Respiratory failure
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| Respiratory failure Classification and external resources | |
| ICD-10 | J96. |
|---|---|
| ICD-9 | 518.81 |
| DiseasesDB | 6623 |
| eMedicine | med/2011 |
| MeSH | D012131 |
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Overview
Respiratory failure is a medical term for inadequate gas exchange by the respiratory system. Respiratory failure can be indicated by observing a drop in blood oxygen level (hypoxemia) and/or a rise in arterial carbon dioxide (hypercapnia) which can be written as (PaO2 < 60 mmHg, PaCO2 >45 mmHg).
Classification into type I or type II relates to the absence or presence of hypercapnia respectively. (Values in kPA being PO2 below 8kPA and PCO2 above 6.7kPa
Types
Type 1
- Type 1 respiratory failure is defined as hypoxia without hypercapnia, indeed the CO2 level may be normal or low. It is typically caused by a ventilation/perfusion mismatch; the air flowing in and out of the lungs is not matched with the flow of blood to the lungs.
this type is caused by conditions that affect oxygenation like 1.parenchymal disease(v-q mismatch) 2.diseases of vasculature and shunts.
Type 2
- Type 2 respiratory failure is defined build up of carbon dioxide that has been generated by the body. The underlying causes are reduced breathing effort (in the fatigued patient), increased resistance to breathing (such as in asthma) or an increase in the area of the lung that is not available for gas exchange (such as in emphysema).
Causes
- Pulmonary dysfunction
- Asthma
- Emphysema
- Chronic obstructive airway disease
- Pneumonia
- Pneumothorax
- Hemothorax
- Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) is a specific and life-threatening type of respiratory failure.
- Cystic Fibrosis
- Cardiac dysfunction
- Other
- Fatigue due to prolonged tachypnoea in metabolic acidosis
- Intoxication with drugs (i.e. morphine, benzodiazepines) suppresses respiration.
Differential Diagnosis of Causes of Respiratory Failure
- Aspiration
- Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)
- Atelectasis
- Bronchial asthma
- Bronchial Cancer
- Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
- Drug supression of respiratory center
- Elecrolyte abnormalities
- Emphysema
- Fibrosing alveolitis
- Flail chest
- Foreign body
- Glotto Emphysema
- Interstitial fibrosis
- Kyphoscoliosis
- Laryngo-/Bronchospasm
- Muscular dystrophies
- Myasthenia Gravis
- Noxious gasses
- Oblitertaive Vasculitis
- Pneumonia
- Pneumothorax
- Pulmonary Edema
- Pleural Effusion
- Pleural Fibrosis
- Poliomyelitis
- Polyrediculitis
- Restrictive Lung Disease
- Tension pneumothorax
- Tetanus
Treatment
Emergency treatment follows the principles of cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Treatment of the underlying cause is required. Mechanical ventilation may be required.
External Links
eMedicine Respiratory Failure [4]
Acknowledgement and Attribution Regarding Sources of Content
Some of the initial content on this page may be incorporated in part from copyleft sources in the public domain including wikis such as Wikipedia and AskDrWiki. Drug information for patients came from the The National Library of Medicine. Infectious disease information may have come from the Centers for Disease Control (CDC). Differential Diagnoses are drawn from clinicians as well as an amalgamation of 3 sources: 1.The Disease Database; 2. Kahan, Scott, Smith, Ellen G. In A Page: Signs and Symptoms. Malden, Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishing, 2004:3; 3. Sailer, Christian, Wasner, Susanne. Differential Diagnosis Pocket. Hermosa Beach, CA: Borm Bruckmeir Publishing LLC, 2002:7 .
de:Ateminsuffizienz
ja:呼吸不全
no:Respirasjonssviktfr:Insuffisance respiratoire
