COVID-19-associated arrhythmia and conduction system disease

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For COVID-19 frequently asked inpatient questions, click here
For COVID-19 frequently asked outpatient questions, click here
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Sara Zand, M.D.[2] Tayyaba Ali, M.D.[3]

Synonyms and keywords:COVID-19-associated dysrhythmia

Overview

Sever acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-COV-2) is the virus that causes coronavirus disease 2019 may affect every organ system including the heart. Arrhythmia is a disorder of conduction system including atrial arrhythmia, ventricular arrhythmia, bradyarrhythmia , resulting from direct effect of virus by attaching viral spike protein to ACE2 receptors on myocardium and inducing myocardial injury and conduction damage system or indirect effect of covid-19 such as coexisting hypoxia, electrolytes disarray, and the administration of arrhythmogenic medications (hydroxychloroquine, azithromycin). Reported case about new onset atrial fibrillation in covid-19 infection may indicate the atrial arrhythmogenicity of covid-19 infection. In the presence of covid-19, approperiate approach to life threatening arrhythmia and considering fulminant myocarditis are warranted. High number of out-of hospital cardiac arrest in Italy during the 40 first days of initiation of pandemic, raised the concerns about the risk of arrhythmia in covid-19. Incidence of arrhythmia in ICU admitted covid-19 patients increased to 10 folds. Cardiac arrhythmia was associated with increased mortality and morbidity in hospitalized covid-19 patients.

Historical Perspective

To browse the historical perspective of COVID-19, click here.

Classification

Pathophysiology


To browse the pathophysiology of COVID-19, click here.

Causes

Differentiating COVID-19-associated arrhythmia from other Diseases


To browse the differential diagnosis of COVID-19, click here.

Epidemiology and Demographics

Incidence

Age

The mean age of covid-19 patients who developed arrhythmia was 71± 14 years.

Gender

Arrhythmia in covid-19 patients was more common in men.

Race


To browse the epidemiology and demographics of COVID-19, click here.

Risk Factors

Screening

Natural History, Complications and Prognosis

Diagnosis

Diagnostic Study of Choice

  • ECG:
  • Most patients with the severe COVID-19, and especially patients who receive QT-prolonging medications, should have a baseline electrocardiogram (ECG) performed at the time of admission to the hospital.
  • The best technique to get the QT interval is with a 12-lead electrocardiogram (ECG). However, to scale back exposure to hospital workers, this could not perpetually be possible.
  • A single-lead ECG might underestimate the QT interval, and there ought to be an effort to use a multiple-lead telemetry system to observe the QT interval.[22][23]
  • Transthoracic echocardiography:

To browse the diagnostic study of choice of COVID-19, click here.

History and Symptoms

Arrhythmia or conduction system disease is the nonspecific clinical presentation of COVID-19. Patients may be tachycardic (with or without palpitations) in the setting of other COVID-19-related symptoms (eg, fever, shortness of breath, pain, etc).

Physical Examination

Laboratory Findings

Electrocardiogram

COVID-19-associated arrhythmia findings include:

  • Prolong QT Interval:
  • According to a multicenter study done in New York that involved 4250 COVID-19 patients, 260 patients (6.1%) had corrected QT interval (QTc) >500 milliseconds at the time of admittance.
  • However, in another study that involved 84 patients who got hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin, the baseline QTc interval was 435 milliseconds before receiving these medications.[28][29]
  • Atrial Arrhythmia:
  • Ventricular Arrhythmia:
  • Cardiac Arrest:
  • According to a Lombardia Cardiac Arrest Registry (Lombardia CARe) in the region of Lombardy, Italy.
    • Out of 9806 cases of COVID-19, 362 cases of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest were reported during the study time frame in 2020.
    • During a similar period in 2019, 229 cases of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest were reported, which means an increment of 58% was observed in 2020 among COVID-19 patients.
  • According to the records from a tertiary care hospital in Wuhan. Out of 761 patients with severe COVID-19, 151 patients developed in-hospital cardiac arrest.
  • To browse the electrocardiogram findings of COVID-19, click here.

X-Ray

  • To browse the X-ray finding of COVID-19, click here.

Echocardiography/Ultrasound

CT Scan

  • To browse the CT-Scan findings of COVID-19, click here.

MRI

Other Imaging Findings

Other Diagnostic Studies

Treatment

Medical Therapy based on 2020 ESC Guidline for management of arrhythmia in covid-19 patients

Bradyarrhythmia

  1. In patients with persistent bradycardia, before insertion of temporary pacemaker, atropine or isoprenaline are considered.
  2. Temporary pacemaker is the first option before making decision for permanent pacemaker because of the transient nature of bradyarrhythmia, critical illness, risk of bacterial superinfection, risk of device infection.
  3. After recovery of covid-19 , reevaluation about permanent pacemaker implantation should be considered.[37]

Atrial tachyarrhythmia (supraventricular tachycardia, atrial fibrillation, atrial flutter)

Ventricular arrhythmia

QT prolongation in covid-19 therapy

Cardiac medications interaction with covid-19 therapy

Surgery

Electrophysiology study in an elective procedure and should be planned for management of specific arrhythmias after recovery of covid-19 infection.

Primary Prevention

Secondary Prevention

Secondary prevention for covid-19 associated with arrhythmia is implantation of ICD after recovery of covid-19 in case of ventricular arrhythmia and low LVEF based on the guideline.

References

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