Bradycardia causes: Difference between revisions

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===Combined List of Causes in Alphabetical Order===
===Combined List of Causes in Alphabetical Order===
{{MultiCol}}
{{col-begin|width=80%}}
* [[Aceclidine]]
{{col-break|width=33%}}
* [[Acepromazine]]
*[[5-fluorouracil]]
* [[Acetylcholinesterase inhibitor]]
*[[Acetylcholine]]
* [[Adenosine]]
*[[Acute coronary syndrome]]
* [[Amiodarone]]
*[[Acute  myocardial infarction]]
* [[Amodiaquine]]
*[[Acute renal failure]]
* [[Anorexia nervosa ]]
*[[Respiratory failure|Acute respiratory failure]]
* [[Apnea of prematurity]]
*[[Acute rheumatic fever]]
* [[Asphyxia neonatorum]]
*[[Aging]]
* [[Atenolol]]
*[[Alcohol intoxication]]<ref name="pmid22679160">{{cite journal |author=van Cleef AN, Schuurman MJ, Busari JO |title=Third-degree atrioventricular block in an adolescent following acute alcohol intoxication |journal=BMJ Case Rep |volume=2011 |issue= |pages= |year=2011 |pmid=22679160 |doi=10.1136/bcr.07.2011.4547 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid19918387">{{cite journal |author=Brvar M, Bunc M |title=High-degree atrioventricular block in acute ethanol poisoning: a case report |journal=Cases J |volume=2 |issue= |pages=8559 |year=2009 |pmid=19918387 |pmc=2769457 |doi=10.4076/1757-1626-2-8559 |url=}}</ref>
* [[Athletes]]
*[[Alfentanil]]<ref name="pmid2248851">{{cite journal| author=Bailey PL| title=Sinus arrest induced by trivial nasal stimulation during alfentanil-nitrous oxide anaesthesia. | journal=Br J Anaesth | year= 1990 | volume= 65 | issue= 5 | pages= 718-20 | pmid=2248851 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=2248851  }} </ref>
* [[Atrioventricular block ]]
*[[All-trans retinoic acid]]<ref name="pmid22778455">{{cite journal| author=McGregor A, Hurst E, Lord S, Jones G| title=Bradycardia following retinoic acid differentiation syndrome in a patient with acute promyelocytic leukaemia. | doi=10.1136/bcr.02.2012.5848 | issue= | journal=BMJ Case Rep | pages= | pmc= | pmid=22778455 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22778455  }} </ref>
* [[Autonomic neuropathy]]
*[[Altitude sickness]]
* [[Barbiturates]]
*[[Ambenonium ]]
* [[Beta-blockers]]
*[[Aminophylline]]
* [[Brucellosis]]
*[[Amiodarone]]
* [[Bupivacaine]]
*[[Amlodipine]]
* [[Calcium channel blocker]]
*[[Amphetamines]]
* [[Carbamate]]
*[[Amyloidosis]]
* [[Cardiac arrhythmia]]
*[[Andersen cardiodysrhythmic periodic paralysis]]
* [[Cardiac catheterization]]
*[[Anemia]]
* [[Cardiac dysrhythmias]]
*[[Anidulafungin]]
* [[Cardiomegaly]]
*[[Ankylosing spondylitis]]
* [[Cardiomyopathy]]
*[[Anorexia nervosa]]
* [[Catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia]]
*[[Anthracyclines]]
* [[Cerebral hemorrhage]]
*[[Antiarrhythmic drugs]]
* [[Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis]]
*[[Arnold-Chiari malformation]]
* [[Chagas' disease]]
*[[aspergillosis|Aspergillosis myocarditis]]
* [[Clomipramine]]
*[[Atenolol]]
* [[Clonidine]]
*[[Atherosclerosis]]
* [[Colorado tick fever]]
*[[Atrial septal defect]]
* [[Congenital central hypoventilation syndrome]]<ref name="pmid20301600">{{cite journal |author=Pagon RA, Bird TD, Dolan CR, ''et al.'' |title= |journal= |volume= |issue= |pages= |year= |pmid=20301600 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
*[[Babesiosis]]
* [[Congenital long QT syndrome]]
*[[Bacterial endocarditis]]
* [[Cushing reaction]]
*[[Barbiturate]]
* [[Cushing reflex]]
*[[Becker muscular dystrophy]]
* [[Cushing triad]]
*[[Berberine]]<ref name="pmid23888197">{{cite journal| author=Cannillo M, Frea S, Fornengo C, Toso E, Mercurio G, Battista S et al.| title=Berberine behind the thriller of marked symptomatic bradycardia. | journal=World J Cardiol | year= 2013 | volume= 5 | issue= 7 | pages= 261-4 | pmid=23888197 | doi=10.4330/wjc.v5.i7.261 | pmc=PMC3722425 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23888197  }} </ref>
* [[Cyclic antidepressant poisoning]]
*[[Beta-blockers]]<ref name="pmid15688675">{{cite journal| author=Mills TA, Kawji MM, Cataldo VD, Pappas ND, O'Meallie LP, Breaux DM et al.| title=Profound sinus bradycardia due to diltiazem, verapamil, and/or beta-adrenergic blocking drugs. | journal=J La State Med Soc | year= 2004 | volume= 156 | issue= 6 | pages= 327-31 | pmid=15688675 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15688675  }} </ref>
* [[Detomidine]]
*[[Bethanechol]]
* [[Digitalis]]
*[[Bezold-Jarisch reflex]]
* [[Diltiazem]]
*[[Bortezomib]]
* [[Diphenhydramine]]
*[[Brucellosis]]
* [[Distichiasis - heart and vasculature anomalies - sinus bradycardia]]<ref name="pmid3976722">{{cite journal |author=Goldstein S, Qazi QH, Fitzgerald J, Goldstein J, Friedman AP, Sawyer P |title=Distichiasis, congenital heart defects and mixed peripheral vascular anomalies |journal=Am. J. Med. Genet. |volume=20 |issue=2 |pages=283–94 |year=1985 |month=February |pmid=3976722 |doi=10.1002/ajmg.1320200212 |url=}}</ref>
*[[Brugada syndrome]]
* [[Donepezil]]
*[[Bupivacaine]]
* [[Doxepin]]
* [[Calcific aortic stenosis]]
* [[Drowning]]
*[[Calcium channel blocker]]<ref name="pmid18403171">{{cite journal |author=Wills BK, Liu JM, Wahl M |title=Third-degree AV block from extended-release diltiazem ingestion in a nine-month-old |journal=J Emerg Med |volume=38 |issue=3 |pages=328–31 |year=2010 |month=April |pmid=18403171 |doi=10.1016/j.jemermed.2007.10.053 |url=}}</ref>
* [[Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy]]
*[[Cannabis]]
* [[Enema]]
*[[Carbamate|Carbamate poisoning]]
* [[Fetal distress]]
*[[Carbamazepine]]
* [[Gamma-hydroxybutyric acid]]
*[[Cardiac catheterization]]
* [[Gastric lavage]]
*[[Cardiac glycosides]]
* [[Glyceryl trinitrate ]]
*[[cardiac tumor#heart in lymphomas|Cardiac lymphoma]]
* [[Grayanotoxin]]
*[[Cardiac resynchronization therapy]]
* [[Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome]]
*[[Cardiac surgery]]
* [[Hashimoto's thyroiditis]]
*[[Cardiac transplantation]]
* [[Heat exhaustion]]
*[[Cardiac tumor]]
* [[Hellebore]]
*[[Carotid sinus hypersensitivity|Cardioinhibitory syncope]]<ref name="pmid17971422">{{cite journal| author=Mehlsen J, Kaijer MN, Mehlsen AB| title=Autonomic and electrocardiographic changes in cardioinhibitory syncope. | journal=Europace | year= 2008 | volume= 10 | issue= 1 | pages= 91-5 | pmid=17971422 | doi=10.1093/europace/eum237 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17971422  }} </ref>
* [[Holt-Oram syndrome]]
*[[Cardioversion]]
* [[Hydrocodone]]
*[[Celecoxib]]
* [[Hydroxyethyl starch]][[ Speedball (drug)]]
*[[Cerebral edema]]
* [[Hypercalcemia]]
*[[Cervical spine injury]]
* [[Hyperkalemia]]
*[[Chagas disease]]
* [[Hypokalemia]]
*[[Cholinesterase inhibitors]]
* [[Hypothermia]]
*[[Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease]]
* [[Hypothyroidism]]
*[[Chronic renal failure]]
* [[Ibuprofen]]
*[[Churg-Strauss syndrome]])<ref name="pmid20979789">{{cite journal |author=Tian Z, Fang Q, Zhao DC, ''et al.'' |title=[The clinico-pathological manifestation of cardiac involvement in eosinophilic diseases] |language=Chinese |journal=Zhonghua Nei Ke Za Zhi |volume=49 |issue=8 |pages=684–7 |year=2010 |month=August |pmid=20979789 |doi= |url=}}</ref>,
* [[Increased intracranial pressure]]
*[[Cilobradine]]<ref name="Van Bogaert-2003">{{Cite journal  | last1 = Van Bogaert | first1 = PP. | last2 = Pittoors | first2 = F. | title = Use-dependent blockade of cardiac pacemaker current (If) by cilobradine and zatebradine. | journal = Eur J Pharmacol | volume = 478 | issue = 2-3 | pages = 161-71 | month = Oct | year = 2003 | doi =  | PMID = 14575801 }}</ref>
* [[Isosorbide dinitrate]]
*[[Cimetidine]]
{{ColBreak}}
*[[Citalopram]]
* [[Ivabradine]]
*[[Clonidine]]
* [[Legionella pneumonia]]
*[[Cocaine]]
* [[Levobetaxolol]]
*[[Complete heart block]]
* [[Levobupivacaine]]
*[[Congenital heart block]]<ref name="www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov">{{Cite web  | last =  | first =  | title = Congenital complete atrioventricular block. | url = http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC325472/ | publisher =  | date =  | accessdate = 21 August 2013 }}</ref>
* [[Lidocaine]]
*[[Congenital heart disease]]
* [[Lithium]]
*[[Congestive heart failure]]
* [[Malnutrition]]
*[[Coronary artery bypass grafting]]
* [[Mammalian diving reflex]]
*[[Coronary heart disease]]
* [[Medetomidine]]
*[[Coronary ischemia]]
* [[Mefloquine]]
*[[reperfusion injury|Coronary reperfusion therapy]]
* [[Mepivacaine]]
*[[Cough syncope]]
* [[Methacholine]]
*[[Cretinism]]
* [[Methyldopa]]
*[[Crizotinib|Crizotinib toxicity]]
* [[Morphine]]
*[[Cushing's syndrome]]
* [[Moxonidine]]
*[[Daunorubicin]]
* [[Mycoplasma pneumonia ]]
*[[Decompression sickness]]
* [[Nadolol]]
*[[Defecation]]
* [[Nalbuphine ]]
*[[Degenerative diseases]]
* [[Nalmefene]]
*[[Dengue fever]]
* [[Necrotizing enterocolitis]]
*[[Dermatomyositis]]
* [[Neonatal lupus erythematosus]]
*[[Deserpidine ]]
* [[Neurocardiogenic syncope]]
*[[Dexmedetomidine]]
* [[Neurogenic shock]]
*[[Diabetes mellitus]]
* [[Obstructive jaundice]]
*[[Diabetic ketoacidosis]]
* [[Oculocardiac reflex]]
*[[Diabetic neuropathy]]
* [[Opioid poisoning]]
*[[Digitalis]]
* [[Oxymorphone]]
*[[Digitalis toxicity]]
* [[Phenobarbital]]
*[[Digoxin]]
* [[Phenylephrine]]
*[[Dilated cardiomyopathy]]
* [[Phenytoin]]
*[[Diltiazem]]<ref name="pmid15688675">{{cite journal| author=Mills TA, Kawji MM, Cataldo VD, Pappas ND, O'Meallie LP, Breaux DM et al.| title=Profound sinus bradycardia due to diltiazem, verapamil, and/or beta-adrenergic blocking drugs. | journal=J La State Med Soc | year= 2004 | volume= 156 | issue= 6 | pages= 327-31 | pmid=15688675 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15688675  }} </ref><ref name="pmid12101159">{{cite journal| author=Isbister GK| title=Delayed asystolic cardiac arrest after diltiazem overdose; resuscitation with high dose intravenous calcium. | journal=Emerg Med J | year= 2002 | volume= 19 | issue= 4 | pages= 355-7 | pmid=12101159 | doi= | pmc=PMC1725910 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12101159  }} </ref>
* [[Pilocarpine]]
*[[Dimethyl sulfoxide]]
* [[Pneumothorax]]
*[[Diphenhydramine]]
* [[Propafenone]]
*[[Diptheria]]
* [[Propranolol]]
*[[Disopyramide]]
* [[Pulseless ventricular tachycardia]]
*[[Distigmine]]
* [[Quinidine]]
*[[Dobutamine]]
* [[Radiocontrast toxicity]]
*[[Dolasetron]]
* [[Raised Intracranial pressure]]
*[[Donepezil]]
* [[Rapid sequence induction]]
*[[Doxorubicin]]
* [[Reserpine]]
*[[Dronedarone]]
* [[Right bundle branch block]]
*[[Drowning]]
* [[Ropivacaine]]
*[[Drugs]]
* [[Second degree AV block]]
*[[Duchenne's muscular dystrophy]]<ref name="pmid6707378">{{cite journal | author = Perloff JK | title = Cardiac rhythm and conduction in Duchenne's muscular dystrophy: a prospective study of 20 patients | journal = [[Journal of the American College of Cardiology]] | volume = 3 | issue = 5 | pages = 1263–8 | year = 1984 | month = May | pmid = 6707378 | doi = | url = | issn = }}</ref>
* [[Sedatives]]
*[[Ebstein’s anomaly]]
* [[Septic shock]]
*[[Edrophonium]]
* [[Sick sinus syndrome]]
*[[Electric shock]]
* [[Sinoatrial block]]
*[[Electrolyte disturbances]]
* [[Skull fracture]]
*[[Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy]], [[sex linkage|x-linked]]
* [[Sleep]]
*[[Endocardial cushion defect]]
* [[ST elevation myocardial infarction complications]]
*[[Endocarditis]]
* [[Subarachanoid hemorrhage]]
*[[vagal tone|Enhanced vagal tone]]
* [[Sulpiride]]
*[[Ephedrine]]
* [[Suxamethonium chloride]]
*[[Epilepsy]]
* [[Tacrine]]
*[[Epirubicin]]
* [[Theobromine poisoning]]
*[[Erb's dystrophy]]
* [[Timolol]]
*[[Eslicarbazepine acetate]]
* [[Trazodone]]
*[[Fabry disease]]<ref name="pmid3086855">{{cite journal | author = Efthimiou J, McLelland J, Betteridge DJ | title = Short PR intervals and tachyarrhythmias in Fabry's disease | journal = [[Postgraduate Medical Journal]] | volume = 62 | issue = 726 | pages = 285–7 | year = 1986 | month = April | pmid = 3086855 | pmc = 2418650 | doi = | url = http://pmj.bmj.com/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=3086855 | issn = }}</ref>
* [[Trypanosoma cruzi]]
*[[Febuxostat]]
* [[Tularaemia]]
*[[Fentanyl]]
* [[Typhoid fever]]
*[[Fesoterodine]]
* [[Uncaria tomentosa]]
*[[Fingolimod]]
* [[Vagal episode]]
*[[Flecainide]]
* [[Vasa previa]]
{{col-break|width=33%}}
* [[Vasovagal syncope]]
*[[Flumazenil]]
* [[Vertebral subluxation]]
*[[Fluoxetine]]
* [[Xylazine]]
*[[Fluvoxamine]]
{{EndMultiCol}}
*[[Fontan procedure]]
*[[Fosphenytoin]]
*[[Friedreich ataxia]]
*[[Glycogen storage disease type II]]
*[[Glycogenosis type 2b]]
*[[Granisetron]]
*[[Grayanotoxin]]
*[[Guanethidine]]
*[[Guanfacine]]
*[[H2 receptor antagonist]]
*[[Halothane]]<ref name="pmid1678901">{{cite journal| author=Lines D, Shipton EA| title=Severe bradycardia and sinus arrest after administration of vecuronium, fentanyl and halothane. A case report. | journal=S Afr Med J | year= 1991 | volume= 80 | issue= 4 | pages= 200-1 | pmid=1678901 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=1678901  }} </ref>
*[[Hashimoto's thyroiditis]]
*[[HCM]]
*[[HCN4|HCN4 mutation]]
*[[Heart surgery]]
*[[Hemochromatosis]]
*[[Neuromuscular disease|hereditary neuromuscular disease]]
*[[Hodgkin disease]]
*[[Hodgkin lymphoma]]
*[[Hypercalcemia]]
*[[Hypercapnia]]
*[[Hyperkalemia]]<ref name="pmid16792034">{{cite journal |author=Bonvini RF, Hendiri T, Anwar A |title=Sinus arrest and moderate hyperkalemia |journal=[[Annales De Cardiologie Et D'angéiologie]] |volume=55 |issue=3 |pages=161–3 |year=2006 |month=June |pmid=16792034 |doi= |url= |issn=}}</ref>
*[[Hypermagnesemia]]
*[[Carotid sinus hypersensitivity|Hypersensitive carotid  sinus syndrome]]
*[[Hypertension]]<ref name="pmid18174773">{{cite journal |author=Lionakis N, Moyssakis I, Gialafos E, Dalianis N, Votteas V |title=Aortic dissection and third-degree atrioventricular block in a patient with a hypertensive crisis |journal=J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich) |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=69–72 |year=2008 |month=January |pmid=18174773 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
*[[Hypertensive heart disease]]
*[[Hyperthyroidism]]<ref name="pmid22257810">{{cite journal |author=Amasyalı B, Barçın C, Kılıç A |title=[Supra-His complete atrioventricular block in a patient with subclinical hyperthyroidism] |language=Turkish |journal=Turk Kardiyol Dern Ars |volume=39 |issue=8 |pages=693–6 |year=2011 |month=December |pmid=22257810 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
*[[Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy]]
*[[Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy alcohol septal ablation]]<ref name="pmid23363714">{{cite journal |author=Liu R, Qiao SB, Hu FH, Yang WX, Yuan JS |title=[Clinical features of five patients with delayed third degree atrioventricular block after ethanol septal ablation for hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy] |language=Chinese |journal=Zhonghua Xin Xue Guan Bing Za Zhi |volume=40 |issue=12 |pages=1009–11 |year=2012 |month=December |pmid=23363714 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
*[[Hypocalcemia]]
*[[Hypocapnia]]
*[[Hypoglycemia]]
*[[Hypokalemia]]
*[[Hypomagnesemia]]
*[[Hypothermia]]
*[[Hypothyroidism]]
*[[Hypoxia]]
*[[Ibutilide]]
*[[Idarubicin]]
*[[Idiopathic]]
*[[heart block|Idiopathic heart block]]<ref name="pmid22068075">{{cite journal |author=Sykes JA, Lubega J, Ezetendu C, Verma R, O'Connor B, Kalyanaraman M |title=Asymptomatic complete atrioventricular block in a 13-year-old girl |journal=Pediatr Emerg Care |volume=27 |issue=11 |pages=1081–3 |year=2011 |month=November |pmid=22068075 |doi=10.1097/PEC.0b013e3182360674 |url=}}</ref><ref name="www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov">{{Cite web  | last =  | first =  | title = Idiopathic heart block: association with vitiligo, thyroid disease, pernicious anaemia, and diabetes mellitus. | url = http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1675154/ | publisher =  | date =  | accessdate = 21 August 2013 }}</ref>
*[[idiopathic hypereosinophilic syndrome]]
*[[Intracranial pressure#Increased ICP|Increased intracranial pressure]]
*[[regional anesthesia|Infraclavicular brachial plexus block]]
*[[Ischemic heart disease]]
*[[Isoprenaline|Isoprenaline infusion]]<ref name="pmid16216767">{{cite journal| author=Brembilla-Perrot B, Muhanna I, Nippert M, Popovic B, Beurrier D, Houriez P et al.| title=Paradoxical effect of isoprenaline infusion. | journal=Europace | year= 2005 | volume= 7 | issue= 6 | pages= 621-7 | pmid=16216767 | doi=10.1016/j.eupc.2005.06.012 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16216767  }} </ref>
*[[Isoproterenol]]
*[[Isorhythmic A-V dissociation]]
*[[Ivabradine]]
*[[Jervell and Lange-Nielsen syndrome]]
*[[Junctional rhythms]]
*[[Kearns-Sayre syndrome]]
*[[Kwashiorkor]]
*[[Labetalol]]
*[[Lacosamide]]
*[[Lanatoside C]]
*[[Lanreotide]]
*[[Lateral medullary syndrome]]<ref name="pmid23386489">{{cite journal| author=Koay S, Dewan B| title=An unexpected Holter monitor result: multiple sinus arrests in a patient with lateral medullary syndrome. | journal=BMJ Case Rep | year= 2013 | volume= 2013 | issue=  | pages=  | pmid=23386489 | doi=10.1136/bcr-2012-007783 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23386489  }} </ref>
*[[Left ventricular noncompaction]]
*[[Legionellosis]]
*[[Lenegre's disease]]
*[[Leptospirosis]]
*[[Lev's disease]]
*[[Lidocaine]]
*[[Lily of the Valley|Lily of the valley poisoning]]
*[[Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy|Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy type 1B (LGMD1B)]]
*[[Lithium]]
*[[Lofexidine]]
*[[Long QT syndrome]]
*[[Lown-Ganong-Levine syndrome]]
*[[Long QT Syndrome classification#LQT4|LQT type 4]]
*[[LQT4|LQT4 mutation]]
*[[Lyme disease]]<ref name="pmid21125053">{{cite journal |author=Bhattacharya IS, Dweck M, Francis M |title=Lyme carditis: a reversible cause of complete atrioventricular block |journal=J R Coll Physicians Edinb |volume=40 |issue=2 |pages=121–2 |year=2010 |month=June |pmid=21125053 |doi=10.4997/JRCPE.2010.207 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid20840915">{{cite journal |author=Wagner V, Zima E, Gellér L, Merkely B |title=[Acute atrioventricular block in chronic Lyme disease] |language=Hungarian |journal=Orv Hetil |volume=151 |issue=39 |pages=1585–90 |year=2010 |month=September |pmid=20840915 |doi=10.1556/OH.2010.28965 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid20464556">{{cite journal |author=Semmler D, Blank R, Rupprecht H |title=Complete AV block in Lyme carditis: an important differential diagnosis |journal=Clin Res Cardiol |volume=99 |issue=8 |pages=519–26 |year=2010 |month=August |pmid=20464556 |doi=10.1007/s00392-010-0152-8 |url=}}</ref>
*[[Magnesium]]
*[[Mahaim fibers|Mahaim fiber tachycardia]]
*[[Malaria]]
*[[Maze procedure]]
*[[Mefloquine]]
*[[Meningitis]]
*[[Mepivacaine]]
*[[Mesalamine]]
*[[Metabolic acidosis]]
*[[Methyldopa]]
*[[Methylprednisolone]]<ref name="pmid10074612">{{cite journal| author=Guillén EL, Ruíz AM, Bugallo JB| title=Hypotension, bradycardia, and asystole after high-dose intravenous methylprednisolone in a monitored patient. | journal=Am J Kidney Dis | year= 1998 | volume= 32 | issue= 2 | pages= E4 | pmid=10074612 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10074612  }} </ref>
*[[Mexiletine]]
*[[Micturition syncope]]
*[[Miller-Dieker syndrome]]
*[[Mitochondrial DNA|Mitochondrial genome inherited conditions]]
*[[Mitochondrial myopathy]]
*[[Mitral regurgitation]]
*[[Mitral stenosis]]
*[[Mitral valve prolapse]]
*[[Morphine]]
*[[Multiple myeloma]]
*[[Muscarine]]
*[[Muscular dystrophy]]<ref name="pmid23194837">{{cite journal |author=Facenda-Lorenzo M, Hernández-Afonso J, Rodríguez-Esteban M, de León-Hernández JC, Grillo-Pérez JJ |title=Cardiac Manifestations in Myotonic Dystrophy Type 1 Patients Followed Using a Standard Protocol in a Specialized Unit |journal=Rev Esp Cardiol |volume= |issue= |pages= |year=2012 |month=November |pmid=23194837 |doi=10.1016/j.recesp.2012.08.011 |url=}}</ref>
*[[Myocardial bridging]]
*[[Myocardial contusion]]
*[[Myocardial infarction]] <ref name="pmid18274563">{{cite journal |author=Malla RR, Sayami A |title=In hospital complications and mortality of patients of inferior wall myocardial infarction with right ventricular infarction |journal=JNMA J Nepal Med Assoc |volume=46 |issue=167 |pages=99–102 |year=2007 |pmid=18274563 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
*[[Myocardial rupture]]
*[[Myocarditis]]
*[[Myotonic dystrophy]]
*[[Myotonic muscular dystrophy]]
*[[Myxedema]]
*[[Nadolol]]
*[[Nail-patella syndrome]]
*[[Nausea]]
*[[Nefazodone]]
*[[Nelfinavir]]<ref name="pmid10476763">{{cite journal| author=Landovitz RJ, Sax PE| title=Symptomatic junctional bradycardia after treatment with nelfinavir. | journal=Clin Infect Dis | year= 1999 | volume= 29 | issue= 2 | pages= 449-50 | pmid=10476763 | doi=10.1086/520237 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10476763  }} </ref>
*[[Neonatal lupus erythematosus]]
*[[Neostigmine]]
*[[Nerve agent]]
*[[Nicorandil]]
*[[Noncompaction cardiomyopathy]]
*[[prolonged PR interval|Normal variants of PR  prolongation]]
*Normal variation in vagal tone
*[[NSTEMI]]
*[[Obesity]]
*[[Obstructive sleep apnea]]
*[[organophosphate|Organophosphate poisoning]]
*[[Pacemaker malfunction]]
*[[Paclitaxel]]
*[[Pain]]
*[[Paliperidone]]
*[[Palonosetron]]
{{col-break|width=33%}}
*[[parathion|Parathion poisoning]]
*[[Paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia]]
*[[Pericarditis]]
*[[Permanent pacemaker]]
*[[Peroneal muscular atrophy]]
*[[Phenothiazine]]
*[[Phenylephrine]]
*[[Phenytoin]]
*[[Pheochromocytoma]]<ref name="pmid6693659">{{cite journal | author = Huang SK, Rosenberg MJ, Denes P | title = Short PR interval and narrow QRS complex associated with pheochromocytoma: electrophysiologic observations | journal = [[Journal of the American College of Cardiology]] | volume = 3 | issue = 3 | pages = 872–5 | year = 1984 | month = March | pmid = 6693659 | doi = | url = | issn = }}</ref>
*[[Physostigmine]]
*[[Pneumonia]]
*[[spider bite#spider venom|Poisonous spider bites]]
*[[Pompe disease]]
*[[aortic valve  replacement|Post aortic valve replacement ]]
*[[catheter ablation|Post catheter ablation for arrhythmias]]
*[[Ventricular septal defect surgery|Post closure of a  ventricular septal defect]]
*[[lung transplantation|Post lung transplantation]]
*[[mitral valve  replacement|Post mitral valve  replacement]]
*[[Preexcitation syndrome]]
*[[Pregnancy]]
*[[Premature atrial beats]]
*[[Procainamide]]
*[[hypothyroidism|Profound hypothyroidism]]
*[[Propafenone]]
*[[Propanolol]]
*[[Propofol]]
*[[Propoxyphene]]
*[[Protozoa|Protozoal infection]]
*[[Pulmonary embolism]]
*[[pyrethroid|Pyrethroid poisoning]]
*[[Pyridostigmine]]
*[[Q fever]]
*[[Quinidine]]
*[[Rabeprazole]]
*[[Rabies]]
*[[Regadenoson]]
*[[Reiter's syndrome]]
*[[Relapsing polychondritis]]
*[[Remifentanil]]
*[[Renal failure]]
*[[Rescinnamine]]
*[[Reserpine]]
*[[Restrictive cardiomyopathy]]
*[[Rheumatic fever]]
*[[Rheumatic fever|Rheumatic mitral valve disease]]
*[[Rheumatoid arthritis]]
*[[Rilmenidine]]
*[[Rocky mountain spotted fever]]
*[[Romano-Ward syndrome]]
*[[Ropivacaine]]
*[[Salbutamol]]
*[[Salmonellosis]]
*[[Sarcoidosis]]
*[[Scleroderma]]<ref name="pmid20920962">{{cite journal |author=Femenía F, Arce M, Arrieta M |title=[Systemic sclerosis complicated with syncope and complete AV block] |language=Spanish; Castilian |journal=Medicina (B Aires) |volume=70 |issue=5 |pages=442–4 |year=2010 |pmid=20920962 |doi= |url=}}</ref>,
*[[Nav1.5|SCN5A mutation]]
*[[Arizona bark scorpion|Scorpion toxin]]
*[[Sedative]]
*[[Sepsis]]
*[[Septic shock]]
*[[anorexia nervosa|Severe anorexia nervosa]]
*[[brain damage|Severe brain injury]]
*[[Sick sinus syndrome]]
*[[Sinoatrial block]]
*[[Sinus arrest]]
*[[Sinus bradycardia]]
*[[sinus node disease|Sinus node fibrosis]]
*[[Sjogren's syndrome]]
*[[Sleep]]
*[[Sleep apnea]]
*[[Somatostatin]]
*[[Sotalol]]
*[[Starvation]]
*[[STEMI]]
*[[Subarachnoid hemorrhage]]
*[[Sufentanil]]
*[[Sustained ventricular tachycardia]]
*[[Suxamethonium]]
*[[Sympathomimetic agents]]
*[[Systemic lupus erythematosus]]
*[[Systemic sclerosis]]
*[[Tachycardia-bradycardia syndrome]]
*[[Tacrine]]
*[[Tacrolimus]]
*[[Takotsubo cardiomyopathy]]
*[[Terodiline]]
*[[Tetralogy of fallot]]
*[[Thalassemia major]]<ref name="pmid23056897">{{cite journal |author=Maleki AR, Nikyar B, Hosseini SM |title=Third-Degree Heart Block in Thalassemia major: A Case Report |journal=Iran J Pediatr |volume=22 |issue=2 |pages=260–4 |year=2012 |month=June |pmid=23056897 |pmc=3446065 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
*[[Theophylline]]
*[[Thiamylal]]
*[[Thiazides]]
*[[periodic  paralysis|Thyrotoxic periodic paralysis]]
*[[Thyrotoxicosis]]
*[[tilt table testing|Tilt testing]]<ref name="pmid22427080">{{cite journal| author=Zyśko D, Gajek J, Agrawal AK, Rudnicki J| title=[The relevance of junctional rhythm during neurocardiogenic reaction provoked by tilt testing]. | journal=Kardiol Pol | year= 2012 | volume= 70 | issue= 2 | pages= 148-55 | pmid=22427080 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22427080  }} </ref> 
*[[Timolol]]
*[[Timothy syndrome]]
*[[Tolterodine]]
*[[Toluene|Toluene sniffing]]
*[[Cocaine|Topical cocaine]]
*[[Physical exercise|Trained athletes]]
*[[Tramadol]]
*[[Transcatheter aortic valve implantation]]
*[[Transposition of the great  vessels]]
*[[Trauma]]<ref name="pmid22816548">{{cite journal |author=Thakar S, Chandra P, Pednekar M, Kabalkin C, Shani J |title=Complete heart block following a blow on the chest by a soccer ball: a rare manifestation of commotio cordis |journal=Ann Noninvasive Electrocardiol |volume=17 |issue=3 |pages=280–2 |year=2012 |month=July |pmid=22816548 |doi=10.1111/j.1542-474X.2012.00518.x |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid21621364">{{cite journal |author=Portet N, Riu B, Bounes V, Minville V, Fourcade O |title=Left ventricular-right atrial communication with third-degree atrioventricular block after thoracic trauma |journal=J Emerg Med |volume=43 |issue=6 |pages=e385–8 |year=2012 |month=December |pmid=21621364 |doi=10.1016/j.jemermed.2010.11.059 |url=}}</ref>
*[[Trichinosis]]
*[[Tricyclic antidepressants]]
*[[Tuberculosis]]
*[[Tumor]]<ref name="pmid21892927">{{cite journal |author=Frikha Z, Abid L, Abid D, ''et al.'' |title=Cardiac tamponade and paroxysmal third-degree atrioventricular block revealing a primary cardiac non-Hodgkin large B-cell lymphoma of the right ventricle: a case report |journal=J Med Case Rep |volume=5 |issue= |pages=433 |year=2011 |pmid=21892927 |pmc=3180417 |doi=10.1186/1752-1947-5-433 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid20605278">{{cite journal |author=Houchaymi Z, Helou S, Ballout J |title=[Pericardial tamponade and third-degree atrioventricular block revealing a primary cardiac lymphoma] |language=French |journal=Rev Med Interne |volume=31 |issue=11 |pages=e4–6 |year=2010 |month=November |pmid=20605278 |doi=10.1016/j.revmed.2010.01.014 |url=}}</ref>
*[[Tumor lysis syndrome]]
*[[Typhoid fever]]
*[[Typhus]]
*[[Urapidil]]
*[[vagus nerve|Vagal maneuvers]]
*[[Vagal reaction]]
*[[Valsalva maneuver]]
*[[Valvular heart disease]]
*[[Varicella zoster]]
*[[Vasovagal syncope]]
*[[Vecuronium]]<ref name="pmid1678901">{{cite journal| author=Lines D, Shipton EA| title=Severe bradycardia and sinus arrest after administration of vecuronium, fentanyl and halothane. A case report. | journal=S Afr Med J | year= 1991 | volume= 80 | issue= 4 | pages= 200-1 | pmid=1678901 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=1678901  }} </ref>
*[[Ventricular septal defect]]
*[[Verapamil]]<ref name="pmid15688675">{{cite journal| author=Mills TA, Kawji MM, Cataldo VD, Pappas ND, O'Meallie LP, Breaux DM et al.| title=Profound sinus bradycardia due to diltiazem, verapamil, and/or beta-adrenergic blocking drugs. | journal=J La State Med Soc | year= 2004 | volume= 156 | issue= 6 | pages= 327-31 | pmid=15688675 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15688675  }} </ref><ref name="pmid17698788">{{cite journal| author=Cohen AS, Matharu MS, Goadsby PJ| title=Electrocardiographic abnormalities in patients with cluster headache on verapamil therapy. | journal=Neurology | year= 2007 | volume= 69 | issue= 7 | pages= 668-75 | pmid=17698788 | doi=10.1212/01.wnl.0000267319.18123.d3 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17698788  }} </ref>
*[[Veratridine|Veratridine (false hellebore)]]
*[[Small for gestational age|Very low birth weight infants]]
*[[Viral hemorrhagic fever]]
*[[Vomiting ]]
*[[Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome]]<ref name="pmid5578843">{{cite journal | author = Castellanos A, Castillo CA, Agha AS, Tessler M | title = His bundle electrograms in patients with short P-R intervals, narrow QRS complexes, and paroxysmal tachycardias | journal = [[Circulation]] | volume = 43 | issue = 5 | pages = 667–78 | year = 1971 | month = May | pmid = 5578843 | doi = | url = http://circ.ahajournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=5578843 | issn = }}</ref>
* [[sex linkage|X-linked inherited  conditions]]
*[[Yellow fever]]
*[[Zaleplon]]
*Zatebradine<ref name="Van Bogaert-2003">{{Cite journal  | last1 = Van Bogaert | first1 = PP. | last2 = Pittoors | first2 = F. | title = Use-dependent blockade of cardiac pacemaker current (If) by cilobradine and zatebradine. | journal = Eur J Pharmacol | volume = 478 | issue = 2-3 | pages = 161-71 | month = Oct | year = 2003 | doi =  | PMID = 14575801 }}</ref>
{{col-end}}


==References==
==References==

Revision as of 03:37, 4 September 2013

Bradycardia Microchapters

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: M.Umer Tariq [2]

Overview

Pathologic bradycardias are caused by disorders of impulse generation (impaired automaticity at SA node), impulse conduction (heart block) or escape pacemakers and rhythms. Bradycardia can be underlain by several causes, which are best divided into cardiac and non-cardiac causes or based on the location of the abnormality. Non-cardiac causes are usually secondary, and can involve recreational drug use; endocrine disorders (hypothyroid); electrolyte imbalance (hyperkalemia); autonomic reflexes; situational factors (prolonged bed rest); infections lyme disease; medications; and autoimmunity disorders. Cardiac causes include acute or chronic ischemic heart disease, vascular heart disease, valvular heart disease, or degenerative primary electrical disease (fibrosis and calcification of the sinus node and conduction system).

Causes

Life Threatening Causes

Life-threatening causes include conditions which may result in death or permanent disability within 24 hours if left untreated.


Common Causes

Bradycardia causes developed by WikiDoc.org

Combined List of Causes in Alphabetical Order

References

  1. ↑ Boujnah MR, Jaafari A, Boukhris B, Boussabah I, Thameur M (2000). "[Sinoatrial block induced by therapeutic doses of diltiazem. Report of 3 cases]". Tunis Med. 78 (12): 735–7. PMID 11155380.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Malla RR, Sayami A (2007). "In hospital complications and mortality of patients of inferior wall myocardial infarction with right ventricular infarction". JNMA J Nepal Med Assoc. 46 (167): 99–102. PMID 18274563.
  3. ↑ van Cleef AN, Schuurman MJ, Busari JO (2011). "Third-degree atrioventricular block in an adolescent following acute alcohol intoxication". BMJ Case Rep. 2011. doi:10.1136/bcr.07.2011.4547. PMID 22679160.
  4. ↑ Brvar M, Bunc M (2009). "High-degree atrioventricular block in acute ethanol poisoning: a case report". Cases J. 2: 8559. doi:10.4076/1757-1626-2-8559. PMC 2769457. PMID 19918387.
  5. ↑ Bailey PL (1990). "Sinus arrest induced by trivial nasal stimulation during alfentanil-nitrous oxide anaesthesia". Br J Anaesth. 65 (5): 718–20. PMID 2248851.
  6. ↑ McGregor A, Hurst E, Lord S, Jones G. "Bradycardia following retinoic acid differentiation syndrome in a patient with acute promyelocytic leukaemia". BMJ Case Rep. doi:10.1136/bcr.02.2012.5848. PMID 22778455.
  7. ↑ Cannillo M, Frea S, Fornengo C, Toso E, Mercurio G, Battista S; et al. (2013). "Berberine behind the thriller of marked symptomatic bradycardia". World J Cardiol. 5 (7): 261–4. doi:10.4330/wjc.v5.i7.261. PMC 3722425. PMID 23888197.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 Mills TA, Kawji MM, Cataldo VD, Pappas ND, O'Meallie LP, Breaux DM; et al. (2004). "Profound sinus bradycardia due to diltiazem, verapamil, and/or beta-adrenergic blocking drugs". J La State Med Soc. 156 (6): 327–31. PMID 15688675.
  9. ↑ Wills BK, Liu JM, Wahl M (2010). "Third-degree AV block from extended-release diltiazem ingestion in a nine-month-old". J Emerg Med. 38 (3): 328–31. doi:10.1016/j.jemermed.2007.10.053. PMID 18403171. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  10. ↑ Mehlsen J, Kaijer MN, Mehlsen AB (2008). "Autonomic and electrocardiographic changes in cardioinhibitory syncope". Europace. 10 (1): 91–5. doi:10.1093/europace/eum237. PMID 17971422.
  11. ↑ Tian Z, Fang Q, Zhao DC; et al. (2010). "[The clinico-pathological manifestation of cardiac involvement in eosinophilic diseases]". Zhonghua Nei Ke Za Zhi (in Chinese). 49 (8): 684–7. PMID 20979789. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 Van Bogaert, PP.; Pittoors, F. (2003). "Use-dependent blockade of cardiac pacemaker current (If) by cilobradine and zatebradine". Eur J Pharmacol. 478 (2–3): 161–71. PMID 14575801. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 "Congenital complete atrioventricular block". Retrieved 21 August 2013.
  14. ↑ Isbister GK (2002). "Delayed asystolic cardiac arrest after diltiazem overdose; resuscitation with high dose intravenous calcium". Emerg Med J. 19 (4): 355–7. PMC 1725910. PMID 12101159.
  15. ↑ Perloff JK (1984). "Cardiac rhythm and conduction in Duchenne's muscular dystrophy: a prospective study of 20 patients". Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 3 (5): 1263–8. PMID 6707378. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  16. ↑ Efthimiou J, McLelland J, Betteridge DJ (1986). "Short PR intervals and tachyarrhythmias in Fabry's disease". Postgraduate Medical Journal. 62 (726): 285–7. PMC 2418650. PMID 3086855. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 Lines D, Shipton EA (1991). "Severe bradycardia and sinus arrest after administration of vecuronium, fentanyl and halothane. A case report". S Afr Med J. 80 (4): 200–1. PMID 1678901.
  18. ↑ Bonvini RF, Hendiri T, Anwar A (2006). "Sinus arrest and moderate hyperkalemia". Annales De Cardiologie Et D'angéiologie. 55 (3): 161–3. PMID 16792034. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  19. ↑ Lionakis N, Moyssakis I, Gialafos E, Dalianis N, Votteas V (2008). "Aortic dissection and third-degree atrioventricular block in a patient with a hypertensive crisis". J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). 10 (1): 69–72. PMID 18174773. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  20. ↑ Amasyalı B, Barçın C, Kılıç A (2011). "[Supra-His complete atrioventricular block in a patient with subclinical hyperthyroidism]". Turk Kardiyol Dern Ars (in Turkish). 39 (8): 693–6. PMID 22257810. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  21. ↑ Liu R, Qiao SB, Hu FH, Yang WX, Yuan JS (2012). "[Clinical features of five patients with delayed third degree atrioventricular block after ethanol septal ablation for hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy]". Zhonghua Xin Xue Guan Bing Za Zhi (in Chinese). 40 (12): 1009–11. PMID 23363714. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  22. ↑ Sykes JA, Lubega J, Ezetendu C, Verma R, O'Connor B, Kalyanaraman M (2011). "Asymptomatic complete atrioventricular block in a 13-year-old girl". Pediatr Emerg Care. 27 (11): 1081–3. doi:10.1097/PEC.0b013e3182360674. PMID 22068075. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  23. ↑ Brembilla-Perrot B, Muhanna I, Nippert M, Popovic B, Beurrier D, Houriez P; et al. (2005). "Paradoxical effect of isoprenaline infusion". Europace. 7 (6): 621–7. doi:10.1016/j.eupc.2005.06.012. PMID 16216767.
  24. ↑ Koay S, Dewan B (2013). "An unexpected Holter monitor result: multiple sinus arrests in a patient with lateral medullary syndrome". BMJ Case Rep. 2013. doi:10.1136/bcr-2012-007783. PMID 23386489.
  25. ↑ Bhattacharya IS, Dweck M, Francis M (2010). "Lyme carditis: a reversible cause of complete atrioventricular block". J R Coll Physicians Edinb. 40 (2): 121–2. doi:10.4997/JRCPE.2010.207. PMID 21125053. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  26. ↑ Wagner V, Zima E, Gellér L, Merkely B (2010). "[Acute atrioventricular block in chronic Lyme disease]". Orv Hetil (in Hungarian). 151 (39): 1585–90. doi:10.1556/OH.2010.28965. PMID 20840915. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  27. ↑ Semmler D, Blank R, Rupprecht H (2010). "Complete AV block in Lyme carditis: an important differential diagnosis". Clin Res Cardiol. 99 (8): 519–26. doi:10.1007/s00392-010-0152-8. PMID 20464556. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  28. ↑ Guillén EL, Ruíz AM, Bugallo JB (1998). "Hypotension, bradycardia, and asystole after high-dose intravenous methylprednisolone in a monitored patient". Am J Kidney Dis. 32 (2): E4. PMID 10074612.
  29. ↑ Facenda-Lorenzo M, Hernández-Afonso J, Rodríguez-Esteban M, de León-Hernández JC, Grillo-Pérez JJ (2012). "Cardiac Manifestations in Myotonic Dystrophy Type 1 Patients Followed Using a Standard Protocol in a Specialized Unit". Rev Esp Cardiol. doi:10.1016/j.recesp.2012.08.011. PMID 23194837. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  30. ↑ Landovitz RJ, Sax PE (1999). "Symptomatic junctional bradycardia after treatment with nelfinavir". Clin Infect Dis. 29 (2): 449–50. doi:10.1086/520237. PMID 10476763.
  31. ↑ Huang SK, Rosenberg MJ, Denes P (1984). "Short PR interval and narrow QRS complex associated with pheochromocytoma: electrophysiologic observations". Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 3 (3): 872–5. PMID 6693659. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  32. ↑ Femenía F, Arce M, Arrieta M (2010). "[Systemic sclerosis complicated with syncope and complete AV block]". Medicina (B Aires) (in Spanish; Castilian). 70 (5): 442–4. PMID 20920962.
  33. ↑ Maleki AR, Nikyar B, Hosseini SM (2012). "Third-Degree Heart Block in Thalassemia major: A Case Report". Iran J Pediatr. 22 (2): 260–4. PMC 3446065. PMID 23056897. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  34. ↑ Zyśko D, Gajek J, Agrawal AK, Rudnicki J (2012). "[The relevance of junctional rhythm during neurocardiogenic reaction provoked by tilt testing]". Kardiol Pol. 70 (2): 148–55. PMID 22427080.
  35. ↑ Thakar S, Chandra P, Pednekar M, Kabalkin C, Shani J (2012). "Complete heart block following a blow on the chest by a soccer ball: a rare manifestation of commotio cordis". Ann Noninvasive Electrocardiol. 17 (3): 280–2. doi:10.1111/j.1542-474X.2012.00518.x. PMID 22816548. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  36. ↑ Portet N, Riu B, Bounes V, Minville V, Fourcade O (2012). "Left ventricular-right atrial communication with third-degree atrioventricular block after thoracic trauma". J Emerg Med. 43 (6): e385–8. doi:10.1016/j.jemermed.2010.11.059. PMID 21621364. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  37. ↑ Frikha Z, Abid L, Abid D; et al. (2011). "Cardiac tamponade and paroxysmal third-degree atrioventricular block revealing a primary cardiac non-Hodgkin large B-cell lymphoma of the right ventricle: a case report". J Med Case Rep. 5: 433. doi:10.1186/1752-1947-5-433. PMC 3180417. PMID 21892927.
  38. ↑ Houchaymi Z, Helou S, Ballout J (2010). "[Pericardial tamponade and third-degree atrioventricular block revealing a primary cardiac lymphoma]". Rev Med Interne (in French). 31 (11): e4–6. doi:10.1016/j.revmed.2010.01.014. PMID 20605278. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  39. ↑ Cohen AS, Matharu MS, Goadsby PJ (2007). "Electrocardiographic abnormalities in patients with cluster headache on verapamil therapy". Neurology. 69 (7): 668–75. doi:10.1212/01.wnl.0000267319.18123.d3. PMID 17698788.
  40. ↑ Castellanos A, Castillo CA, Agha AS, Tessler M (1971). "His bundle electrograms in patients with short P-R intervals, narrow QRS complexes, and paroxysmal tachycardias". Circulation. 43 (5): 667–78. PMID 5578843. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

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