Respiratory failure

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Respiratory failure Microchapters

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Overview

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Pathophysiology

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Differentiating Respiratory Failure from other Diseases

Epidemiology and Demographics

Risk Factors

Natural History, Complications and Prognosis

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Case #1

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-In-Chief: Cafer Zorkun, M.D., Ph.D. [2]; M.Umer Tariq [3]

Overview

Historical Perspective

Classification

Pathophysiology

Causes

Differentiating Respiratory Failure from other Diseases

Epidemiology and Demographics

Risk Factors

Natural History, Complications and Prognosis

Diagnosis

History and Symptoms | Physical Examination | Laboratory Findings | Chest X Ray | CT | MRI | Ultrasound | Other Imaging Findings | Other Diagnostic Studies

Treatment

Medical Therapy | Surgery | Primary Prevention | Cost-Effectiveness of Therapy | Future or Investigational Therapies

Case Studies

Case #1

v • d • e
Pathology of respiratory system (J, 460-519), respiratory diseases
Upper RT
(including URTIs,
Common cold)
Head sinuses: Sinusitis

nose: Rhinitis (Vasomotor rhinitis, Atrophic rhinitis, Hay fever) · Nasal polyp · Deviated septum

tonsil: Tonsillitis · Adenoid hypertrophy · Peritonsillar abscess
Neck pharynx: Pharyngitis (Strep throat)

larynx: Laryngitis · Croup · Laryngospasm · vocal folds: Vocal fold nodule · epiglottis: Epiglottitis

trachea: Tracheitis · Tracheal stenosis
Lower RT/lung disease
(including LRTIs)


Bronchial/
obstructive		 acute: Acute bronchitis

chronic: COPD (Chronic bronchitis, Emphysema, Diffuse panbronchiolitis) · Asthma (Status asthmaticus) · Bronchiectasis

unspecified: Bronchitis · Bronchiolitis (Bronchiolitis obliterans)
Interstitial/
restrictive
External agents/
occupational
lung disease		 Pneumoconiosis (Asbestosis, Baritosis, Bauxite fibrosis, Berylliosis, Caplan's syndrome, Chalicosis, Coalworker's pneumoconiosis, Siderosis, Silicosis, Byssinosis)
Hypersensitivity pneumonitis (Bagassosis, Bird fancier's lung, Farmer's lung)
Other ARDS · Pulmonary edema · Löffler's syndrome/Eosinophilic pneumonia · Respiratory hypersensitivity (Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis)
Hamman-Rich syndrome · Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis
Obstructive or
restrictive
Pneumonia/
pneumonitis
By pathogen Viral · Bacterial (Pneumococcal) / Atypical bacterial (Mycoplasma, Legionnaires' disease, Chlamydiae) · Fungal (Pneumocystis) · Parasitic · noninfectious (Chemical/Mendelson's syndrome, Aspiration/Lipid)
By vector/route Community-acquired · Healthcare-associated · Hospital-acquired
By distribution Broncho- · Lobar
IIP UIP · DIP · BOOP-COP · NSIP · RB
Other Atelectasis · circulatory (Pulmonary hypertension, Pulmonary embolism)
Pleural cavity/
mediastinum
Suppuration Empyema/pyothorax · Lung abscess
Pleural disease Pleuritis/pleurisy

Pneumothorax/Hemopneumothorax (Tension pneumothorax)

Pleural effusion: Hemothorax · Hydrothorax · Chylothorax
Mediastinal disease Mediastinitis · Mediastinal emphysema
Other/generalRespiratory failure · Influenza · SARS · Idiopathic pulmonary haemosiderosis · Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis
see also congenital, neoplasia
v • d • e
Health Science · Medicine · Medical specialities · Intensive care medicine / Critical care medicine and Critical care nursing
General termsIntensive care unit (ICU) · Neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) · Pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) · Coronary care unit (CCU) · Critical illness insurance
Conditions
Organ system failure Acute renal failure · Acute respiratory distress syndrome · Acute liver failure · Cardiogenic shock · Coma · Distributive shock · Multiple organ dysfunction syndrome · Polytrauma · Respiratory failure · Sepsis · Septic shock · Shock · Systemic inflammatory response syndrome
Complications Critical illness polyneuropathy / myopathy · Critical illness–related corticosteroid insufficiency · Decubitus ulcers · Fungemia · Stress hyperglycemia · Stress ulcer
Iatrogenesis Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus · Oxygen toxicity · Refeeding syndrome · Ventilator-associated lung injury · Ventilator-associated pneumonia
DiagnosisArterial blood gas · Arterial catheter · Blood cultures · Central venous catheter · Pulmonary artery catheter · Screening cultures
Life supporting treatmentsAirway management · Chest tube · Dialysis · Enteral feeding · Goal-directed therapy · Induced coma · Mechanical ventilation · Therapeutic hypothermia · Total parenteral nutrition
DrugsAnalgesics · Antibiotics · Antithrombotics · Inotropes · Intravenous fluids · Neuromuscular-blocking drugs · Recombinant activated protein C · Sedatives · Stress ulcer prevention drugs · Vasopressors
ICU scoring systemsAPACHE II · Glasgow Coma Scale · PIM2 · SAPS II · SAPS III · SOFA
OrganisationsSociety of Critical Care Medicine · Surviving Sepsis Campaign
Related specialtiesAnesthesia · Cardiology · Internal medicine · Neurology · Pediatrics · Pulmonology · Surgery · Traumatology

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