurology. 69 (7): 668–75. doi:10.1212/01.wnl.0000267319.18123.d3. PMID 17698788.

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 __NOTOC__
 {{Bradycardia}}
-{{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{MUT}}
+{{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{MUT}}; {{Ochuko}}
 ==Overview==
-Pathologic bradycardias are caused by disorders of impulse generation (impaired automaticity at [[SA node]]), impulse conduction ([[heart block]]) or [[escape pacemaker]]s and rhythms. Bradycardia can be underlain by several causes, which are best divided into cardiac and non-cardiac causes or based on the location of the abnormality. Non-cardiac causes are usually secondary, and can involve recreational drug use; [[endocrine]] disorders ([[hypothyroid]]); [[electrolyte]] imbalance ([[hyperkalemia]]); autonomic reflexes; situational factors (prolonged [[bed rest]]); infections [[lyme disease]]; medications; and [[autoimmune|autoimmunity]] disorders. Cardiac causes include acute or chronic [[ischemic heart disease]], vascular [[heart disease]], [[valvular heart disease]], or degenerative primary electrical disease (fibrosis and calcification of the [[sinus node]] and [[conduction system]]).
+[[Pathological|Pathologic]] [[bradycardias]] are caused by disorders of impulse generation (impaired [[automaticity]] at [[SA node]]), impulse conduction ([[heart block]]), or [[escape pacemaker]]s and rhythms. [[Bradycardia]] can be underlain by several causes, which are best divided into [[cardiac]] and non-cardiac causes or based on the location of the abnormality.
 ==Causes==
-===Life Threatening Causes===
+*Drugs:
+:*[[Agalsidase beta]]
+:*[[Ambenonium]]
+:*[[Aprotinin]]
+:*[[Amobarbital sodium]]
+:*[[Beractant]]
+:*[[Bromocriptine]]
+:*[[Caspofungin acetate]]
+:*[[Calcium gluconate]]
+:*[[Ceritinib]]
+:*[[Cosyntropin]]
+:*[[Crizotinib]]
+:*[[Dolasetron mesylate]]
+:*[[Fosphenytoin sodium ]]
+:*[[Fosaprepitant]]
+:*[[Lanreotide]]
+:*[[Lorcaserin]]
+:*[[Meropenem]]
+:*[[Metipranolol]]
+:*[[Nalmefene]]
+:*[[Pasireotide]]
+:*[[Pergolide]]
+:*[[Pilocarpine]]
+:*[[Poractant Alfa]]
+:*[[Prednisolone]]
+:*[[Secobarbital sodium]]
+:*[[Sodium aurothiomalate]]
+:*[[Trichophyton mentagrophytes and trichophyton rubrum]]
+:*[[vandetanib]]
+==Life Threatening Causes==
 Life-threatening causes include conditions which may result in death or permanent disability within 24 hours if left untreated.
-{{MultiCol}}
+{{columns-list|
 *[[Acute coronary syndrome]]
-* [[Acute myocardial infarction]]
+*[[Acute myocardial infarction]]
 *[[Acute renal failure]]
 *[[Respiratory failure|Acute respiratory failure]]
-* [[Acute rheumatic fever]]
+*[[Acute rheumatic fever]]
-* [[Bacterial endocarditis]]
+*[[Bacterial endocarditis]]
 *[[Beta blockers#Adverse effects|Beta blocker overdose]]
 *[[Carbamate|Carbamate poisoning]]
@@ Line 27: / Line 59: @@
 *[[Intracranial pressure#Increased ICP|Increased intracranial pressure]]
 *[[Lateral medullary syndrome]]
-{{ColBreak}}
 *[[Lily of the Valley|Lily of the valley poisoning]]
 *[[Lithium toxicity]]
 *[[Myocardial infarction]]
 *[[Myocardial rupture]]
-* [[Myocarditis]]
+*[[Myocarditis]]
 *[[Nerve agent|Nerve agent poisoning]] e.g. [[sarin]]
 *[[NSTEMI]]
@@ Line 43: / Line 74: @@
 *[[Septic shock]]
 *[[brain damage|Severe brain injury]]
-* [[hypothermia|Severe hypothermia]]
+*[[hypothermia|Severe hypothermia]]
 *[[STEMI]]
-{{EndMultiCol}}
+}}
-===Common Causes===
+==Common Causes==
 {{col-begin|width=80%}}
 {{col-break|width=33%}}
@@ Line 66: / Line 97: @@
 *[[Complete or Third-Degree AV Block|Complete or third-degree AV block]]
 *[[Congestive heart failure]]
+*[[Coronary artery disease]]
 *[[Coronary ischemia]]
 *[[Degenerative disease]]
@@ Line 75: / Line 107: @@
 *[[Electrolyte imbalance]]
 * [[vagus nerve|Enhanced vagal tone]]
+*[[Fingolimod]]
 *[[First degree AV block]]
 *[[Hashimoto's thyroiditis]]
@@ Line 92: / Line 125: @@
 *[[Ischemic heart disease]]
 *[[mitral valve sclerosis|Massive calcification of the mitral annulus]]
-*Medications ( e.g. [[adenosine]], [[amiodarone]], [[beta-blockers]], [[diltiazem]], [[procainamide]], [[verapamil]])
+*Medications ( e.g. [[adenosine]], [[amiodarone]], [[beta-blockers]], [[diltiazem]], [[metoclopramide]], [[procainamide]], [[verapamil]], [[fingolimod]])
 *[[Methylprednisolone]]
 *[[Myocardial infarction]] <ref name="pmid18274563">{{cite journal |author=Malla RR, Sayami A |title=In hospital complications and mortality of patients of inferior wall myocardial infarction with right ventricular infarction |journal=JNMA J Nepal Med Assoc |volume=46 |issue=167 |pages=99–102 |year=2007 |pmid=18274563 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
+* [[Myocarditis]]
+* [[Nausea]]
+* [[PR interval|Normal variants]]
+* Normal variation in vagal tone
+* [[NSTEMI]]
+* [[Octreotide]]
+* [[Obstructive sleep apnea]]
+* [[organophosphate|Organophosphate poisoning]]
+* [[chest trauma|Penetrating and non-penetrating trauma of the chest]]
+* [[Pericarditis]]
+* [[Phenobarbital]]
+* [[Phenytoin]]
+* [[Premature atrial contractions]]
+* [[Renal failure]]
+* [[Lev's disease|Sclerodegenerative disease of the electrical conduction system]]
+* [[Second degree AV block]]
+* [[Sedative]]
+* [[Sepsis]]
+* [[brain damage|Severe brain injury]]
+* [[Sick sinus syndrome]]
+* [[Sinus arrest]]
+* [[Sinus bradycardia]]
+* [[sinus node disease|Sinus node fibrosis]]
+* [[Sleep]]
+* [[STEMI]]
+* [[Systemic lupus erythematosus]]
+* [[Valvular heart disease]]
+* [[Verapamil]]
+{{col-end}}
+==Causes by Organ System==
+{| style="width:80%; height:100px" border="1"
+| style="width:25%" bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" ; border="1" |'''Cardiovascular'''
+| style="width:75%" bgcolor="Beige" ; border="1" |[[Acute coronary syndrome]],  [[Acute myocardial infarction]],  [[Acute rheumatic fever]],  [[Andersen cardiodysrhythmic periodic paralysis]],  [[Aspergillosis myocarditis]],  [[Atherosclerosis]],  [[Atrial septal defect]],  [[Atrioventricular block]],  [[Brugada syndrome]],  [[Calcific aortic stenosis]],  [[Cardiac arrhythmia]],  [[Cardiac catheterization]],  [[Cardiac glycosides]],  [[Cardiac transplantation]],  [[Cardiac tumor]],  [[Cardioinhibitory syncope]],  [[Cardiomyopathy]],  [[Cardioversion]],  [[Carotid sinus hypersensitivity]],  [[Complete heart block]],  [[Congenital heart block]],  [[Congenital heart disease]],  [[Congestive heart failure]],  [[Coronary artery bypass grafting]],  [[Coronary heart disease]],  [[Coronary ischemia]],  [[Coronary reperfusion therapy]],  [[Diabetes mellitus]],  [[Dilated cardiomyopathy]],  [[Ebstein’s anomaly]],  [[Electrophysiological studies]],  [[Endocardial cushion defect]],  [[Endocarditis]],  [[Enhanced vagal tone]],  [[Fontan procedure]],  [[High fitness level]],  [[Hypersensitive carotid sinus syndrome]],  [[Hypertension]],  [[Hypertensive heart disease]],  [[Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy alcohol septal ablation]],  [[Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy]],  [[Hypervagotonia]],  [[Idiopathic heart block]],  [[Idiopathic hypereosinophilic syndrome]],  [[Infraclavicular brachial plexus block]],  [[Ischemic heart disease]],  [[Isorhythmic a-v dissociation]],  [[Jervell and lange-nielsen syndrome]],  [[Junctional rhythms]],  [[Lateral medullary syndrome]],  [[Left ventricular noncompaction]],  [[Lenegre's disease]],  [[Lev's disease]],  [[Long qt syndrome]],  [[Lown-ganong-levine syndrome]],  [[Lqt type 4]],  [[Lqt4 mutation]],  [[Mahaim fiber tachycardia]],  [[Maze procedure]],  [[Micturition syncope]],  [[Mitral regurgitation]],  [[Mitral stenosis]],  [[Mitral valve prolapse]],  [[Myocardial bridging]],  [[Myocardial contusion]],  [[Myocardial infarction ]] ,  [[Myocardial ischaemia]],  [[Myocardial rupture]],  [[Myocarditis]],  [[Neurocardiogenic syncope]],  [[Noncompaction cardiomyopathy]],  [[Normal variants of pr prolongation]],  [[Normal variation in vagal tone]],  [[Nstemi]],  [[Pacemaker malfunction]],  [[Paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia]],  [[Pericarditis]],  [[Permanent pacemaker]],  [[Peroneal muscular atrophy]],  [[Post aortic valve replacement]],  [[Post catheter ablation for arrhythmias]],  [[Post closure of a ventricular septal defect]],  [[Post mitral valve replacement]],  [[Preexcitation syndrome]],  [[Premature atrial beats]],  [[Pulmonary embolism]],  [[Pulmonary stenosis]],  [[Restrictive cardiomyopathy]],  [[Rheumatic mitral valve disease]],  [[Romano-ward syndrome]],  [[Sick sinus syndrome]],  [[Sinoatrial block]],  [[Sinus arrest]],  [[Sinus bradycardia]],  [[Sinus node disease]],  [[Sinus node fibrosis]],  [[Stemi]],  [[Subarachnoid hemorrhage]],  [[Sustained ventricular tachycardia]],  [[Tachycardia-bradycardia syndrome]],  [[Takotsubo cardiomyopathy]],  [[Tetralogy of fallot]],  [[Tilt testing]],  [[Timothy syndrome]],  [[Trained athletes]],  [[Transcatheter aortic valve implantation]],  [[Transposition of the great vessels]],  [[Vagal maneuvers]],  [[Vagal reaction]],  [[Valsalva maneuver]],  [[Valvular heart disease]],  [[Vasovagal syncope]],  [[Ventricular septal defect]],  [[Wolff-parkinson-white syndrome]]
+|-
+| bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" |'''Chemical/Poisoning'''
+| bgcolor="Beige" |[[5-fluorouracil]],  [[Alcohol intoxication]],  [[All-trans retinoic acid]],  [[Carbamate poisoning]],  [[Carbamates]],  [[Crizotinib toxicity]],  [[Digitalis]],  [[Dimethyl sulfoxide]],  [[Disopyramide]],  [[Fentanyl]],  [[Heart block]],  [[Heart surgery]],  [[Heat exhaustion]],  [[Isoprenaline infusion]],  [[Lily of the valley poisoning]],  [[Magnesium]],  [[Organophosphate poisoning]],  [[Parathion poisoning]],  [[Poisonous spider bites]],  [[Pyrethroid poisoning]],  [[Scorpion toxin]],  [[Toluene sniffing]]
+|-
+|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+|'''Dental'''
+| bgcolor="Beige" |No underlying causes
+|-
+|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+|'''Dermatologic'''
+| bgcolor="Beige" |[[Dermatomyositis]],  [[Obstructive jaundice]]
+|-
+|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+|'''Drug Side Effect'''
+| bgcolor="Beige" |[[Acetylcholine]],  [[Alfentanil]],  [[Ambenonium]],  [[Amiodarone]],  [[Amlodipine]],  [[Amphetamines]],  [[Anidulafungin]],  [[Anthracyclines]],  [[Antiarrhythmic drugs]],  [[Atenolol]],  [[Atetylcholine]],  [[Barbiturate]],  [[Berberine]],  [[Beta-blockers]],  [[Bethanechol]],  [[Bortezomib]],  [[Bupivacaine]],  [[Calcium channel blocker]],  [[Cannabis]],  [[Carbamazepine]],  [[Celecoxib]],  [[Ceritinib]],  [[Certain medications]],  [[Cilobradine]],  [[Cimetidine]],  [[Citalopram]],  [[Clonidine]],  [[Cocaine]],  [[Dapoxetine]],  [[Daunorubicin]],  [[Deserpidine]],  [[Dexmedetomidine]],  [[Digoxin]],  [[Diltiazem]],  [[Diphenhydramine]],  [[Distigmine]],  [[Dobutamine]],  [[Dolasetron]],  [[Donepezil]],  [[Doxorubicin]],  [[Dronedarone]],  [[Drugs]],  [[Edrophonium]],  [[Ephedrine]],  [[Epirubicin]],  [[Eslicarbazepine acetate]],  [[Febuxostat]],  [[Fesoterodine]],  [[Fingolimod]],  [[Flecainide]],  [[Flumazenil]],  [[Fluoxetine]],  [[Fluvoxamine]],  [[Fosphenytoin]],  [[Granisetron]],  [[Grayanotoxin]],  [[Guanethidine]],  [[Guanfacine]],  [[H2 receptor antagonist]],  [[Halothane]],  [[Hyoscyamine]],  [[Ibutilide]],  [[Idarubicin]],  [[Isoproterenol]],  [[Ivabradine]],  [[Labetalol]],  [[Lacosamide]],  [[Lanatoside c]],  [[Lanreotide]],  [[Lidocaine]],  [[Lithium]],  [[Lofexidine]],  [[Medications]],  [[Mefloquine]],  [[Mepivacaine]],  [[Mesalamine]],  [[Methyldopa]],  [[Methylprednisolone]],  [[Mexiletine]],  [[Morphine]],  [[Muscarine]],  [[Nadolol]],  [[Nefazodone]],  [[Nelfinavir]],  [[Neostigmine]],  [[Nerve agent]],  [[Nicorandil]],  [[Paclitaxel]],  [[Paliperidone]],  [[Palonosetron]],  [[Phenothiazine]],  [[Phenylephrine]],  [[Phenytoin]],  [[Physostigmine]],  [[Procainamide]],  [[Propafenone]],  [[Propanolol]],  [[Propofol]],  [[Propoxyphene]],  [[Propranolol]],  [[Pyridostigmine]],  [[Quinidine]],  [[Rabeprazole]],  [[Regadenoson]],  [[Remifentanil]],  [[Rescinnamine]],  [[Reserpine]],  [[Rilmenidine]],  [[Ropivacaine]],  [[Salbutamol]],  [[Sedative]],  [[Somatostatin]],  [[Sotalol]],  [[Sufentanil]],  [[Suxamethonium]],  [[Sympathomimetic agents]],  [[Tacrine]],  [[Tacrolimus]],  [[Terodiline]],  [[Theophylline]],  [[Thiamylal]],  [[Thiazides]],  [[Timolol]],  [[Tolterodine]],  [[Topical cocaine]],  [[Tramadol]],  [[Tricyclic antidepressants]],  [[Urapidil]],  [[Vecuronium]],  [[Verapamil]],  [[Veratridine (false hellebore)]],  [[Zaleplon]],  [[Zatebradine]]
+|-
+|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+|'''Ear Nose Throat'''
+| bgcolor="Beige" |[[Esophageal or nasopharyngeal stimulation]],  [[Sjogren's syndrome]]
+|-
+|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+|'''Endocrine'''
+| bgcolor="Beige" |[[Cretinism]],  [[Cushing's syndrome]],  [[Hashimoto's thyroiditis]],  [[Hyperthyroidism]],  [[Hypothyroidism]],  [[Myxedema]],  [[Profound hypothyroidism]],  [[Thyrotoxic periodic paralysis]],  [[Thyrotoxicosis]]
+|-
+|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+|'''Environmental'''
+| bgcolor="Beige" |No underlying causes
+|-
+|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+|'''Gastroenterologic'''
+| bgcolor="Beige" |[[Nausea]], [[Vomiting]]
+|-
+|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+|'''Genetic'''
+| bgcolor="Beige" |[[Becker muscular dystrophy]],  [[Fabry disease]],  [[Hcm]],  [[Hcn4 mutation]],  [[Hereditary neuromuscular disease]],  [[Jervell and lange-nielsen syndrome]],  [[Kearns-sayre syndrome]],  [[Mitochondrial genome inherited conditions]],  [[Nail-patella syndrome]],  [[Scn5a mutation]],  [[Timothy syndrome]],  [[X-linked inherited conditions]]
+|-
+|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+|'''Hematologic'''
+| bgcolor="Beige" |[[Anemia]],  [[Churg-strauss syndrome]],  [[Hemochromatosis]],  [[Hypercalcemia]],  [[Hypercapnia]],  [[Hyperkalemia]],  [[Hypermagnesemia]],  [[Hypocalcemia]],  [[Hypoglycemia]],  [[Hypokalemia]],  [[Hypomagnesemia]],  [[Hypoxia]],  [[Sepsis]],  [[Thalassemia major]]
+|-
+|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+|'''Iatrogenic'''
+| bgcolor="Beige" |No underlying causes
+|-
+|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+|'''Infectious Disease'''
+| bgcolor="Beige" |[[Aspergillosis myocarditis]],  [[Brucellosis]],  [[Chagas disease]],  [[Dengue fever]],  [[Diptheria]],  [[Legionellosis]],  [[Leptospirosis]],  [[Lyme disease]],  [[Malaria]],  [[Meningitis]],  [[Pneumonia]],  [[Protozoal infection]],  [[Q fever]],  [[Rabies]],  [[Rocky mountain spotted fever]],  [[Salmonellosis]],  [[Sepsis]],  [[Septic shock]],  [[Trichinosis]],  [[Tuberculosis]],  [[Typhoid fever]],  [[Typhus]],  [[Varicella zoster]],  [[Viral hemorrhagic fever]],  [[Yellow fever]]
+|-
+|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+|'''Musculoskeletal/Orthopedic'''
+| bgcolor="Beige" |[[Arnold-chiari malformation]],  [[Dermatomyositis]],  [[Duchenne's muscular dystrophy]],  [[Emery-dreifuss muscular dystrophy, x-linked]],  [[Erb's dystrophy]],  [[Hereditary neuromuscular disease]],  [[Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy type 1b (lgmd1b)]],  [[Mitochondrial myopathy]],  [[Muscular dystrophy]],  [[Myotonic dystrophy]],  [[Myotonic muscular dystrophy]]
+|-
+|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+|'''Neurologic'''
+| bgcolor="Beige" |[[Bezold-jarisch reflex]],  [[Degenerative diseases]],  [[Diabetic neuropathy]],  [[Epilepsy]],  [[Friedreich ataxia]],  [[Increased intracranial pressure]],  [[Miller-dieker syndrome]],  [[Neurocardiogenic syncope]],  [[Raised intracranial pressure]],  [[Severe brain injury]],  [[Sleep apnea]],  [[Sleep]],  [[Timothy syndrome]]
+|-
+|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+|'''Nutritional/Metabolic'''
+| bgcolor="Beige" |[[Cerebral edema]],  [[Diabetes mellitus]],  [[Diabetic ketoacidosis]],  [[Diabetic neuropathy]],  [[Glycogen storage disease type ii]],  [[Glycogenosis type 2b]],  [[Hypoglycemia]],  [[Kwashiorkor]],  [[Malnutrition]],  [[Metabolic acidosis]],  [[Obesity]],  [[Pompe disease]],  [[Severe anorexia nervosa]],  [[Starvation]],  [[Very low birth weight infants]]
+|-
+|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+|'''Obstetric/Gynecologic'''
+| bgcolor="Beige" |[[Fetal distress]],  [[Pregnancy]]
+|-
+|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+|'''Oncologic'''
+| bgcolor="Beige" |[[Hodgkin disease]],  [[Hodgkin lymphoma]],  [[Multiple myeloma]],  [[Pheochromocytoma]],  [[Tumor lysis syndrome]],  [[Tumor]]
+|-
+|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+|'''Ophthalmologic'''
+| bgcolor="Beige" |No underlying causes
+|-
+|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+|'''Overdose/Toxicity'''
+| bgcolor="Beige" |No underlying causes
+|-
+|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+|'''Psychiatric'''
+| bgcolor="Beige" |[[Anorexia nervosa]],  [[Severe anorexia nervosa]]
+|-
+|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+|'''Pulmonary'''
+| bgcolor="Beige" |[[Acute respiratory failure]], [[Altitude sickness]], [[Breath holding spells]], [[Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease]], [[Cough syncope]], [[Decompression sickness]], [[Drowning]], [[Obstructive sleep apnea]], [[Post lung transplantation]], [[Pulmonary embolism]], [[Pulmonary stenosis]], [[Sarcoidosis]], [[Sleep apnea]], [[Tuberculosis]]
+|-
+|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+|'''Renal/Electrolyte'''
+| bgcolor="Beige" |[[Acute renal failure]], [[Amyloidosis]], [[Chronic renal failure]], [[Electrolyte disturbances]], [[Hyperkalemia]], [[Hypokalemia]], [[Renal failure]]
+|-
+|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+|'''Rheumatology/Immunology/Allergy'''
+| bgcolor="Beige" |[[Acute rheumatic fever]], [[Ankylosing spondylitis]], [[Churg-strauss syndrome]], [[Neonatal lupus erythematosus]], [[Reiter's syndrome]], [[Relapsing polychondritis]], [[Rheumatic fever]], [[Rheumatic mitral valve disease]], [[Rheumatoid arthritis]], [[Sarcoidosis]], [[Scleroderma]], [[Sinus node fibrosis]], [[Sjogren's syndrome]], [[Systemic lupus erythematosus]], [[Systemic sclerosis]]
+|-
+|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+|'''Sexual'''
+| bgcolor="Beige" |No underlying causes
+|-
+|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+|'''Trauma'''
+| bgcolor="Beige" |[[Cervical spine injury]], [[Electric shock]], [[Hypothermia]], [[Pain]], [[Septic shock]], [[Severe brain injury]], [[Spinal cord injury, acute]], [[Starvation]], [[Surgical trauma]], [[Trauma]]
+|-
+|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+|'''Urologic'''
+| bgcolor="Beige" |No underlying causes
+|-
+|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+|'''Miscellaneous'''
+| bgcolor="Beige" |[[Aging]],  [[Defecation]],  [[Idiopathic]]
+|-
+|}
+==Causes Based on Pathophysiologic Origin of Impulse==
+===From the Atria===
+====Respiratory Sinus Arrhythmia====
+*[[Anidulafungin]]
+*[[Atherosclerosis]]
+*[[Congestive heart failure]]
+*[[Digitalis]]
+*[[Guanfacine]]
+*[[Hypercapnia]]
+*[[Morphine]]
+*[[Myocardial infarction]]
+*Normal variation in vagal tone
+====Sinus bradycardia====
+{{col-begin|width=80%}}
+{{col-break|width=33%}}
+*[[Aging]]
+*[[Alfentanil]]
+*[[Altitude sickness]]
+*[[Ambenonium ]]
+*[[Amiodarone]]
+*[[Amyloidosis]]
+*[[Anorexia nervosa]]
+*[[Arnold-Chiari malformation]]
+*[[Atenolol]]
+*[[Babesiosis]]
+*[[Bethanechol]]
+*[[Bezold-Jarisch reflex]]
+*[[Brucellosis]]
+*[[Bupivacaine]]
+*[[Calcium channel blocker]]
+*[[Carbamate|Carbamate poisoning]]
+*[[Cardiac catheterization]]
+*[[Cardiac transplantation]]
+*[[Carotid sinus hypersensitivity]]
+*[[Celecoxib]]
+*[[Cerebral edema]]
+*[[Cervical spine injury]]
+*[[Chagas disease]]
+*Cilobradine<ref name="Van Bogaert-2003">{{Cite journal  | last1 = Van Bogaert | first1 = PP. | last2 = Pittoors | first2 = F. | title = Use-dependent blockade of cardiac pacemaker current (If) by cilobradine and zatebradine. | journal = Eur J Pharmacol | volume = 478 | issue = 2-3 | pages = 161-71 | month = Oct | year = 2003 | doi =  | PMID = 14575801 }}</ref>
+*[[Citalopram]]
+*[[Clonidine]]
+*[[Cough syncope]]
+*[[Cretinism]]
+*[[Crizotinib|Crizotinib toxicity]]
+*[[Decompression sickness]]
+*[[Defecation]]
+*[[Dengue fever]]
+*[[Deserpidine ]]
+*[[Diabetic neuropathy]]
+*[[Digitalis toxicity]]
+*[[Diltiazem]]
+*[[Dimethyl sulfoxide]]
+*[[Diptheria]]
+*[[Distigmine]]
+*[[Dronedarone]]
+*[[Drowning]]
+*[[Electric shock]]
+*[[Endocarditis]]
+*[[Epilepsy]]
+*[[Febuxostat]]
+*[[Fentanyl]]
+*[[Fingolimod]]
+*[[Flecainide]]
+*[[Fluoxetine]]
+{{col-break|width=33%}}
+*[[Fluvoxamine]]
+*[[Fosphenytoin]]
+*[[Grayanotoxin]]
+*[[Guanethidine]]
+*[[H2 receptor antagonist]]
+*[[HCN4|HCN4 mutation]]
+*[[Hemochromatosis]]
+*[[Hypercalcemia]]
+*[[Hypercapnia]]
+*[[Hyperkalemia]]
+*[[Hypermagnesemia]]
+*[[Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy]]
+*[[Hypoglycemia]]
+*[[Hypokalemia]]
+*[[Hypothermia]]
+*[[Hypothyroidism]]
+*[[Ibutilide|Ibutilide toxicity]]
+*[[Intracranial pressure#Increased ICP|Increased intracranial pressure]]
+*[[Ivabradine]]
+*[[Kwashiorkor]]
+*[[Lanreotide]]
+*[[Left ventricular noncompaction]]
+*[[Legionellosis]]
+*[[Leptospirosis]]
+*[[Lidocaine]]
+*[[Lily of the Valley|Lily of the valley poisoning]]
+*[[Lithium toxicity]]
+*[[Lofexidine]]
+*[[LQT4|LQT4 mutation]]
+*[[Lyme disease]]
+*[[Malaria]]
+*[[Mefloquine]]
+*[[Meningitis]]
+*[[Methocarbamol]]
+*[[Methyldopa]]
+*[[Mexiletine]]
+*[[Micturition syncope]]
+*[[Miller-Dieker syndrome]]
+*[[Muscarine]]
+*[[Myocardial infarction]]
 *[[Myocarditis]]
+*[[Myotonic dystrophy]]
+*[[Nadolol]]
 *[[Nausea]]
-* [[PR interval|Normal variants]]
+*[[Nefazodone]]
-*Normal variation in vagal tone
+*[[Neonatal lupus erythematosus]]
-*[[NSTEMI]]
+*[[Neostigmine]]
+*[[Nerve agent]]
 *[[Obstructive sleep apnea]]
-*[[organophosphate|Organophosphate poisoning]]
+*[[Organophosphates]]
-* [[chest trauma|Penetrating and non-penetrating trauma of the chest]]
+{{col-break|width=33%}}
+*[[Paclitaxel]]
+*[[Palonosetron]]
 *[[Pericarditis]]
-*[[Phenytoin]]
+*[[Physostigmine]]
-*[[Premature atrial contractions]]
+*[[Pregnancy]]
-*[[Renal failure]]
+*[[Procainamide]]
-* [[Lev's disease|Sclerodegenerative disease of the electrical conduction system]]
+*[[Propranolol]]
-*[[Second degree AV block]]
+*[[Q fever]]
+*[[Quinidine]]
+*[[Rabeprazole]]
+*[[Rabies]]
+*[[Regadenoson]]
+*[[Reserpine]]
+*[[Rheumatic fever]]
+*[[Rheumatoid arthritis]]
+*[[Rocky mountain spotted fever]]
+*[[Sarcoidosis]]
+*[[Scleroderma]]
+*[[Nav1.5|SCN5A mutation]]
 *[[Sedative]]
 *[[Sepsis]]
+*[[Sick sinus syndrome]]
+*[[Sleep]]
+*[[Somatostatin]]
+*[[Sotalol]]
+*[[Starvation]]
+*[[Subarachnoid hemorrhage]]
+*[[Sufentanil]]
+*[[Suxamethonium]]
+*[[Systemic lupus erythematosus]]
+*[[Toluene|Toluene sniffing]]
+*[[Cocaine|Topical cocaine]]
+*[[Physical exercise|Trained athletes]]
+*[[Transcatheter aortic valve implantation]]
+*[[Trichinosis]]
+*[[Tumor lysis syndrome]]
+*[[Typhoid fever]]
+*[[Typhus]]
+*[[Valsalva maneuver]]
+*[[Vasovagal syncope]]
+*[[Verapamil]]
+*[[Veratridine|Veratridine (false hellebore)]]
+*[[Viral hemorrhagic fever]]
+*[[Vomiting ]]
+*[[Yellow fever]]
+*[[Zaleplon]]
+*Zatebradine<ref name="Van Bogaert-2003">{{Cite journal  | last1 = Van Bogaert | first1 = PP. | last2 = Pittoors | first2 = F. | title = Use-dependent blockade of cardiac pacemaker current (If) by cilobradine and zatebradine. | journal = Eur J Pharmacol | volume = 478 | issue = 2-3 | pages = 161-71 | month = Oct | year = 2003 | doi =  | PMID = 14575801 }}</ref>
+{{col-end}}
+====Sinoatrial block====
+{{col-begin|width=80%}}
+{{col-break|width=33%}}
+*[[Acetylcholine]]
+*[[Acute coronary syndrome]]
+*[[Acute renal failure]]
+*[[Acute rheumatic fever]]
+*[[Alfentanil]]<ref name="pmid2248851">{{cite journal| author=Bailey PL| title=Sinus arrest induced by trivial nasal stimulation during alfentanil-nitrous oxide anaesthesia. | journal=Br J Anaesth | year= 1990 | volume= 65 | issue= 5 | pages= 718-20 | pmid=2248851 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=2248851  }} </ref>
+*[[Amiodarone]]
+*[[Amyloidosis]]
+*[[Andersen cardiodysrhythmic periodic paralysis]]
+*[[Anthracyclines]]
+*[[Antiarrhythmic drugs]]
+*[[Barbiturate]]
+*[[Berberine]]
+*[[Beta-blockers]]<ref name="pmid15688675">{{cite journal| author=Mills TA, Kawji MM, Cataldo VD, Pappas ND, O'Meallie LP, Breaux DM et al.| title=Profound sinus bradycardia due to diltiazem, verapamil, and/or beta-adrenergic blocking drugs. | journal=J La State Med Soc | year= 2004 | volume= 156 | issue= 6 | pages= 327-31 | pmid=15688675 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15688675  }} </ref>
+*[[Bortezomib]]
+*[[Brugada syndrome]]
+*[[Bupivacaine]]
+*[[Calcium channel blockers]]
+*[[Carbamazepine]]
+*[[Cardiac catheterization]]
+*[[cardiac tumor#heart in lymphomas|Cardiac lymphoma]]
+*[[Cardiac transplantation]]
+*[[Cardiac tumor]]
+*[[Carotid sinus hypersensitivity|Cardioinhibitory syncope]]
+*[[Chagas disease]]
+*[[Cholinesterase inhibitors]]
+*[[Clonidine]]
+*[[Congenital heart disease]]
+*[[Congestive heart failure]]
+*[[Coronary artery bypass grafting]]
+*[[reperfusion injury|Coronary reperfusion therapy]]
+*[[Dexmedetomidine]]
+*[[Diabetic ketoacidosis]]
+*[[Digoxin]]
+*[[Dilated cardiomyopathy]]
+*[[Diptheria]]
+*[[Diltiazem]]<ref name="pmid15688675">{{cite journal| author=Mills TA, Kawji MM, Cataldo VD, Pappas ND, O'Meallie LP, Breaux DM et al.| title=Profound sinus bradycardia due to diltiazem, verapamil, and/or beta-adrenergic blocking drugs. | journal=J La State Med Soc | year= 2004 | volume= 156 | issue= 6 | pages= 327-31 | pmid=15688675 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15688675  }} </ref>
+*[[Edrophonium]]
+*[[Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy]]
+*[[Fentanyl]]
+*[[Fontan procedure]]
+*[[Granisetron]]
+{{col-break|width=33%}}
+*[[Grayanotoxin]]
+*[[Guanethidine]]
+*[[Guanfacine]]
+*[[Halothane]]<ref name="pmid1678901">{{cite journal| author=Lines D, Shipton EA| title=Severe bradycardia and sinus arrest after administration of vecuronium, fentanyl and halothane. A case report. | journal=S Afr Med J | year= 1991 | volume= 80 | issue= 4 | pages= 200-1 | pmid=1678901 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=1678901  }} </ref>
+*[[Heart surgery]]
+*[[Hyperkalemia]]<ref name="pmid16792034">{{cite journal |author=Bonvini RF, Hendiri T, Anwar A |title=Sinus arrest and moderate hyperkalemia |journal=[[Annales De Cardiologie Et D'angéiologie]] |volume=55 |issue=3 |pages=161–3 |year=2006 |month=June |pmid=16792034 |doi= |url= |issn=}}</ref>
+*[[Hypermagnesemia]]
+*[[Hypertensive heart disease]]
+*[[Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy]]
+*[[Hypothermia]]
+*[[Hypoxia]]
+*[[Ibutilide]]
+*[[Idarubicin]]
+*[[regional anesthesia|Infraclavicular brachial plexus block]]
+*[[Ischemic heart disease]]
+*[[Jervell and Lange-Nielsen syndrome]]
+*[[Lacosamide]]
+*[[Lateral medullary syndrome]]<ref name="pmid23386489">{{cite journal| author=Koay S, Dewan B| title=An unexpected Holter monitor result: multiple sinus arrests in a patient with lateral medullary syndrome. | journal=BMJ Case Rep | year= 2013 | volume= 2013 | issue=  | pages=  | pmid=23386489 | doi=10.1136/bcr-2012-007783 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23386489  }} </ref>
+*[[Lidocaine]]
+*[[Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy|Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy type 1B (LGMD1B)]]
+*[[Lithium]]
+*[[Long QT syndrome]]
+*[[Lyme disease]]
+*[[Magnesium]]
+*[[Maze procedure]]
+*[[Mepivacaine]]
+*[[Mesalamine]]
+*[[Metabolic acidosis]]
+*[[Methyldopa]]
+*[[Muscular dystrophy]]
+*[[Myocardial infarction]]
+*[[Myocardial rupture]]
+*[[Myocarditis]]
+*[[Myotonic dystrophy]]
+*[[Neostigmine]]
+*[[NSTEMI]]
+*[[organophosphate|Organophosphorus poisoning]]
+*[[parathion|Parathion poisoning]]
+*[[Paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia]]
+*[[Pericarditis]]
+*[[Phenothiazine]]
+{{col-break|width=33%}}
+*[[Phenytoin]]
+*[[Pheochromocytoma]]
+*[[spider bite#spider venom|Poisonous spider bites]]
+*[[catheter ablation|Post catheter ablation for arrhythmias]]
+*[[Procainamide]]
+*[[hypothyroidism|Profound hypothyroidism]]
+*[[Propafenone]]
+*[[Propofol]]
+*[[pyrethroid|Pyrethroid poisoning]]
+*[[Pyridostigmine]]
+*[[Remifentanil]]
+*[[Rescinnamine]]
+*[[Reserpine]]
+*[[Rilmenidine]]
+*[[Romano-Ward syndrome]]
+*[[Ropivacaine]]
+*[[Sarcoidosis]]
+*[[Scleroderma]]
+*[[Arizona bark scorpion|Scorpion toxin]]
+*[[Septic shock]]
+*[[anorexia nervosa|Severe anorexia nervosa]]
+*[[brain damage|Severe brain injury]]
+*[[Sick sinus syndrome]]
+*[[Sinus bradycardia]]
+*[[Sinus node disease|Sinus node fibrosis]]
+*[[Sjogren's syndrome]]
+*[[Sleep apnea]]
+*[[STEMI]]
+*[[Systemic lupus erythematosus]]
+*[[Tachycardia-bradycardia syndrome]]
+*[[Tacrine]]
+*[[Takotsubo cardiomyopathy]]
+*[[Thiamylal]]
+*[[periodic  paralysis|Thyrotoxic periodic paralysis]]
+*[[Timolol]]
+*[[Timothy syndrome]]
+*[[Tuberculosis]]
+*[[Vagal reaction]]
+*[[Valvular heart disease]]
+*[[Vecuronium]]<ref name="pmid1678901">{{cite journal| author=Lines D, Shipton EA| title=Severe bradycardia and sinus arrest after administration of vecuronium, fentanyl and halothane. A case report. | journal=S Afr Med J | year= 1991 | volume= 80 | issue= 4 | pages= 200-1 | pmid=1678901 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=1678901  }} </ref>
+*[[Verapamil]]<ref name="pmid15688675">{{cite journal| author=Mills TA, Kawji MM, Cataldo VD, Pappas ND, O'Meallie LP, Breaux DM et al.| title=Profound sinus bradycardia due to diltiazem, verapamil, and/or beta-adrenergic blocking drugs. | journal=J La State Med Soc | year= 2004 | volume= 156 | issue= 6 | pages= 327-31 | pmid=15688675 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15688675  }} </ref>
+{{col-end}}
+====Sinus arrest====
+{{col-begin|width=80%}}
+{{col-break|width=33%}}
+*[[Acetylcholine]]
+*[[Acute coronary syndrome]]
+*[[Acute renal failure]]
+*[[Acute rheumatic fever]]
+*[[Alfentanil]]<ref name="pmid2248851">{{cite journal| author=Bailey PL| title=Sinus arrest induced by trivial nasal stimulation during alfentanil-nitrous oxide anaesthesia. | journal=Br J Anaesth | year= 1990 | volume= 65 | issue= 5 | pages= 718-20 | pmid=2248851 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=2248851  }} </ref>
+*[[Amiodarone]]
+*[[Amyloidosis]]
+*[[Andersen cardiodysrhythmic periodic paralysis]]
+*[[Anthracyclines]]
+*[[Antiarrhythmic drugs]]
+*[[Barbiturate]]
+*[[Berberine]]
+*[[Beta-blockers]]<ref name="pmid15688675">{{cite journal| author=Mills TA, Kawji MM, Cataldo VD, Pappas ND, O'Meallie LP, Breaux DM et al.| title=Profound sinus bradycardia due to diltiazem, verapamil, and/or beta-adrenergic blocking drugs. | journal=J La State Med Soc | year= 2004 | volume= 156 | issue= 6 | pages= 327-31 | pmid=15688675 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15688675  }} </ref>
+*[[Bortezomib]]
+*[[Brugada syndrome]]
+*[[Bupivacaine]]
+*[[Calcium channel blockers]]
+*[[Carbamazepine]]
+*[[Cardiac catheterization]]
+*[[cardiac tumor#heart in lymphomas|Cardiac lymphoma]]
+*[[Cardiac transplantation]]
+*[[Cardiac tumor]]
+*[[Carotid sinus hypersensitivity|Cardioinhibitory syncope]]
+*[[Chagas disease]]
+*[[Cholinesterase inhibitors]]
+*[[Clonidine]]
+*[[Congenital heart disease]]
+*[[Congestive heart failure]]
+*[[Coronary artery bypass grafting]]
+*[[reperfusion injury|Coronary reperfusion therapy]]
+*[[Dexmedetomidine]]
+*[[Diabetic ketoacidosis]]
+*[[Digoxin]]
+*[[Dilated cardiomyopathy]]
+*[[Diptheria]]
+*[[Diltiazem]]<ref name="pmid15688675">{{cite journal| author=Mills TA, Kawji MM, Cataldo VD, Pappas ND, O'Meallie LP, Breaux DM et al.| title=Profound sinus bradycardia due to diltiazem, verapamil, and/or beta-adrenergic blocking drugs. | journal=J La State Med Soc | year= 2004 | volume= 156 | issue= 6 | pages= 327-31 | pmid=15688675 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15688675  }} </ref>
+*[[Edrophonium]]
+*[[Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy]]
+*[[Fentanyl]]
+*[[Fontan procedure]]
+*[[Granisetron]]
+{{col-break|width=33%}}
+*[[Grayanotoxin]]
+*[[Guanethidine]]
+*[[Guanfacine]]
+*[[Halothane]]<ref name="pmid1678901">{{cite journal| author=Lines D, Shipton EA| title=Severe bradycardia and sinus arrest after administration of vecuronium, fentanyl and halothane. A case report. | journal=S Afr Med J | year= 1991 | volume= 80 | issue= 4 | pages= 200-1 | pmid=1678901 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=1678901  }} </ref>
+*[[Heart surgery]]
+*[[Hyperkalemia]]<ref name="pmid16792034">{{cite journal |author=Bonvini RF, Hendiri T, Anwar A |title=Sinus arrest and moderate hyperkalemia |journal=[[Annales De Cardiologie Et D'angéiologie]] |volume=55 |issue=3 |pages=161–3 |year=2006 |month=June |pmid=16792034 |doi= |url= |issn=}}</ref>
+*[[Hypermagnesemia]]
+*[[Hypertensive heart disease]]
+*[[Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy]]
+*[[Hypothermia]]
+*[[Hypoxia]]
+*[[Ibutilide]]
+*[[Idarubicin]]
+*[[regional anesthesia|Infraclavicular brachial plexus block]]
+*[[Ischemic heart disease]]
+*[[Jervell and Lange-Nielsen syndrome]]
+*[[Lacosamide]]
+*[[Lateral medullary syndrome]]<ref name="pmid23386489">{{cite journal| author=Koay S, Dewan B| title=An unexpected Holter monitor result: multiple sinus arrests in a patient with lateral medullary syndrome. | journal=BMJ Case Rep | year= 2013 | volume= 2013 | issue=  | pages=  | pmid=23386489 | doi=10.1136/bcr-2012-007783 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23386489  }} </ref>
+*[[Lidocaine]]
+*[[Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy|Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy type 1B (LGMD1B)]]
+*[[Lithium]]
+*[[Long QT syndrome]]
+*[[Lyme disease]]
+*[[Magnesium]]
+*[[Maze procedure]]
+*[[Mepivacaine]]
+*[[Mesalamine]]
+*[[Metabolic acidosis]]
+*[[Methyldopa]]
+*[[Muscular dystrophy]]
+*[[Myocardial infarction]]
+*[[Myocardial rupture]]
+*[[Myocarditis]]
+*[[Myotonic dystrophy]]
+*[[Neostigmine]]
+*[[NSTEMI]]
+*[[organophosphate|Organophosphorus poisoning]]
+*[[parathion|Parathion poisoning]]
+*[[Paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia]]
+*[[Pericarditis]]
+*[[Phenothiazine]]
+{{col-break|width=33%}}
+*[[Phenytoin]]
+*[[Pheochromocytoma]]
+*[[spider bite#spider venom|Poisonous spider bites]]
+*[[catheter ablation|Post catheter ablation for arrhythmias]]
+*[[Procainamide]]
+*[[hypothyroidism|Profound hypothyroidism]]
+*[[Propafenone]]
+*[[Propofol]]
+*[[pyrethroid|Pyrethroid poisoning]]
+*[[Pyridostigmine]]
+*[[Remifentanil]]
+*[[Rescinnamine]]
+*[[Reserpine]]
+*[[Rilmenidine]]
+*[[Romano-Ward syndrome]]
+*[[Ropivacaine]]
+*[[Sarcoidosis]]
+*[[Scleroderma]]
+*[[Arizona bark scorpion|Scorpion toxin]]
+*[[Septic shock]]
+*[[anorexia nervosa|Severe anorexia nervosa]]
 *[[brain damage|Severe brain injury]]
 *[[Sick sinus syndrome]]
-*[[Sinus arrest]]
 *[[Sinus bradycardia]]
+*[[Sinus node disease|Sinus node fibrosis]]
+*[[Sjogren's syndrome]]
+*[[Sleep apnea]]
+*[[STEMI]]
+*[[Systemic lupus erythematosus]]
+*[[Tachycardia-bradycardia syndrome]]
+*[[Tacrine]]
+*[[Takotsubo cardiomyopathy]]
+*[[Thiamylal]]
+*[[periodic  paralysis|Thyrotoxic periodic paralysis]]
+*[[Timolol]]
+*[[Timothy syndrome]]
+*[[Tuberculosis]]
+*[[Vagal reaction]]
+*[[Valvular heart disease]]
+*[[Vecuronium]]<ref name="pmid1678901">{{cite journal| author=Lines D, Shipton EA| title=Severe bradycardia and sinus arrest after administration of vecuronium, fentanyl and halothane. A case report. | journal=S Afr Med J | year= 1991 | volume= 80 | issue= 4 | pages= 200-1 | pmid=1678901 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=1678901  }} </ref>
+*[[Verapamil]]<ref name="pmid15688675">{{cite journal| author=Mills TA, Kawji MM, Cataldo VD, Pappas ND, O'Meallie LP, Breaux DM et al.| title=Profound sinus bradycardia due to diltiazem, verapamil, and/or beta-adrenergic blocking drugs. | journal=J La State Med Soc | year= 2004 | volume= 156 | issue= 6 | pages= 327-31 | pmid=15688675 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15688675  }} </ref>
+{{col-end}}
+====Sick sinus syndrome====
+{{MultiCol}}
+*[[Amiodarone]]
+*[[Amyloidosis]]
+*[[Antiarrhythmics]]
+*[[Atherosclerosis]]
+*[[Atrial septal defect]]
+*[[Beta blockers]]
+*[[Calcium channel blockers]]
+*[[cardiac surgery|Cardiac surgery in children]]
+*[[Cardiomyopathies]]
+*[[Carotid sinus hypersensitivity]]
+*[[Chagas disease]]
+*[[Cimetidine]]
+*[[Clonidine]]
+*[[Congenital heart disease]]
+*[[Coronary artery disease]]
+*[[Digitalis]]
+*[[Diphtheria]]
+*[[Disopyramide]]
+*[[Ebstein anomaly]]
+*[[Electrolyte imbalance]]
+*[[Friedreich ataxia]]
+*[[Grayanotoxin]]
+*[[Guanethidine]]
+*[[HCN4|HCN4 mutation]]
+*[[Hemochromatosis]]
+*[[Hyperkalemia]]
+*[[Hypertension]]
+*[[Hypocalcemia]]
+*[[Hypothermia]]
+*[[Hypothyroidism]]
+{{ColBreak}}
+*[[Hypoxia]]
+*[[Idiopathic]]
+*[[Ischemic heart disease]]
+*[[Lanatoside C]]
+*[[Lidocaine]]
+*[[Lithium]]
+*[[Lyme disease]]
+*[[Methyldopa]]
+*[[Muscular dystrophy]]
+*[[Myocardial infarction]]
+*[[Myocarditis]]
+*[[Myotonic dystrophy]]
+*[[Neoplasm]]
+*[[Neurocardiogenic syncope]]
+*[[Pericarditis]]
+*[[Phenytoin]]
+*[[Procainamide]]
+*[[Propranolol]]
+*[[Quinidine]]
+*[[Reserpine]]
+*[[Rheumatic fever]]
+*[[rhododendron|Rhododendron sp]]
+*[[Sarcoidosis]]
+*[[Scleroderma]]
+*[[Sepsis]]
 *[[sinus node disease|Sinus node fibrosis]]
-*[[Sleep]]
+*[[Sleep apnea]]
-*[[STEMI]]
 *[[Systemic lupus erythematosus]]
+*[[Tachycardia-bradycardia syndrome]]
+*[[Verapamil]]
+{{EndMultiCol}}
+====First degree AV block====
+{{col-begin|width=80%}}
+{{col-break|width=33%}}
+*[[Acute myocardial infarction]]
+*[[Acute rheumatic fever]]
+*[[Amyloidosis]]
+*[[Ankylosing spondylitis]]
+*[[ASD]]
+*[[Bacterial endocarditis]]
+*[[Beta-blockers]]
+*[[Calcific aortic stenosis]]
+*[[Calcium channel blockers]]
+*[[Cardiac glycosides]]
+*[[Cardiac tumors]]
+*[[Chagas disease]]
+*[[Cholinesterase inhibitors]]
+*[[Clonidine]]
+*[[Degenerative diseases]]
+*[[Dermatomyositis]]
+*[[Digitalis]]
+*[[Digoxin]]
+*[[Dilated cardiomyopathy]]
+*[[Diltiazem]]
+*[[Diphtheria]]
+*[[Disopyramide]]
+*[[Dolasetron]]
+*[[Donepezil]]
+*[[Ebstein anomaly]]
+*[[Ebstein's anomaly]]
+*[[Electrolyte disturbances]]
+*[[Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy]]
+*[[vagus nerve|Enhanced vagal tone in athletes]]
+{{col-break|width=33%}}
+*[[Eslicarbazepine acetate]]
+*[[Fabry disease]]
+*[[Fesoterodine]]
+*[[Fingolimod]]
+*[[Glycogenosis type 2b]]
+*[[HCM]]
+* [[Neuromuscular disease|Hereditary neuromuscular disease]]
+*[[Hodgkin lymphoma]]
+*[[Hyperkalaemia]]
+*[[Carotid sinus hypersensitivity|Hypersensitive carotid sinus syndrome]]
+*[[Hyperthyroidism]]
+*[[Hypokalaemia]]
+*[[Hypothermia]]
+*[[Ibutilide]]
+*[[Ischaemic heart disease]]
+*[[Kearns-Sayre syndrome]]
+*[[Labetalol]]
+*[[Lacosamide]]
+*[[Lanatoside C]]
+*[[Lenegre's disease]]
+*[[Lev's disease]]
+*[[Lyme disease]]
+*[[Mitochondrial DNA|Mitochondrial genome inherited conditions]]
+*[[Multiple myeloma]]
+*[[Muscular dystrophy]]
+*[[Myocardial bridging]]
+*[[Myocarditis]]
+*[[Myotonic dystrophy]]
+*[[Myxedema]]
+{{col-break|width=33%}}
+*[[Neonatal lupus erythematosus]]
+*[[prolonged PR interval|Normal variants of PR  prolongation]]
+*[[Paliperidone]]
+*[[aortic valve  replacement|Post aortic valve replacement ]]
+*[[catheter ablation|Post catheter ablation for  arrhythmias]]
+*[[Ventricular septal defect surgery|Post closure of a  ventricular septal defect]]
+*[[mitral valve  replacement|Post mitral valve  replacement]]
+*[[Procainamide]]
+*[[Propoxyphene]]
+*[[Propranolol]]
+*[[Protozoa|Protozoal infection]]
+*[[Quinidine]]
+*[[Quinine]]
+*[[Rheumatic fever|Rheumatic mitral valve disease]]
+*[[Sarcoidosis]]
+*[[SLE]]
+*[[Systemic sclerosis]]
+*[[Terodiline]]
+*[[Tetralogy of Fallot]]
+*[[periodic  paralysis|Thyrotoxic periodic  paralysis]]
+*[[Tolterodine]]
+*[[Transposition of the great  vessels]]
+*[[vagus nerve|Vagal maneuvers]]
+*[[Valsalva maneuver]]
 *[[Valvular heart disease]]
 *[[Verapamil]]
+*[[VSD]]
+*[[sex linkage|X-linked inherited  conditions]]
 {{col-end}}
-<font color="white">{{Smallcaps|{{PAGENAME}} developed by WikiDoc.org}}</font>
-===Combined List of Causes in Alphabetical Order===
+====Second degree AV block====
-{{MultiCol}}
+{{col-begin|width=80%}}
-* [[Aceclidine]]
+{{col-break|width=33%}}
-* [[Acepromazine]]
+* [[Acute  myocardial infarction]]
-* [[Acetylcholinesterase inhibitor]]
+* [[Acute rheumatic fever]]
-* [[Adenosine]]
+* [[Amyloidosis]]
-* [[Amiodarone]]
+* [[Ankylosing spondylitis]]
-* [[Amodiaquine]]
+* [[ASD]]
-* [[Anorexia nervosa ]]
+* [[Bacterial endocarditis]]
-* [[Apnea of prematurity]]
-* [[Asphyxia neonatorum]]
-* [[Atenolol]]
-* [[Athletes]]
-* [[Atrioventricular block ]]
-* [[Autonomic neuropathy]]
-* [[Barbiturates]]
 * [[Beta-blockers]]
-* [[Brucellosis]]
+* [[Calcific aortic stenosis]]
-* [[Bupivacaine]]
+* [[Calcium channel blockers]]
-* [[Calcium channel blocker]]
+* [[Cardiac glycosides]]
-* [[Carbamate]]
+* [[Cardiac tumors]]
-* [[Cardiac arrhythmia]]
+* [[Chagas disease]]
-* [[Cardiac catheterization]]
+* [[Cholinesterase inhibitors]]
-* [[Cardiac dysrhythmias]]
-* [[Cardiomegaly]]
-* [[Cardiomyopathy]]
-* [[Catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia]]
-* [[Cerebral hemorrhage]]
-* [[Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis]]
-* [[Chagas' disease]]
-* [[Clomipramine]]
 * [[Clonidine]]
-* [[Colorado tick fever]]
+* [[Degenerative diseases]]
-* [[Congenital central hypoventilation syndrome]]<ref name="pmid20301600">{{cite journal |author=Pagon RA, Bird TD, Dolan CR, ''et al.'' |title= |journal= |volume= |issue= |pages= |year= |pmid=20301600 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
+* [[Dermatomyositis]]
-* [[Congenital long QT syndrome]]
-* [[Cushing reaction]]
-* [[Cushing reflex]]
-* [[Cushing triad]]
-* [[Cyclic antidepressant poisoning]]
-* [[Detomidine]]
 * [[Digitalis]]
+* [[Digoxin]]
+* [[Dilated cardiomyopathy]]
 * [[Diltiazem]]
-* [[Diphenhydramine]]
+* [[Diphtheria]]
-* [[Distichiasis - heart and vasculature anomalies - sinus bradycardia]]<ref name="pmid3976722">{{cite journal |author=Goldstein S, Qazi QH, Fitzgerald J, Goldstein J, Friedman AP, Sawyer P |title=Distichiasis, congenital heart defects and mixed peripheral vascular anomalies |journal=Am. J. Med. Genet. |volume=20 |issue=2 |pages=283–94 |year=1985 |month=February |pmid=3976722 |doi=10.1002/ajmg.1320200212 |url=}}</ref>
+* [[Disopyramide]]
+* [[Dolasetron]]
 * [[Donepezil]]
-* [[Doxepin]]
+* [[Ebstein's anomaly]]
-* [[Drowning]]
+* [[Electrolyte disturbances]]
 * [[Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy]]
-* [[Enema]]
+* [[Endocarditis]]
-* [[Fetal distress]]
+* [[vagus nerve|Enhanced vagal tone in athletes]]
-* [[Gamma-hydroxybutyric acid]]
+{{col-break|width=33%}}
-* [[Gastric lavage]]
+* [[Eslicarbazepine acetate]]
-* [[Glyceryl trinitrate ]]
+* [[Fabry disease]]
-* [[Grayanotoxin]]
+* [[Fesoterodine]]
-* [[Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome]]
+* [[Fingolimod]]
-* [[Hashimoto's thyroiditis]]
+* [[Glycogenosis type 2b]]
-* [[Heat exhaustion]]
+* [[HCM]]
-* [[Hellebore]]
+* [[Neuromuscular disease|Hereditary neuromuscular disease]]
-* [[Holt-Oram syndrome]]
+* [[Hodgkin lymphoma]]
-* [[Hydrocodone]]
+* [[Hyperkalaemia]]
-* [[Hydroxyethyl starch]][[ Speedball (drug)]]
+* [[Carotid sinus hypersensitivity|Hypersensitive carotid  sinus syndrome]]
-* [[Hypercalcemia]]
+* [[Hyperthyroidism]]
-* [[Hyperkalemia]]
+* [[Hypokalaemia]]
-* [[Hypokalemia]]
 * [[Hypothermia]]
-* [[Hypothyroidism]]
+* [[Ibutilide]]
-* [[Ibuprofen]]
+* [[Ischemic heart disease]]
-* [[Increased intracranial pressure]]
+* [[Kearns-Sayre syndrome]]
-* [[Isosorbide dinitrate]]
+* [[Labetalol]]
-{{ColBreak}}
+* [[Lacosamide]]
-* [[Ivabradine]]
+* [[Lanatoside C]]
-* [[Legionella pneumonia]]
+* [[Lenegre's disease]]
-* [[Levobetaxolol]]
+* [[Lev's disease]]
-* [[Levobupivacaine]]
+* [[Lyme disease]]
-* [[Lidocaine]]
+* [[Mitochondrial DNA|Mitochondrial genome inherited conditions]]
-* [[Lithium]]
+* [[Multiple myeloma]]
-* [[Malnutrition]]
+* [[Muscular dystrophy]]
-* [[Mammalian diving reflex]]
+* [[Myocardial bridging]]
-* [[Medetomidine]]
+* [[Myocarditis]]
-* [[Mefloquine]]
+* [[Myotonic dystrophy]]
-* [[Mepivacaine]]
+* [[Myxedema]]
-* [[Methacholine]]
+{{col-break|width=33%}}
-* [[Methyldopa]]
-* [[Morphine]]
-* [[Moxonidine]]
-* [[Mycoplasma pneumonia ]]
-* [[Nadolol]]
-* [[Nalbuphine ]]
-* [[Nalmefene]]
-* [[Necrotizing enterocolitis]]
 * [[Neonatal lupus erythematosus]]
-* [[Neurocardiogenic syncope]]
+* [[prolonged PR interval|Normal variants of PR prolongation]]
-* [[Neurogenic shock]]
+* [[Paliperidone]]
-* [[Obstructive jaundice]]
+* [[aortic valve  replacement|Post aortic valve replacement]]
-* [[Oculocardiac reflex]]
+* [[catheter ablation|Post catheter ablation for  arrhythmias]]
-* [[Opioid poisoning]]
+* [[Ventricular septal defect surgery|Post closure of a  ventricular septal defect]]
-* [[Oxymorphone]]
+* [[mitral valve  replacement|Post mitral valve  replacement]]
-* [[Phenobarbital]]
+* [[Procainamide]]
-* [[Phenylephrine]]
+* [[Propoxyphene]]
-* [[Phenytoin]]
-* [[Pilocarpine]]
-* [[Pneumothorax]]
-* [[Propafenone]]
 * [[Propranolol]]
-* [[Pulseless ventricular tachycardia]]
+* [[Protozoa|Protozoal infection]]
 * [[Quinidine]]
-* [[Radiocontrast toxicity]]
+* [[Quinine]]
-* [[Raised Intracranial pressure]]
+* [[Rheumatic fever|Rheumatic mitral valve disease]]
-* [[Rapid sequence induction]]
+* [[Sarcoidosis]]
-* [[Reserpine]]
+* [[SLE]]
-* [[Right bundle branch block]]
+* [[Systemic sclerosis]]
-* [[Ropivacaine]]
+* [[Terodiline]]
-* [[Second degree AV block]]
+* [[Tetralogy of Fallot]]
-* [[Sedatives]]
+* [[periodic  paralysis|Thyrotoxic periodic paralysis]]
-* [[Septic shock]]
+* [[Tolterodine]]
-* [[Sick sinus syndrome]]
+* [[Transposition of the great vessels]]
-* [[Sinoatrial block]]
+* [[vagus nerve|Vagal maneuvers]]
-* [[Skull fracture]]
+* [[Valsalva maneuvers]]
-* [[Sleep]]
+* [[Valvular heart disease]]
-* [[ST elevation myocardial infarction complications]]
+* [[Verapamil]]
-* [[Subarachanoid hemorrhage]]
+* [[VSD]]
-* [[Sulpiride]]
+* [[sex linkage|X-linked inherited  conditions]]
-* [[Suxamethonium chloride]]
+{{col-end}}
-* [[Tacrine]]
-* [[Theobromine poisoning]]
+====Complete or third-degree AV block====
-* [[Timolol]]
+{{col-begin|width=80%}}
-* [[Trazodone]]
+{{col-break|width=33%}}
-* [[Trypanosoma cruzi]]
+*[[Acute rheumatic fever]]
-* [[Tularaemia]]
+*[[Alcohol intoxication]]<ref name="pmid22679160">{{cite journal |author=van Cleef AN, Schuurman MJ, Busari JO |title=Third-degree atrioventricular block in an adolescent following acute alcohol intoxication |journal=BMJ Case Rep |volume=2011 |issue= |pages= |year=2011 |pmid=22679160 |doi=10.1136/bcr.07.2011.4547 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid19918387">{{cite journal |author=Brvar M, Bunc M |title=High-degree atrioventricular block in acute ethanol poisoning: a case report |journal=Cases J |volume=2 |issue= |pages=8559 |year=2009 |pmid=19918387 |pmc=2769457 |doi=10.4076/1757-1626-2-8559 |url=}}</ref>
-* [[Typhoid fever]]
+*[[Amyloidosis]]
-* [[Uncaria tomentosa]]
+*[[Ankylosing spondylitis]]
-* [[Vagal episode]]
+*[[aspergillosis|Aspergillosis myocarditis]]
-* [[Vasa previa]]
+*[[Atrial septal defect]]
-* [[Vasovagal syncope]]
+*[[Bacterial endocarditis]]
-* [[Vertebral subluxation]]
+*[[Becker muscular dystrophy]]
-* [[Xylazine]]
+*[[Beta-blocker]]
-{{EndMultiCol}}
+*[[Calcium channel blocker]]<ref name="pmid18403171">{{cite journal |author=Wills BK, Liu JM, Wahl M |title=Third-degree AV block from extended-release diltiazem ingestion in a nine-month-old |journal=J Emerg Med |volume=38 |issue=3 |pages=328–31 |year=2010 |month=April |pmid=18403171 |doi=10.1016/j.jemermed.2007.10.053 |url=}}</ref>
+*[[Cardiac glycosides]]
+*[[Cardiac surgery]]
+*[[Chagas disease]]
+*[[Cholinesterase inhibitor]]
+*[[Churg-Strauss syndrome]])<ref name="pmid20979789">{{cite journal |author=Tian Z, Fang Q, Zhao DC, ''et al.'' |title=[The clinico-pathological manifestation of cardiac involvement in eosinophilic diseases] |language=Chinese |journal=Zhonghua Nei Ke Za Zhi |volume=49 |issue=8 |pages=684–7 |year=2010 |month=August |pmid=20979789 |doi= |url=}}</ref>,
+*[[Congenital heart block]]<ref name="pmid9456483">{{cite journal| author=Kertesz NJ, Fenrich AL, Friedman RA| title=Congenital complete atrioventricular block. | journal=Tex Heart Inst J | year= 1997 | volume= 24 | issue= 4 | pages= 301-7 | pmid=9456483 | doi= | pmc=325472 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9456483  }} </ref>
+*[[Coronary ischemia]]
+*[[Degenerative diseases]]
+*[[Dermatomyositis]]
+*[[Digitalis]]
+*[[Dilated cardiomyopathy]]
+{{col-break|width=33%}}
+*[[Diphtheria]]
+*[[Ebstein's anomaly]]
+*[[Endocardial cushion defect]]
+*[[vagal tone|Enhanced vagal tone]]
+*[[Erb's dystrophy]],
+*[[Hemochromatosis]]
+*[[Hodgkin disease]]
+*[[Hyperkalemia]]
+*[[Hypertension]]<ref name="pmid18174773">{{cite journal |author=Lionakis N, Moyssakis I, Gialafos E, Dalianis N, Votteas V |title=Aortic dissection and third-degree atrioventricular block in a patient with a hypertensive crisis |journal=J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich) |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=69–72 |year=2008 |month=January |pmid=18174773 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
+*[[Hyperthyroidism]]<ref name="pmid22257810">{{cite journal |author=Amasyalı B, Barçın C, Kılıç A |title=[Supra-His complete atrioventricular block in a patient with subclinical hyperthyroidism] |language=Turkish |journal=Turk Kardiyol Dern Ars |volume=39 |issue=8 |pages=693–6 |year=2011 |month=December |pmid=22257810 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
+*[[Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy]]
+*[[Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy alcohol septal ablation]]<ref name="pmid23363714">{{cite journal |author=Liu R, Qiao SB, Hu FH, Yang WX, Yuan JS |title=[Clinical features of five patients with delayed third degree atrioventricular block after ethanol septal ablation for hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy] |language=Chinese |journal=Zhonghua Xin Xue Guan Bing Za Zhi |volume=40 |issue=12 |pages=1009–11 |year=2012 |month=December |pmid=23363714 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
+*[[heart block|Idiopathic heart block]]<ref name="pmid22068075">{{cite journal |author=Sykes JA, Lubega J, Ezetendu C, Verma R, O'Connor B, Kalyanaraman M |title=Asymptomatic complete atrioventricular block in a 13-year-old girl |journal=Pediatr Emerg Care |volume=27 |issue=11 |pages=1081–3 |year=2011 |month=November |pmid=22068075 |doi=10.1097/PEC.0b013e3182360674 |url=}}</ref><ref name="www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov">{{Cite web  | last =  | first =  | title = Idiopathic heart block: association with vitiligo, thyroid disease, pernicious anaemia, and diabetes mellitus. | url = http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1675154/ | publisher =  | date =  | accessdate = 21 August 2013 }}</ref>
+*[[idiopathic hypereosinophilic syndrome]]
+*[[Kearns-Sayre syndrome]]
+*[[Lyme disease]]<ref name="pmid21125053">{{cite journal |author=Bhattacharya IS, Dweck M, Francis M |title=Lyme carditis: a reversible cause of complete atrioventricular block |journal=J R Coll Physicians Edinb |volume=40 |issue=2 |pages=121–2 |year=2010 |month=June |pmid=21125053 |doi=10.4997/JRCPE.2010.207 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid20840915">{{cite journal |author=Wagner V, Zima E, Gellér L, Merkely B |title=[Acute atrioventricular block in chronic Lyme disease] |language=Hungarian |journal=Orv Hetil |volume=151 |issue=39 |pages=1585–90 |year=2010 |month=September |pmid=20840915 |doi=10.1556/OH.2010.28965 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid20464556">{{cite journal |author=Semmler D, Blank R, Rupprecht H |title=Complete AV block in Lyme carditis: an important differential diagnosis |journal=Clin Res Cardiol |volume=99 |issue=8 |pages=519–26 |year=2010 |month=August |pmid=20464556 |doi=10.1007/s00392-010-0152-8 |url=}}</ref>
+*[[Mitochondrial myopathy]]
+*[[Multiple myeloma]]
+*[[Muscular dystrophy]]<ref name="pmid23194837">{{cite journal |author=Facenda-Lorenzo M, Hernández-Afonso J, Rodríguez-Esteban M, de León-Hernández JC, Grillo-Pérez JJ |title=Cardiac Manifestations in Myotonic Dystrophy Type 1 Patients Followed Using a Standard Protocol in a Specialized Unit |journal=Rev Esp Cardiol |volume= |issue= |pages= |year=2012 |month=November |pmid=23194837 |doi=10.1016/j.recesp.2012.08.011 |url=}}</ref>
+*[[Myocardial infarction]] <ref name="pmid18274563">{{cite journal |author=Malla RR, Sayami A |title=In hospital complications and mortality of patients of inferior wall myocardial infarction with right ventricular infarction |journal=JNMA J Nepal Med Assoc |volume=46 |issue=167 |pages=99–102 |year=2007 |pmid=18274563 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
+{{col-break|width=33%}}
+*[[Myocarditis]]
+*[[Myotonic muscular dystrophy]]
+*[[Nail-patella syndrome]]
+*[[Noncompaction cardiomyopathy]]
+*[[Peroneal muscular atrophy]]
+*[[Procainamide]]
+*[[Quinidine]]
+*[[Reiter's syndrome]]
+*[[Relapsing polychondritis]]
+*[[Sarcoidosis]]
+*[[Scleroderma]]<ref name="pmid20920962">{{cite journal |author=Femenía F, Arce M, Arrieta M |title=[Systemic sclerosis complicated with syncope and complete AV block] |language=Spanish; Castilian |journal=Medicina (B Aires) |volume=70 |issue=5 |pages=442–4 |year=2010 |pmid=20920962 |doi= |url=}}</ref>,
+*[[Systemic lupus erythematosus]]
+*[[Tetralogy of fallot]]
+*[[Thalassemia major]]<ref name="pmid23056897">{{cite journal |author=Maleki AR, Nikyar B, Hosseini SM |title=Third-Degree Heart Block in Thalassemia major: A Case Report |journal=Iran J Pediatr |volume=22 |issue=2 |pages=260–4 |year=2012 |month=June |pmid=23056897 |pmc=3446065 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
+*[[Transposition of the great vessels]]
+*[[Trauma]]<ref name="pmid22816548">{{cite journal |author=Thakar S, Chandra P, Pednekar M, Kabalkin C, Shani J |title=Complete heart block following a blow on the chest by a soccer ball: a rare manifestation of commotio cordis |journal=Ann Noninvasive Electrocardiol |volume=17 |issue=3 |pages=280–2 |year=2012 |month=July |pmid=22816548 |doi=10.1111/j.1542-474X.2012.00518.x |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid21621364">{{cite journal |author=Portet N, Riu B, Bounes V, Minville V, Fourcade O |title=Left ventricular-right atrial communication with third-degree atrioventricular block after thoracic trauma |journal=J Emerg Med |volume=43 |issue=6 |pages=e385–8 |year=2012 |month=December |pmid=21621364 |doi=10.1016/j.jemermed.2010.11.059 |url=}}</ref>
+*[[Tumor]]<ref name="pmid21892927">{{cite journal |author=Frikha Z, Abid L, Abid D, ''et al.'' |title=Cardiac tamponade and paroxysmal third-degree atrioventricular block revealing a primary cardiac non-Hodgkin large B-cell lymphoma of the right ventricle: a case report |journal=J Med Case Rep |volume=5 |issue= |pages=433 |year=2011 |pmid=21892927 |pmc=3180417 |doi=10.1186/1752-1947-5-433 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid20605278">{{cite journal |author=Houchaymi Z, Helou S, Ballout J |title=[Pericardial tamponade and third-degree atrioventricular block revealing a primary cardiac lymphoma] |language=French |journal=Rev Med Interne |volume=31 |issue=11 |pages=e4–6 |year=2010 |month=November |pmid=20605278 |doi=10.1016/j.revmed.2010.01.014 |url=}}</ref>
+*[[Valvular heart disease]]
+*[[Varicella zoster]]
+*[[Ventricular septal defect]]
+{{col-end}}
+====Short PR interval====
+{{col-begin|width=80%}}
+{{col-break|width=33%}}
+*[[5-fluorouracil]]
+*[[Respiratory failure|Acute respiratory failure]]
+*[[Aminophylline]]
+*[[Amiodarone]]
+*[[Amlodipine]]
+*[[Amphetamines]]
+*[[Anemia]]
+*[[Beta blockers]]
+*[[Cannabis]]
+*[[Carbamazepine]]
+*[[Cardioversion]]
+*[[Chagas disease]]
+*[[Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease]]
+*[[Chronic renal failure]]
+*[[Cimetidine]]
+*[[Clonidine]]
+*[[Cocaine]]
+*[[Congenital heart disease]]
+*[[Congestive heart failure]]
+*[[Coronary heart disease]]
+*[[Cushing's syndrome]]
+*[[Diabetic ketoacidosis]]
+*[[Digoxin]]
+*[[Dilated cardiomyopathy]]
+*[[Diltiazem]]
+*[[Diphtheria]]
+*[[Dobutamine]]
+*[[Duchenne's muscular dystrophy]]<ref name="pmid6707378">{{cite journal | author = Perloff JK | title = Cardiac rhythm and conduction in Duchenne's muscular dystrophy: a prospective study of 20 patients | journal = [[Journal of the American College of Cardiology]] | volume = 3 | issue = 5 | pages = 1263–8 | year = 1984 | month = May | pmid = 6707378 | doi = | url = | issn = }}</ref>
+*[[Ebstein’s anomaly]]
+*[[Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy]]
+{{col-break|width=33%}}
+*[[Ephedrine]]
+*[[Fabry disease]]<ref name="pmid3086855">{{cite journal | author = Efthimiou J, McLelland J, Betteridge DJ | title = Short PR intervals and tachyarrhythmias in Fabry's disease | journal = [[Postgraduate Medical Journal]] | volume = 62 | issue = 726 | pages = 285–7 | year = 1986 | month = April | pmid = 3086855 | pmc = 2418650 | doi = | url = http://pmj.bmj.com/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=3086855 | issn = }}</ref>
+*[[Flumazenil]]
+*[[Friedreich ataxia]]
+*[[Glycogen storage disease type II]]
+*[[Grayanotoxin]]
+*[[Guanethidine]]
+*[[Hemochromatosis]]
+*[[Hypertensive heart disease]]
+*[[Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy]]
+*[[Hypocalcemia]]
+*[[Hypokalemia]]
+*[[Hypomagnesemia]]
+*[[Hypothyroidism]]
+*[[Idiopathic]]
+*[[Ischemic heart disease]]
+*[[Isoproterenol]]
+*[[Isorhythmic A-V dissociation]]
+*[[Junctional rhythms]]
+*[[Leptospirosis]]
+*[[Lithium]]
+*[[Lown-Ganong-Levine syndrome]]
+*[[Long QT Syndrome classification#LQT4|LQT type 4]]
+*[[Lyme disease]]
+*[[Mahaim fibers|Mahaim fiber tachycardia]]
+*[[Methyldopa]]
+*[[Mitral regurgitation]]
+*[[Mitral stenosis]]
+*[[Mitral valve prolapse]]
+{{col-break|width=33%}}
+*[[Myocardial infarction]]
+*[[Myocarditis]]
+*[[Obstructive sleep apnea]]
+*[[Pacemaker malfunction]]
+*[[Pericarditis]]
+*[[Permanent pacemaker]]
+*[[Phenylephrine]]
+*[[Pheochromocytoma]]<ref name="pmid6693659">{{cite journal | author = Huang SK, Rosenberg MJ, Denes P | title = Short PR interval and narrow QRS complex associated with pheochromocytoma: electrophysiologic observations | journal = [[Journal of the American College of Cardiology]] | volume = 3 | issue = 3 | pages = 872–5 | year = 1984 | month = March | pmid = 6693659 | doi = | url = | issn = }}</ref>
+*[[Pneumonia]]
+*[[Pompe disease]]
+*[[Preexcitation syndrome]]
+*[[Premature atrial beats]]
+*[[Pulmonary embolism]]
+*[[Reserpine]]
+*[[Restrictive cardiomyopathy]]
+*[[Rheumatic fever]]
+*[[Salbutamol]]
+*[[Salmonellosis]]
+*[[Scleroderma]]
+*[[Sustained ventricular tachycardia]]
+*[[Sympathomimetic agents]]
+*[[Tacrolimus]]
+*[[Theophylline]]
+*[[Thiazides]]
+*[[Thyrotoxicosis]]
+*[[Trichinosis]]
+*[[Valvular heart disease]]
+*[[Verapamil]]
+*[[Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome]]<ref name="pmid5578843">{{cite journal | author = Castellanos A, Castillo CA, Agha AS, Tessler M | title = His bundle electrograms in patients with short P-R intervals, narrow QRS complexes, and paroxysmal tachycardias | journal = [[Circulation]] | volume = 43 | issue = 5 | pages = 667–78 | year = 1971 | month = May | pmid = 5578843 | doi = | url = http://circ.ahajournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=5578843 | issn = }}</ref>
+{{col-end}}
+===From the AV junction===
+====Junctional bradycardia====
+{{col-begin|width=80%}}
+{{col-break|width=33%}}
+*[[Acetylcholine]]
+*[[Acute coronary syndrome]]
+*[[Acute renal failure]]
+*[[Acute rheumatic fever]]
+*[[All-trans retinoic acid]]<ref name="pmid22778455">{{cite journal| author=McGregor A, Hurst E, Lord S, Jones G| title=Bradycardia following retinoic acid differentiation syndrome in a patient with acute promyelocytic leukaemia. | doi=10.1136/bcr.02.2012.5848 | issue= | journal=BMJ Case Rep | pages=  | pmc= | pmid=22778455 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22778455  }} </ref>
+*[[Amiodarone]]
+*[[Amyloidosis]]
+*[[Andersen cardiodysrhythmic periodic paralysis]]
+*[[Anthracyclines]]
+*[[Antiarrhythmic drugs]]
+*[[Barbiturate]]
+*[[Berberine]]<ref name="pmid23888197">{{cite journal| author=Cannillo M, Frea S, Fornengo C, Toso E, Mercurio G, Battista S et al.| title=Berberine behind the thriller of marked symptomatic bradycardia. | journal=World J Cardiol | year= 2013 | volume= 5 | issue= 7 | pages= 261-4 | pmid=23888197 | doi=10.4330/wjc.v5.i7.261 | pmc=PMC3722425 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23888197  }} </ref>
+*[[Beta-blockers]]
+*[[Brugada syndrome]]
+*[[Bupivacaine]]
+*[[Calcium channel blockers]]
+*[[Carbamazepine]]
+*[[Cardiac catheterization]]
+*[[cardiac tumor#heart in lymphomas|Cardiac lymphoma]]
+*[[Cardiac transplantation]]
+*[[Cardiac tumor]]
+*[[Carotid sinus hypersensitivity|Cardioinhibitory syncope]]<ref name="pmid17971422">{{cite journal| author=Mehlsen J, Kaijer MN, Mehlsen AB| title=Autonomic and electrocardiographic changes in cardioinhibitory syncope. | journal=Europace | year= 2008 | volume= 10 | issue= 1 | pages= 91-5 | pmid=17971422 | doi=10.1093/europace/eum237 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17971422  }} </ref>
+*[[Chagas disease]]
+*[[Cholinesterase inhibitors]]
+*[[Cimetidine]]
+*[[Citalopram]]
+*[[Clonidine]]
+*[[Congenital heart disease]]
+*[[Congestive heart failure]]
+*[[Coronary artery bypass grafting]]
+*[[reperfusion injury|Coronary reperfusion therapy]]
+*[[Diabetic ketoacidosis]]
+*[[Digoxin]]
+*[[Dilated cardiomyopathy]]
+*[[Diltiazem]]<ref name="pmid12101159">{{cite journal| author=Isbister GK| title=Delayed asystolic cardiac arrest after diltiazem overdose; resuscitation with high dose intravenous calcium. | journal=Emerg Med J | year= 2002 | volume= 19 | issue= 4 | pages= 355-7 | pmid=12101159 | doi= | pmc=PMC1725910 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12101159  }} </ref>
+*[[Diphenhydramine]]
+*[[Diptheria]]
+*[[Donepezil]]
+*[[Edrophonium]]
+*[[Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy]]
+{{col-break|width=33%}}
+*[[Fontan procedure]]
+*[[Granisetron]]
+*[[Grayanotoxin]]
+*[[Guanethidine]]
+*[[Halothane]]
+*[[Hashimoto's thyroiditis]]
+*[[Heart surgery]]
+*[[Hyperkalemia]]
+*[[Hypermagnesemia]]
+*[[Hypertensive heart disease]]
+*[[Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy]]
+*[[Hypothermia]]
+*[[Hypoxia]]
+*[[Idarubicin]]
+*[[Idiopathic]]
+*[[regional anesthesia|Infraclavicular brachial plexus block]]
+*[[Ischemic heart disease]]
+*[[Isoprenaline|Isoprenaline infusion]]<ref name="pmid16216767">{{cite journal| author=Brembilla-Perrot B, Muhanna I, Nippert M, Popovic B, Beurrier D, Houriez P et al.| title=Paradoxical effect of isoprenaline infusion. | journal=Europace | year= 2005 | volume= 7 | issue= 6 | pages= 621-7 | pmid=16216767 | doi=10.1016/j.eupc.2005.06.012 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16216767  }} </ref>
+*[[Jervell and Lange-Nielsen syndrome]]
+*[[Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy|Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy type 1B (LGMD1B)]]
+*[[Lithium]]
+*[[Long QT syndrome]]
+*[[Lyme disease]]
+*[[Mepivacaine]]
+*[[Mesalamine]]
+*[[Metabolic acidosis]]
+*[[Methyldopa]]
+*[[Methylprednisolone]]<ref name="pmid10074612">{{cite journal| author=Guillén EL, Ruíz AM, Bugallo JB| title=Hypotension, bradycardia, and asystole after high-dose intravenous methylprednisolone in a monitored patient. | journal=Am J Kidney Dis | year= 1998 | volume= 32 | issue= 2 | pages= E4 | pmid=10074612 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10074612  }} </ref>
+*[[Muscular dystrophy]]
+*[[Myocardial infarction]]
+*[[Myocardial rupture]]
+*[[Myocarditis]]
+*[[Myotonic dystrophy]]
+*[[Nelfinavir]]<ref name="pmid10476763">{{cite journal| author=Landovitz RJ, Sax PE| title=Symptomatic junctional bradycardia after treatment with nelfinavir. | journal=Clin Infect Dis | year= 1999 | volume= 29 | issue= 2 | pages= 449-50 | pmid=10476763 | doi=10.1086/520237 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10476763  }} </ref>
+*[[Neostigmine]]
+*[[Nicorandil]]
+*[[NSTEMI]]
+*[[organophosphate|Organophosphorus poisoning]]
+*[[parathion|Parathion poisoning]]
+*[[Pericarditis]]
+{{col-break|width=33%}}
+*[[Phenothiazine]]
+*[[Phenytoin]]
+*[[Pheochromocytoma]]
+*[[spider bite#spider venom|Poisonous spider bites]]
+*[[lung transplantation|Post lung transplantation]]
+*[[Procainamide]]
+*[[hypothyroidism|Profound hypothyroidism]]
+*[[Propafenone]]
+*[[Propanolol]]
+*[[Propofol]]
+*[[pyrethroid|Pyrethroid poisoning]]
+*[[Pyridostigmine]]
+*[[Remifentanil]]
+*[[Reserpine]]
+*[[Romano-Ward syndrome]]
+*[[Ropivacaine]]
+*[[Scleroderma]]
+*[[Arizona bark scorpion|Scorpion toxin]]
+*[[Septic shock]]
+*[[anorexia nervosa|Severe anorexia nervosa]]
+*[[brain damage|Severe brain injury]]
+*[[Sick sinus syndrome]]
+*[[Sinus arrest]]
+*[[Sinus bradycardia]]
+*[[Sinus node disease|Sinus node fibrosis]]
+*[[Sjogren's syndrome]]
+*[[STEMI]]
+*[[Tachycardia-bradycardia syndrome]]
+*[[Tacrine]]
+*[[Takotsubo cardiomyopathy]]
+*[[Thiamylal]]
+*[[tilt table testing|Tilt testing]]<ref name="pmid22427080">{{cite journal| author=Zyśko D, Gajek J, Agrawal AK, Rudnicki J| title=[The relevance of junctional rhythm during neurocardiogenic reaction provoked by tilt testing]. | journal=Kardiol Pol | year= 2012 | volume= 70 | issue= 2 | pages= 148-55 | pmid=22427080 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22427080  }} </ref>
+*[[Timolol]]
+*[[Timothy syndrome]]
+*[[Tricyclic antidepressants]]
+*[[Urapidil]]
+*[[Valvular heart disease]]
+*[[Verapamil]]<ref name="pmid17698788">{{cite journal| author=Cohen AS, Matharu MS, Goadsby PJ| title=Electrocardiographic abnormalities in patients with cluster headache on verapamil therapy. | journal=Neurology | year= 2007 | volume= 69 | issue= 7 | pages= 668-75 | pmid=17698788 | doi=10.1212/01.wnl.0000267319.18123.d3 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17698788  }} </ref>
+*[[Small for gestational age|Very low birth weight infants]]
+{{col-end}}
+===From the Ventricles===
+====Isorhythmic A-V dissociation====
+{{col-begin|width=80%}}
+{{col-break|width=33%}}
+*[[Acetylcholine]]
+*[[Acute coronary syndrome]]
+*[[Acute renal failure]]
+*[[Acute rheumatic fever]]
+*[[All-trans retinoic acid]]
+*[[Amiodarone]]
+*[[Amyloidosis]]
+*[[Andersen cardiodysrhythmic periodic paralysis]]
+*[[Anthracyclines]]
+*[[Antiarrhythmic drugs]]
+*[[Barbiturate]]
+*[[Berberine]]
+*[[Beta-blockers]]
+*[[Brugada syndrome]]
+*[[Bupivacaine]]
+*[[Calcium channel blockers]]
+*[[carbamate|Carbamate poisoning]]
+*[[Carbamazepine]]
+*[[Cardiac catheterization]]
+*[[cardiac tumor#heart in lymphomas|Cardiac lymphoma]]
+*[[Cardiac resynchronization therapy]]
+*[[Cardiac transplantation]]
+*[[Carotid sinus hypersensitivity|Cardioinhibitory syncope]]
+*[[Chagas disease]]
+*[[Cholinesterase inhibitors]]
+*[[Cimetidine]]
+*[[Citalopram]]
+*[[Clonidine]]
+*[[Complete heart block]]
+*[[Congenital heart disease]]
+*[[Congestive heart failure]]
+*[[Coronary artery bypass grafting]]
+*[[reperfusion injury|Coronary reperfusion therapy]]
+*[[Daunorubicin]]
+*[[Diabetic ketoacidosis]]
+*[[Digoxin]]
+*[[Dilated cardiomyopathy]]
+*[[Diltiazem]]
+*[[Diphenhydramine]]
+*[[Diptheria]]
+*[[Donepezil]]
+*[[Doxorubicin]]
+*[[Edrophonium]]
+*[[Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy]]
+{{col-break|width=33%}}
+*[[Epirubicin]]
+*[[Fontan procedure]]
+*[[Granisetron]]
+*[[Grayanotoxin]]
+*[[Guanethidine]]
+*[[Halothane]]
+*[[Hashimoto's thyroiditis]]
+*[[Heart surgery]]
+*[[Hyperkalemia]]
+*[[Hypermagnesemia]]
+*[[Hypertensive heart disease]]
+*[[Hyperthyroidism]]
+*[[Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy]]
+*[[Hypocalcemia]]
+*[[Hypothermia]]
+*[[Hypoxia]]
+*[[Idarubicin]]
+*[[Idiopathic]]
+*[[Ischemic heart disease]]
+*[[Isoprenaline]]
+*[[Jervell and Lange-Nielsen syndrome]]
+*[[Kearns-Sayre syndrome]]
+*[[Lev's disease]]
+*[[Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy|Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy type 1B (LGMD1B)]]
+*[[Lithium]]
+*[[Long QT syndrome]]
+*[[Lyme disease]]
+*[[Mepivacaine]]
+*[[Mesalamine]]
+*[[Metabolic acidosis]]
+*[[Methyldopa]]
+*[[Methylprednisolone]]
+*[[Muscular dystrophy]]
+*[[Myocardial bridging]]
+*[[Myocardial contusion]]
+*[[Myocardial infarction]]
+*[[Myocardial rupture]]
+*[[Myocarditis]]
+*[[Myotonic dystrophy]]
+*[[Nelfinavir]]
+*[[Neonatal lupus erythematosus]]
+*[[Neostigmine]]
+*[[Nicorandil]]
+*[[NSTEMI]]
+{{col-break|width=33%}}
+*[[organophosphate|Organophosphate poisoning]]
+*[[Parathion poisoning]]
+*[[Pericarditis]]
+*[[Phenothiazine]]
+*[[Phenytoin]]
+*[[Pheochromocytoma]]
+*[[spider bite#spider venom|Poisonous spider bites]]
+*[[lung transplantation|Post lung transplantation]]
+*[[Procainamide]]
+*[[Hypothyroidism]]
+*[[Propafenone]]
+*[[Propanolol]]
+*[[Propofol]]
+*[[pyrethroid|Pyrethroid poisoning]]
+*[[Pyridostigmine]]
+*[[Quinidine]]
+*[[Remifentanil]]
+*[[Reserpine]]
+*[[Romano-Ward syndrome]]
+*[[Ropivacaine]]
+*[[Scleroderma]]
+*[[Arizona bark scorpion|Scorpion toxin]]
+*[[Septic shock]]
+*[[anorexia nervosa|Severe anorexia nervosa]]
+*[[brain damage|Severe brain injury]]
+*[[Sick sinus syndrome]]
+*[[Sinoatrial block]]
+*[[Sinus arrest]]
+*[[Sinus bradycardia]]
+*[[sinus node disease|Sinus node fibrosis]]
+*[[Sjogren's syndrome]]
+*[[STEMI]]
+*[[Tachycardia-bradycardia syndrome]]
+*[[Tacrine]]
+*[[Takotsubo cardiomyopathy]]
+*[[Thiamylal]]
+*[[Timolol]]
+*[[Timothy syndrome]]
+*[[Tramadol]]
+*[[Tricyclic antidepressants]]
+*[[Urapidil]]
+*[[Valvular heart disease]]
+*[[Verapamil]]
+{{col-end}}
+====Idioventricular rhythm====
+{{col-begin|width=80%}}
+{{col-break|width=33%}}
+*[[Acetylcholine]]
+*[[Acute coronary syndrome]]
+*[[Acute rheumatic fever]]
+*[[Amiodarone]]
+*[[Andersen cardiodysrhythmic periodic paralysis]]
+*[[Anthracyclines]]
+*[[Beta-blockers]]
+*[[Brugada syndrome]]
+*[[Calcium channel blockers]]
+*[[carbamate|Carbamate poisoning]]
+*[[Cardiac catheterization]]
+*[[Cardiac resynchronization therapy]]
+*[[Cardiac transplantation]]
+*[[Cardiac tumor]]
+*[[Cholinesterase inhibitors]]
+*[[Complete heart block]]
+*[[Congenital heart disease]]
+*[[Congestive heart failure]]
+*[[Coronary artery bypass grafting]]
+*[[Daunorubicin]]
+*[[Diabetic ketoacidosis]]
+*[[Digitalis]]
+*[[Dilated cardiomyopathy]]
+*[[Doxorubicin]]
+{{col-break|width=33%}}
+*[[Edrophonium]]
+*[[Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy]]
+*[[Epirubicin]]
+*[[Heart surgery]]
+*[[Hyperkalemia]]
+*[[Hypermagnesemia]]
+*[[Hypertensive heart disease]]
+*[[Hyperthyroidism]]
+*[[Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy]]
+*[[Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy alcohol septal ablation]]
+*[[Hypocalcemia]]
+*[[Hypothermia]]
+*[[Hypoxia]]
+*[[Idarubicin]]
+*[[regional anesthesia|Infraclavicular brachial plexus block]]
+*[[Ischemic heart disease]]
+*[[Jervell and Lange-Nielsen syndrome]]
+*[[Kearns-Sayre syndrome]]
+*[[Lev's disease]]
+*[[Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy|Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy type 1B (LGMD1B)]]
+*[[Long QT syndrome]]
+*[[Muscular dystrophy]]
+*[[Myocardial bridging]]
+*[[Myocardial contusion]]
+{{col-break|width=33%}}
+*[[Myocardial infarction]]
+*[[Myocarditis]]
+*[[Myotonic dystrophy]]
+*[[Neonatal lupus erythematosus]]
+*[[Neostigmine]]
+*[[NSTEMI]]
+*[[organophosphate|Organophosphate poisoning]]
+*[[parathion|Parathion poisoning]]
+*[[Pericarditis]]
+*[[Procainamide]]
+*[[hypothyroidism|Profound hypothyroidism]]
+*[[Propafenone]]
+*[[Propofol]]
+*[[Pyridostigmine]]
+*[[Quinidine]]
+*[[Renal failure]]
+*[[Romano-Ward syndrome]]
+*[[anorexia nervosa|Severe anorexia nervosa]]
+*[[brain damage|Severe brain injury]]
+*[[STEMI]]
+*[[Takotsubo cardiomyopathy]]
+*[[Timothy syndrome]]
+*[[Tramadol]]
+*[[Valvular heart disease]]
+{{col-end}}
+====Ventricular escape beat====
+{{col-begin|width=80%}}
+{{col-break|width=33%}}
+*[[Acetylcholine]]
+*[[Acute coronary syndrome]]
+*[[Acute rheumatic fever]]
+*[[Amiodarone]]
+*[[Andersen cardiodysrhythmic periodic paralysis]]
+*[[Anthracyclines]]
+*[[Beta-blockers]]
+*[[Brugada syndrome]]
+*[[Calcium channel blockers]]
+*[[carbamate|Carbamate poisoning]]
+*[[Cardiac catheterization]]
+*[[Cardiac resynchronization therapy]]
+*[[Cardiac transplantation]]
+*[[Cardiac tumor]]
+*[[Cholinesterase inhibitors]]
+*[[Complete heart block]]
+*[[Congenital heart disease]]
+*[[Congestive heart failure]]
+*[[Coronary artery bypass grafting]]
+*[[Daunorubicin]]
+*[[Diabetic ketoacidosis]]
+*[[Digitalis]]
+*[[Dilated cardiomyopathy]]
+*[[Doxorubicin]]
+{{col-break|width=33%}}
+*[[Edrophonium]]
+*[[Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy]]
+*[[Epirubicin]]
+*[[Heart surgery]]
+*[[Hyperkalemia]]
+*[[Hypermagnesemia]]
+*[[Hypertensive heart disease]]
+*[[Hyperthyroidism]]
+*[[Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy]]
+*[[Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy alcohol septal ablation]]
+*[[Hypocalcemia]]
+*[[Hypothermia]]
+*[[Hypoxia]]
+*[[Idarubicin]]
+*[[regional anesthesia|Infraclavicular brachial plexus block]]
+*[[Ischemic heart disease]]
+*[[Jervell and Lange-Nielsen syndrome]]
+*[[Kearns-Sayre syndrome]]
+*[[Lev's disease]]
+*[[Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy|Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy type 1B (LGMD1B)]]
+*[[Long QT syndrome]]
+*[[Muscular dystrophy]]
+*[[Myocardial bridging]]
+*[[Myocardial contusion]]
+{{col-break|width=33%}}
+*[[Myocardial infarction]]
+*[[Myocarditis]]
+*[[Myotonic dystrophy]]
+*[[Neonatal lupus erythematosus]]
+*[[Neostigmine]]
+*[[organophosphate|Organophosphate poisoning]]
+*[[parathion|Parathion poisoning]]
+*[[Pericarditis]]
+*[[Procainamide]]
+*[[hypothyroidism|Profound hypothyroidism]]
+*[[Propafenone]]
+*[[Propofol]]
+*[[Pyridostigmine]]
+*[[Quinidine]]
+*[[Renal failure]]
+*[[Romano-Ward syndrome]]
+*[[anorexia nervosa|Severe anorexia nervosa]]
+*[[brain damage|Severe brain injury]]
+*[[Takotsubo cardiomyopathy]]
+*[[Timothy syndrome]]
+*[[Tramadol]]
+*[[Valvular heart disease]]
+{{col-end}}
+==Combined List of Causes in Alphabetical Order==
+{{col-begin|width=80%}}
+{{col-break|width=33%}}
+*[[5-fluorouracil]]
+*[[Acetylcholine]]
+*[[Acute coronary syndrome]]
+*[[Acute  myocardial infarction]]
+*[[Acute renal failure]]
+*[[Respiratory failure|Acute respiratory failure]]
+*[[Acute rheumatic fever]]
+*[[Aging]]
+*[[Alcohol intoxication]]<ref name="pmid22679160">{{cite journal |author=van Cleef AN, Schuurman MJ, Busari JO |title=Third-degree atrioventricular block in an adolescent following acute alcohol intoxication |journal=BMJ Case Rep |volume=2011 |issue= |pages= |year=2011 |pmid=22679160 |doi=10.1136/bcr.07.2011.4547 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid19918387">{{cite journal |author=Brvar M, Bunc M |title=High-degree atrioventricular block in acute ethanol poisoning: a case report |journal=Cases J |volume=2 |issue= |pages=8559 |year=2009 |pmid=19918387 |pmc=2769457 |doi=10.4076/1757-1626-2-8559 |url=}}</ref>
+*[[Alfentanil]]<ref name="pmid2248851">{{cite journal| author=Bailey PL| title=Sinus arrest induced by trivial nasal stimulation during alfentanil-nitrous oxide anaesthesia. | journal=Br J Anaesth | year= 1990 | volume= 65 | issue= 5 | pages= 718-20 | pmid=2248851 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=2248851  }} </ref>
+*[[All-trans retinoic acid]]<ref name="pmid22778455">{{cite journal| author=McGregor A, Hurst E, Lord S, Jones G| title=Bradycardia following retinoic acid differentiation syndrome in a patient with acute promyelocytic leukaemia. | doi=10.1136/bcr.02.2012.5848 | issue= | journal=BMJ Case Rep | pages=  | pmc= | pmid=22778455 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22778455  }} </ref>
+*[[Altitude sickness]]
+*[[Ambenonium ]]
+*[[Aminophylline]]
+*[[Amiodarone]]
+*[[Amlodipine]]
+*[[Amphetamines]]
+*[[Amyloidosis]]
+*[[Andersen cardiodysrhythmic periodic paralysis]]
+*[[Anemia]]
+*[[Anidulafungin]]
+*[[Ankylosing spondylitis]]
+*[[Anorexia nervosa]]
+*[[Anthracyclines]]
+*[[Antiarrhythmic drugs]]
+*[[Arnold-Chiari malformation]]
+*[[aspergillosis|Aspergillosis myocarditis]]
+*[[Atenolol]]
+*[[Atherosclerosis]]
+*[[Atrial septal defect]]
+*[[Babesiosis]]
+*[[Bacterial endocarditis]]
+*[[Barbiturate]]
+*[[Becker muscular dystrophy]]
+*[[Berberine]]<ref name="pmid23888197">{{cite journal| author=Cannillo M, Frea S, Fornengo C, Toso E, Mercurio G, Battista S et al.| title=Berberine behind the thriller of marked symptomatic bradycardia. | journal=World J Cardiol | year= 2013 | volume= 5 | issue= 7 | pages= 261-4 | pmid=23888197 | doi=10.4330/wjc.v5.i7.261 | pmc=PMC3722425 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23888197  }} </ref>
+*[[Beta-blockers]]<ref name="pmid15688675">{{cite journal| author=Mills TA, Kawji MM, Cataldo VD, Pappas ND, O'Meallie LP, Breaux DM et al.| title=Profound sinus bradycardia due to diltiazem, verapamil, and/or beta-adrenergic blocking drugs. | journal=J La State Med Soc | year= 2004 | volume= 156 | issue= 6 | pages= 327-31 | pmid=15688675 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15688675  }} </ref>
+*[[Bethanechol]]
+*[[Bezold-Jarisch reflex]]
+*[[Bortezomib]]
+*[[Brucellosis]]
+*[[Brugada syndrome]]
+*[[Bupivacaine]]
+* [[Calcific aortic stenosis]]
+*[[Calcium channel blocker]]<ref name="pmid18403171">{{cite journal |author=Wills BK, Liu JM, Wahl M |title=Third-degree AV block from extended-release diltiazem ingestion in a nine-month-old |journal=J Emerg Med |volume=38 |issue=3 |pages=328–31 |year=2010 |month=April |pmid=18403171 |doi=10.1016/j.jemermed.2007.10.053 |url=}}</ref>
+*[[Cannabis]]
+*[[Carbamate|Carbamate poisoning]]
+*[[Carbamazepine]]
+*[[Cardiac catheterization]]
+*[[Cardiac glycosides]]
+*[[cardiac tumor#heart in lymphomas|Cardiac lymphoma]]
+*[[Cardiac resynchronization therapy]]
+*[[Cardiac surgery]]
+*[[Cardiac transplantation]]
+*[[Cardiac tumor]]
+*[[Carotid sinus hypersensitivity|Cardioinhibitory syncope]]<ref name="pmid17971422">{{cite journal| author=Mehlsen J, Kaijer MN, Mehlsen AB| title=Autonomic and electrocardiographic changes in cardioinhibitory syncope. | journal=Europace | year= 2008 | volume= 10 | issue= 1 | pages= 91-5 | pmid=17971422 | doi=10.1093/europace/eum237 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17971422  }} </ref>
+*[[Cardioversion]]
+*[[Carotid sinus hypersensitivity]]
+*[[Celecoxib]]
+*[[Cerebral edema]]
+*[[Cervical spine injury]]
+*[[Chagas disease]]
+*[[Cholinesterase inhibitors]]
+*[[Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease]]
+*[[Chronic renal failure]]
+*[[Churg-Strauss syndrome]])<ref name="pmid20979789">{{cite journal |author=Tian Z, Fang Q, Zhao DC, ''et al.'' |title=[The clinico-pathological manifestation of cardiac involvement in eosinophilic diseases] |language=Chinese |journal=Zhonghua Nei Ke Za Zhi |volume=49 |issue=8 |pages=684–7 |year=2010 |month=August |pmid=20979789 |doi= |url=}}</ref>,
+*[[Cilobradine]]<ref name="Van Bogaert-2003">{{Cite journal  | last1 = Van Bogaert | first1 = PP. | last2 = Pittoors | first2 = F. | title = Use-dependent blockade of cardiac pacemaker current (If) by cilobradine and zatebradine. | journal = Eur J Pharmacol | volume = 478 | issue = 2-3 | pages = 161-71 | month = Oct | year = 2003 | doi =  | PMID = 14575801 }}</ref>
+*[[Cimetidine]]
+*[[Citalopram]]
+*[[Clonidine]]
+*[[Cocaine]]
+*[[Complete heart block]]
+*[[Congenital heart block]]<ref name="www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov">{{Cite web  | last =  | first =  | title = Congenital complete atrioventricular block. | url = http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC325472/ | publisher =  | date =  | accessdate = 21 August 2013 }}</ref>
+*[[Congenital heart disease]]
+*[[Congestive heart failure]]
+*[[Coronary artery bypass grafting]]
+*[[Coronary heart disease]]
+*[[Coronary ischemia]]
+*[[reperfusion injury|Coronary reperfusion therapy]]
+*[[Cough syncope]]
+*[[Cretinism]]
+*[[Crizotinib|Crizotinib toxicity]]
+*[[Cushing's syndrome]]
+*[[Daunorubicin]]
+*[[Decompression sickness]]
+*[[Defecation]]
+*[[Degenerative diseases]]
+*[[Dengue fever]]
+*[[Dermatomyositis]]
+*[[Deserpidine ]]
+*[[Dexmedetomidine]]
+*[[Diabetes mellitus]]
+*[[Diabetic ketoacidosis]]
+*[[Diabetic neuropathy]]
+*[[Digitalis]]
+*[[Dilated cardiomyopathy]]
+*[[Diltiazem]]<ref name="pmid15688675">{{cite journal| author=Mills TA, Kawji MM, Cataldo VD, Pappas ND, O'Meallie LP, Breaux DM et al.| title=Profound sinus bradycardia due to diltiazem, verapamil, and/or beta-adrenergic blocking drugs. | journal=J La State Med Soc | year= 2004 | volume= 156 | issue= 6 | pages= 327-31 | pmid=15688675 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15688675  }} </ref><ref name="pmid12101159">{{cite journal| author=Isbister GK| title=Delayed asystolic cardiac arrest after diltiazem overdose; resuscitation with high dose intravenous calcium. | journal=Emerg Med J | year= 2002 | volume= 19 | issue= 4 | pages= 355-7 | pmid=12101159 | doi= | pmc=PMC1725910 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12101159  }} </ref>
+*[[Dimethyl sulfoxide]]
+*[[Diphenhydramine]]
+*[[Diptheria]]
+*[[Disopyramide]]
+*[[Distigmine]]
+*[[Dobutamine]]
+*[[Dolasetron]]
+*[[Donepezil]]
+*[[Doxorubicin]]
+*[[Dronedarone]]
+*[[Drowning]]
+*[[Drugs]]
+*[[Duchenne's muscular dystrophy]]<ref name="pmid6707378">{{cite journal | author = Perloff JK | title = Cardiac rhythm and conduction in Duchenne's muscular dystrophy: a prospective study of 20 patients | journal = [[Journal of the American College of Cardiology]] | volume = 3 | issue = 5 | pages = 1263–8 | year = 1984 | month = May | pmid = 6707378 | doi = | url = | issn = }}</ref>
+*[[Ebstein’s anomaly]]
+*[[Edrophonium]]
+*[[Electric shock]]
+*[[Electrolyte disturbances]]
+*[[Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy]], [[sex linkage|x-linked]]
+*[[Endocardial cushion defect]]
+*[[Endocarditis]]
+*[[vagal tone|Enhanced vagal tone]]
+*[[Ephedrine]]
+*[[Epilepsy]]
+*[[Epirubicin]]
+*[[Erb's dystrophy]]
+*[[Eslicarbazepine acetate]]
+*[[Fabry disease]]<ref name="pmid3086855">{{cite journal | author = Efthimiou J, McLelland J, Betteridge DJ | title = Short PR intervals and tachyarrhythmias in Fabry's disease | journal = [[Postgraduate Medical Journal]] | volume = 62 | issue = 726 | pages = 285–7 | year = 1986 | month = April | pmid = 3086855 | pmc = 2418650 | doi = | url = http://pmj.bmj.com/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=3086855 | issn = }}</ref>
+*[[Febuxostat]]
+*[[Fentanyl]]
+*[[Fesoterodine]]
+*[[Fingolimod]]
+{{col-break|width=33%}}
+*[[Flecainide]]
+*[[Flumazenil]]
+*[[Fluoxetine]]
+*[[Fluvoxamine]]
+*[[Fontan procedure]]
+*[[Fosphenytoin]]
+*[[Friedreich ataxia]]
+*[[Glycogen storage disease type II]]
+*[[Glycogenosis type 2b]]
+*[[Granisetron]]
+*[[Grayanotoxin]]
+*[[Guanethidine]]
+*[[Guanfacine]]
+*[[H2 receptor antagonist]]
+*[[Halothane]]<ref name="pmid1678901">{{cite journal| author=Lines D, Shipton EA| title=Severe bradycardia and sinus arrest after administration of vecuronium, fentanyl and halothane. A case report. | journal=S Afr Med J | year= 1991 | volume= 80 | issue= 4 | pages= 200-1 | pmid=1678901 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=1678901  }} </ref>
+*[[Hashimoto's thyroiditis]]
+*[[HCM]]
+*[[HCN4|HCN4 mutation]]
+*[[Heart surgery]]
+*[[Hemochromatosis]]
+*[[Neuromuscular disease|hereditary neuromuscular disease]]
+*[[Hodgkin disease]]
+*[[Hodgkin lymphoma]]
+*[[Hypercalcemia]]
+*[[Hypercapnia]]
+*[[Hyperkalemia]]<ref name="pmid16792034">{{cite journal |author=Bonvini RF, Hendiri T, Anwar A |title=Sinus arrest and moderate hyperkalemia |journal=[[Annales De Cardiologie Et D'angéiologie]] |volume=55 |issue=3 |pages=161–3 |year=2006 |month=June |pmid=16792034 |doi= |url= |issn=}}</ref>
+*[[Hypermagnesemia]]
+*[[Carotid sinus hypersensitivity|Hypersensitive carotid  sinus syndrome]]
+*[[Hypertension]]<ref name="pmid18174773">{{cite journal |author=Lionakis N, Moyssakis I, Gialafos E, Dalianis N, Votteas V |title=Aortic dissection and third-degree atrioventricular block in a patient with a hypertensive crisis |journal=J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich) |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=69–72 |year=2008 |month=January |pmid=18174773 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
+*[[Hypertensive heart disease]]
+*[[Hyperthyroidism]]<ref name="pmid22257810">{{cite journal |author=Amasyalı B, Barçın C, Kılıç A |title=[Supra-His complete atrioventricular block in a patient with subclinical hyperthyroidism] |language=Turkish |journal=Turk Kardiyol Dern Ars |volume=39 |issue=8 |pages=693–6 |year=2011 |month=December |pmid=22257810 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
+*[[Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy]]
+*[[Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy alcohol septal ablation]]<ref name="pmid23363714">{{cite journal |author=Liu R, Qiao SB, Hu FH, Yang WX, Yuan JS |title=[Clinical features of five patients with delayed third degree atrioventricular block after ethanol septal ablation for hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy] |language=Chinese |journal=Zhonghua Xin Xue Guan Bing Za Zhi |volume=40 |issue=12 |pages=1009–11 |year=2012 |month=December |pmid=23363714 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
+*[[Hypocalcemia]]
+*[[Hypoglycemia]]
+*[[Hypokalemia]]
+*[[Hypomagnesemia]]
+*[[Hypothermia]]
+*[[Hypothyroidism]]
+*[[Hypoxia]]
+*[[Ibutilide]]
+*[[Idarubicin]]
+*[[Idiopathic]]
+*[[heart block|Idiopathic heart block]]<ref name="pmid22068075">{{cite journal |author=Sykes JA, Lubega J, Ezetendu C, Verma R, O'Connor B, Kalyanaraman M |title=Asymptomatic complete atrioventricular block in a 13-year-old girl |journal=Pediatr Emerg Care |volume=27 |issue=11 |pages=1081–3 |year=2011 |month=November |pmid=22068075 |doi=10.1097/PEC.0b013e3182360674 |url=}}</ref><ref name="www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov">{{Cite web  | last =  | first =  | title = Idiopathic heart block: association with vitiligo, thyroid disease, pernicious anaemia, and diabetes mellitus. | url = http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1675154/ | publisher =  | date =  | accessdate = 21 August 2013 }}</ref>
+*[[idiopathic hypereosinophilic syndrome]]
+*[[Intracranial pressure#Increased ICP|Increased intracranial pressure]]
+*[[regional anesthesia|Infraclavicular brachial plexus block]]
+*[[Ischemic heart disease]]
+*[[Isoprenaline|Isoprenaline infusion]]<ref name="pmid16216767">{{cite journal| author=Brembilla-Perrot B, Muhanna I, Nippert M, Popovic B, Beurrier D, Houriez P et al.| title=Paradoxical effect of isoprenaline infusion. | journal=Europace | year= 2005 | volume= 7 | issue= 6 | pages= 621-7 | pmid=16216767 | doi=10.1016/j.eupc.2005.06.012 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16216767  }} </ref>
+*[[Isoproterenol]]
+*[[Isorhythmic A-V dissociation]]
+*[[Ivabradine]]
+*[[Jervell and Lange-Nielsen syndrome]]
+*[[Junctional rhythms]]
+*[[Kearns-Sayre syndrome]]
+*[[Kwashiorkor]]
+*[[Labetalol]]
+*[[Lacosamide]]
+*[[Lanatoside C]]
+*[[Lanreotide]]
+*[[Lateral medullary syndrome]]<ref name="pmid23386489">{{cite journal| author=Koay S, Dewan B| title=An unexpected Holter monitor result: multiple sinus arrests in a patient with lateral medullary syndrome. | journal=BMJ Case Rep | year= 2013 | volume= 2013 | issue=  | pages=  | pmid=23386489 | doi=10.1136/bcr-2012-007783 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23386489  }} </ref>
+*[[Left ventricular noncompaction]]
+*[[Legionellosis]]
+*[[Lenegre's disease]]
+*[[Leptospirosis]]
+*[[Lev's disease]]
+*[[Lidocaine]]
+*[[Lily of the Valley|Lily of the valley poisoning]]
+*[[Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy|Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy type 1B (LGMD1B)]]
+*[[Lithium]]
+*[[Lofexidine]]
+*[[Long QT syndrome]]
+*[[Lown-Ganong-Levine syndrome]]
+*[[Long QT Syndrome classification#LQT4|LQT type 4]]
+*[[LQT4|LQT4 mutation]]
+*[[Lyme disease]]<ref name="pmid21125053">{{cite journal |author=Bhattacharya IS, Dweck M, Francis M |title=Lyme carditis: a reversible cause of complete atrioventricular block |journal=J R Coll Physicians Edinb |volume=40 |issue=2 |pages=121–2 |year=2010 |month=June |pmid=21125053 |doi=10.4997/JRCPE.2010.207 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid20840915">{{cite journal |author=Wagner V, Zima E, Gellér L, Merkely B |title=[Acute atrioventricular block in chronic Lyme disease] |language=Hungarian |journal=Orv Hetil |volume=151 |issue=39 |pages=1585–90 |year=2010 |month=September |pmid=20840915 |doi=10.1556/OH.2010.28965 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid20464556">{{cite journal |author=Semmler D, Blank R, Rupprecht H |title=Complete AV block in Lyme carditis: an important differential diagnosis |journal=Clin Res Cardiol |volume=99 |issue=8 |pages=519–26 |year=2010 |month=August |pmid=20464556 |doi=10.1007/s00392-010-0152-8 |url=}}</ref>
+*[[Magnesium]]
+*[[Mahaim fibers|Mahaim fiber tachycardia]]
+*[[Malaria]]
+*[[Maze procedure]]
+*[[Mefloquine]]
+*[[Meningitis]]
+*[[Mepivacaine]]
+*[[Mesalamine]]
+*[[Metabolic acidosis]]
+*[[Methyldopa]]
+*[[Methylprednisolone]]<ref name="pmid10074612">{{cite journal| author=Guillén EL, Ruíz AM, Bugallo JB| title=Hypotension, bradycardia, and asystole after high-dose intravenous methylprednisolone in a monitored patient. | journal=Am J Kidney Dis | year= 1998 | volume= 32 | issue= 2 | pages= E4 | pmid=10074612 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10074612  }} </ref>
+*[[Mexiletine]]
+*[[Micturition syncope]]
+*[[Miller-Dieker syndrome]]
+*[[Mitochondrial DNA|Mitochondrial genome inherited conditions]]
+*[[Mitochondrial myopathy]]
+*[[Mitral regurgitation]]
+*[[Mitral stenosis]]
+*[[Mitral valve prolapse]]
+*[[Morphine]]
+*[[Multiple myeloma]]
+*[[Muscarine]]
+*[[Muscular dystrophy]]<ref name="pmid23194837">{{cite journal |author=Facenda-Lorenzo M, Hernández-Afonso J, Rodríguez-Esteban M, de León-Hernández JC, Grillo-Pérez JJ |title=Cardiac Manifestations in Myotonic Dystrophy Type 1 Patients Followed Using a Standard Protocol in a Specialized Unit |journal=Rev Esp Cardiol |volume= |issue= |pages= |year=2012 |month=November |pmid=23194837 |doi=10.1016/j.recesp.2012.08.011 |url=}}</ref>
+*[[Myocardial bridging]]
+*[[Myocardial contusion]]
+*[[Myocardial infarction]] <ref name="pmid18274563">{{cite journal |author=Malla RR, Sayami A |title=In hospital complications and mortality of patients of inferior wall myocardial infarction with right ventricular infarction |journal=JNMA J Nepal Med Assoc |volume=46 |issue=167 |pages=99–102 |year=2007 |pmid=18274563 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
+*[[Myocardial rupture]]
+*[[Myocarditis]]
+*[[Myotonic dystrophy]]
+*[[Myotonic muscular dystrophy]]
+*[[Myxedema]]
+*[[Nadolol]]
+*[[Nail-patella syndrome]]
+*[[Nausea]]
+*[[Nefazodone]]
+*[[Nelfinavir]]<ref name="pmid10476763">{{cite journal| author=Landovitz RJ, Sax PE| title=Symptomatic junctional bradycardia after treatment with nelfinavir. | journal=Clin Infect Dis | year= 1999 | volume= 29 | issue= 2 | pages= 449-50 | pmid=10476763 | doi=10.1086/520237 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10476763  }} </ref>
+*[[Neonatal lupus erythematosus]]
+*[[Neostigmine]]
+*[[Nerve agent]]
+*[[Nicorandil]]
+*[[Noncompaction cardiomyopathy]]
+*[[prolonged PR interval|Normal variants of PR  prolongation]]
+*Normal variation in vagal tone
+*[[NSTEMI]]
+*[[Obesity]]
+*[[Obstructive sleep apnea]]
+*[[organophosphate|Organophosphate poisoning]]
+*[[Pacemaker malfunction]]
+*[[Paclitaxel]]
+*[[Pain]]
+*[[Paliperidone]]
+*[[Palonosetron]]
+{{col-break|width=33%}}
+*[[parathion|Parathion poisoning]]
+*[[Paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia]]
+*[[Pericarditis]]
+*[[Permanent pacemaker]]
+*[[Peroneal muscular atrophy]]
+*[[Phenothiazine]]
+*[[Phenylephrine]]
+*[[Phenytoin]]
+*[[Pheochromocytoma]]<ref name="pmid6693659">{{cite journal | author = Huang SK, Rosenberg MJ, Denes P | title = Short PR interval and narrow QRS complex associated with pheochromocytoma: electrophysiologic observations | journal = [[Journal of the American College of Cardiology]] | volume = 3 | issue = 3 | pages = 872–5 | year = 1984 | month = March | pmid = 6693659 | doi = | url = | issn = }}</ref>
+*[[Physostigmine]]
+*[[Pneumonia]]
+*[[spider bite#spider venom|Poisonous spider bites]]
+*[[Pompe disease]]
+*[[aortic valve  replacement|Post aortic valve replacement ]]
+*[[catheter ablation|Post catheter ablation for arrhythmias]]
+*[[Ventricular septal defect surgery|Post closure of a  ventricular septal defect]]
+*[[lung transplantation|Post lung transplantation]]
+*[[mitral valve  replacement|Post mitral valve  replacement]]
+*[[Preexcitation syndrome]]
+*[[Pregnancy]]
+*[[Premature atrial beats]]
+*[[Procainamide]]
+*[[hypothyroidism|Profound hypothyroidism]]
+*[[Propafenone]]
+*[[Propanolol]]
+*[[Propofol]]
+*[[Propoxyphene]]
+*[[Protozoa|Protozoal infection]]
+*[[Pulmonary embolism]]
+*[[pyrethroid|Pyrethroid poisoning]]
+*[[Pyridostigmine]]
+*[[Q fever]]
+*[[Quinidine]]
+*[[Rabeprazole]]
+*[[Rabies]]
+*[[Regadenoson]]
+*[[Reiter's syndrome]]
+*[[Relapsing polychondritis]]
+*[[Remifentanil]]
+*[[Renal failure]]
+*[[Rescinnamine]]
+*[[Reserpine]]
+*[[Restrictive cardiomyopathy]]
+*[[Rheumatic fever]]
+*[[Rheumatic fever|Rheumatic mitral valve disease]]
+*[[Rheumatoid arthritis]]
+*[[Rilmenidine]]
+*[[Rocky mountain spotted fever]]
+*[[Romano-Ward syndrome]]
+*[[Ropivacaine]]
+*[[Salbutamol]]
+*[[Salmonellosis]]
+*[[Sarcoidosis]]
+*[[Scleroderma]]<ref name="pmid20920962">{{cite journal |author=Femenía F, Arce M, Arrieta M |title=[Systemic sclerosis complicated with syncope and complete AV block] |language=Spanish; Castilian |journal=Medicina (B Aires) |volume=70 |issue=5 |pages=442–4 |year=2010 |pmid=20920962 |doi= |url=}}</ref>,
+*[[Nav1.5|SCN5A mutation]]
+*[[Arizona bark scorpion|Scorpion toxin]]
+*[[Sedative]]
+*[[Sepsis]]
+*[[Septic shock]]
+*[[anorexia nervosa|Severe anorexia nervosa]]
+*[[brain damage|Severe brain injury]]
+*[[Sick sinus syndrome]]
+*[[Sinoatrial block]]
+*[[Sinus arrest]]
+*[[Sinus bradycardia]]
+*[[sinus node disease|Sinus node fibrosis]]
+*[[Sjogren's syndrome]]
+*[[Sleep]]
+*[[Sleep apnea]]
+*[[Somatostatin]]
+*[[Sotalol]]
+*[[Starvation]]
+*[[STEMI]]
+*[[Subarachnoid hemorrhage]]
+*[[Sufentanil]]
+*[[Sustained ventricular tachycardia]]
+*[[Suxamethonium]]
+*[[Sympathomimetic agents]]
+*[[Systemic lupus erythematosus]]
+*[[Systemic sclerosis]]
+*[[Tachycardia-bradycardia syndrome]]
+*[[Tacrine]]
+*[[Tacrolimus]]
+*[[Takotsubo cardiomyopathy]]
+*[[Terodiline]]
+*[[Tetralogy of fallot]]
+*[[Thalassemia major]]<ref name="pmid23056897">{{cite journal |author=Maleki AR, Nikyar B, Hosseini SM |title=Third-Degree Heart Block in Thalassemia major: A Case Report |journal=Iran J Pediatr |volume=22 |issue=2 |pages=260–4 |year=2012 |month=June |pmid=23056897 |pmc=3446065 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
+*[[Theophylline]]
+*[[Thiamylal]]
+*[[Thiazides]]
+*[[periodic  paralysis|Thyrotoxic periodic paralysis]]
+*[[Thyrotoxicosis]]
+*[[tilt table testing|Tilt testing]]<ref name="pmid22427080">{{cite journal| author=Zyśko D, Gajek J, Agrawal AK, Rudnicki J| title=[The relevance of junctional rhythm during neurocardiogenic reaction provoked by tilt testing]. | journal=Kardiol Pol | year= 2012 | volume= 70 | issue= 2 | pages= 148-55 | pmid=22427080 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22427080  }} </ref>
+*[[Timolol]]
+*[[Timothy syndrome]]
+*[[Tolterodine]]
+*[[Toluene|Toluene sniffing]]
+*[[Cocaine|Topical cocaine]]
+*[[Physical exercise|Trained athletes]]
+*[[Tramadol]]
+*[[Transcatheter aortic valve implantation]]
+*[[Transposition of the great  vessels]]
+*[[Trauma]]<ref name="pmid22816548">{{cite journal |author=Thakar S, Chandra P, Pednekar M, Kabalkin C, Shani J |title=Complete heart block following a blow on the chest by a soccer ball: a rare manifestation of commotio cordis |journal=Ann Noninvasive Electrocardiol |volume=17 |issue=3 |pages=280–2 |year=2012 |month=July |pmid=22816548 |doi=10.1111/j.1542-474X.2012.00518.x |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid21621364">{{cite journal |author=Portet N, Riu B, Bounes V, Minville V, Fourcade O |title=Left ventricular-right atrial communication with third-degree atrioventricular block after thoracic trauma |journal=J Emerg Med |volume=43 |issue=6 |pages=e385–8 |year=2012 |month=December |pmid=21621364 |doi=10.1016/j.jemermed.2010.11.059 |url=}}</ref>
+*[[Trichinosis]]
+*[[Tricyclic antidepressants]]
+*[[Tuberculosis]]
+*[[Tumor]]<ref name="pmid21892927">{{cite journal |author=Frikha Z, Abid L, Abid D, ''et al.'' |title=Cardiac tamponade and paroxysmal third-degree atrioventricular block revealing a primary cardiac non-Hodgkin large B-cell lymphoma of the right ventricle: a case report |journal=J Med Case Rep |volume=5 |issue= |pages=433 |year=2011 |pmid=21892927 |pmc=3180417 |doi=10.1186/1752-1947-5-433 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid20605278">{{cite journal |author=Houchaymi Z, Helou S, Ballout J |title=[Pericardial tamponade and third-degree atrioventricular block revealing a primary cardiac lymphoma] |language=French |journal=Rev Med Interne |volume=31 |issue=11 |pages=e4–6 |year=2010 |month=November |pmid=20605278 |doi=10.1016/j.revmed.2010.01.014 |url=}}</ref>
+*[[Tumor lysis syndrome]]
+*[[Typhoid fever]]
+*[[Typhus]]
+*[[Urapidil]]
+*[[vagus nerve|Vagal maneuvers]]
+*[[Vagal reaction]]
+*[[Valsalva maneuver]]
+*[[Valvular heart disease]]
+*[[Varicella zoster]]
+*[[Vasovagal syncope]]
+*[[Vecuronium]]<ref name="pmid1678901">{{cite journal| author=Lines D, Shipton EA| title=Severe bradycardia and sinus arrest after administration of vecuronium, fentanyl and halothane. A case report. | journal=S Afr Med J | year= 1991 | volume= 80 | issue= 4 | pages= 200-1 | pmid=1678901 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=1678901  }} </ref>
+*[[Ventricular septal defect]]
+*[[Verapamil]]<ref name="pmid15688675">{{cite journal| author=Mills TA, Kawji MM, Cataldo VD, Pappas ND, O'Meallie LP, Breaux DM et al.| title=Profound sinus bradycardia due to diltiazem, verapamil, and/or beta-adrenergic blocking drugs. | journal=J La State Med Soc | year= 2004 | volume= 156 | issue= 6 | pages= 327-31 | pmid=15688675 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15688675  }} </ref><ref name="pmid17698788">{{cite journal| author=Cohen AS, Matharu MS, Goadsby PJ| title=Electrocardiographic abnormalities in patients with cluster headache on verapamil therapy. | journal=Neurology | year= 2007 | volume= 69 | issue= 7 | pages= 668-75 | pmid=17698788 | doi=10.1212/01.wnl.0000267319.18123.d3 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17698788  }} </ref>
+*[[Veratridine|Veratridine (false hellebore)]]
+*[[Small for gestational age|Very low birth weight infants]]
+*[[Viral hemorrhagic fever]]
+*[[Vomiting ]]
+*[[Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome]]<ref name="pmid5578843">{{cite journal | author = Castellanos A, Castillo CA, Agha AS, Tessler M | title = His bundle electrograms in patients with short P-R intervals, narrow QRS complexes, and paroxysmal tachycardias | journal = [[Circulation]] | volume = 43 | issue = 5 | pages = 667–78 | year = 1971 | month = May | pmid = 5578843 | doi = | url = http://circ.ahajournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=5578843 | issn = }}</ref>
+* [[sex linkage|X-linked inherited  conditions]]
+*[[Yellow fever]]
+*[[Zaleplon]]
+*Zatebradine<ref name="Van Bogaert-2003">{{Cite journal  | last1 = Van Bogaert | first1 = PP. | last2 = Pittoors | first2 = F. | title = Use-dependent blockade of cardiac pacemaker current (If) by cilobradine and zatebradine. | journal = Eur J Pharmacol | volume = 478 | issue = 2-3 | pages = 161-71 | month = Oct | year = 2003 | doi =  | PMID = 14575801 }}</ref>
+{{col-end}}
 ==References==