Substance P
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| Spacefilling model of substance P | |
| tachykinin, precursor 1
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| Identifiers | |
| Symbol | TAC1 |
| Alt. Symbols | TAC2, NKNA |
| Entrez | 6863 |
| HUGO | 11517 |
| OMIM | 162320 |
| RefSeq | NM_003182 |
| UniProt | P20366 |
| Other data | |
| Locus | Chr. 7 q21-q22 |
| Substance P | |
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| Identifiers | |
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| MeSH | |
| Properties | |
| Molecular formula | C63H98N18O13S |
| Molar mass | 1347.63 g/mol |
| Except where noted otherwise, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C, 100 kPa) Infobox disclaimer and references | |
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In neuroscience, Substance P is a neuropeptide: a short-chain polypeptide that functions as a neurotransmitter and as a neuromodulator. It belongs to the tachykinin neuropeptide family.
It is an 11-amino acid polypeptide with the sequence: Arg Pro Lys Pro Gln Gln Phe Phe Gly Leu Met NH2.
Receptor
The endogenous receptor for Substance P is neurokinin 1 receptor (NK1-receptor, NK1R). It belongs to the tachykinin receptor sub-family of GPCRs.
Functions
In the central nervous system, substance P has been associated in the regulation of mood disorders, anxiety, stress, reinforcement, neurogenesis, respiratory rhythm, neurotoxicity, nausea / emesis and pain.
Vomiting
The vomiting center in the brainstem contains high concentrations of substance P and its receptor, in addition to other neurotransmitters such as choline, histamine, dopamine, serotonin, and opioids. Their activation stimulates the vomiting reflex. Different emetic pathways exist, and substance P/NK1R appears to be within the final common pathway to regulate vomiting. [1]
Substance P antagonist (SPA) aprepitant is available in the market in the treatment of chemotherapy-induced nausea / emesis.
Pain
Substance P is involved in the transmission of pain impulses from peripheral receptors to the central nervous system. It has been theorized that it plays a part in fibromyalgia. Capsaicin has been shown to reduce the levels of Substance P probably by reducing the number of C-fibre nerves or causing these nerves to be more tolerant.
Stimulating cellular growth
Substance P has been shown to stimulate cellular growth in cell culture [1], and it was shown that Substance P could promote wound healing of non-healing ulcers in humans. [1] It has also been shown to reverse diabetes in mice. [1]
Vasodilation
It also has effects as a potent vasodilator. This is caused by the release of nitric oxide from the endothelium. Its release can cause hypotension.
Substance P in gastrointestinal infection
Entamoeba histolytica is a single-celled parasitic protozoan that infects the lower gastrointestinal tract of humans, producing symptoms of diarrhea, constipation, and abdominal pain.[1][1] This protozoan was found to secrete serotonin[1], as well as substance P and neurotensin.[1]
Animals without substance P
Naked mole rats lack Substance P and do not feel pain when painful stimuli are administered to the skin.[1][1]
References
External links
- http://www.fibromyalgiasupport.com/library/showarticle.cfm/id/3097 Dr. Jon Russell, M.D., Ph.D., Substance P is Key to Understanding Pain Process
de:Substanz P fr:Substance P nl:Substantie P
Acknowledgement and Attribution Regarding Sources of Content
Some of the initial content on this page may be incorporated in part from copyleft sources in the public domain including wikis such as Wikipedia and AskDrWiki. Drug information for patients came from the The National Library of Medicine. Infectious disease information may have come from the Centers for Disease Control (CDC). Differential Diagnoses are drawn from clinicians as well as an amalgamation of 3 sources: 1.The Disease Database; 2. Kahan, Scott, Smith, Ellen G. In A Page: Signs and Symptoms. Malden, Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishing, 2004:3; 3. Sailer, Christian, Wasner, Susanne. Differential Diagnosis Pocket. Hermosa Beach, CA: Borm Bruckmeir Publishing LLC, 2002:7 .
