Enhancer box gene transcriptions

Editor-In-Chief: Henry A. Hoff

File:Klatre08.jpg

This is an image of Dendromus mysticalis, the chestnut climbing mouse. Credit: Kenneth Worm.

"An E-box (Enhancer Box) is a DNA sequence which usually lies upstream of a gene in a promoter region."

Enhancers

Main article: Enhancer gene transcriptions

File:Gene enhancer.svg

The illustration characterizes a DNA enhancer near a gene. Credit: .

"An enhancer is a short region of DNA that can be bound with proteins (namely, the trans-acting factors, much like a set of transcription factors) to enhance transcription levels of genes (hence the name) in a gene cluster. While enhancers are usually cis-acting, an enhancer does not need to be particularly close to the genes it acts on, and sometimes need not be located on the same chromosome.

In eukaryotic cells the structure of the chromatin complex of DNA is folded in a way that although the enhancer DNA is far from the gene in regard to the number of nucleotides, it is geometrically close to the promoter and gene.

An enhancer may be located upstream or downstream of the gene it regulates.

Enhancers do not act on the promoter region itself, but are bound by activator proteins. These activator proteins interact with the mediator complex, which recruits polymerase II and the general transcription factors which then begin transcribing the genes. Enhancers can also be found within introns. An enhancer's orientation may even be reversed without affecting its function. Additionally, an enhancer may be excised and inserted elsewhere in the chromosome, and still affect gene transcription.

Def. a "short region of DNA that can increase transcription of genes" is called an enhancer.

Boxes

Main article: Box gene transcriptions

A "repeating sequence of nucleotides that forms a transcription or a regulatory signal" is a box.

Immunoglobulin domains

The immunoglobulin domain is a type of protein domain that consists of a 2-layer sandwich of between 7 and 9 antiparallel β-strands arranged in two β-sheets with a Greek key topology.

The E-box is a control element in immunoglobulin heavy-chain promoters.

Consensus sequences

Main article: Consensus sequence gene transcriptions

The consensus sequence for the E-box element is CANNTG, with a palindromic canonical sequence of CACGTG.

Proximal promoters

Main article: Proximal promoter gene transcriptions

"[T]he proximal sequence upstream of the gene that tends to contain primary regulatory elements" is a proximal promoter.

It is "[a]pproximately 250 base pairs [or nucleotides, nts] upstream of the [transcription] start site".

There may be an E box in the proximal promoter of some genes.

Distal promoters

Main article: Distal promoter gene transcriptions

File:Enhancer Nucleotide Sequence.svg

Within this DNA sequence, protein(s) known as transcription factor(s) bind to the enhancer and increases the activity of the promoter. Credit: Jon Cheff.{{free media}}

An E-box usually lies within the distal promoter starting at or near -300 nts, the proximal promoter, or both.

Hypotheses

Main article: Hypotheses

1. A1BG is not transcribed by an enhancer box.
2. Existence of an enhancer box on either side of A1BG does not prove that it is actively used to transcribe A1BG.
3. A1BG is not transcribed by a downstream enhancer box.

Samplings

Main article: Sampling models

Regarding hypotheses 1:

A1BG has four possible transcription directions:

1. on the negative strand from ZSCAN22 to A1BG,
2. on the positive strand from ZSCAN22 to A1BG,
3. on the negative strand from ZNF497 to A1BG, and
4. on the positive strand from ZNF497 to A1BG.

For each transcription promoter that interacts directly with RNA polymerase II holoenzyme, the four possible consensus sequences need to be tested on the four possible transcription directions, even though some genes may only be transcribed from the negative strand in the 3'-direction on the transcribed strand.

For the Basic programs (starting with SuccessablesE.bas) written to compare nucleotide sequences with the sequences on either the template strand (-), or coding strand (+), of the DNA, in the negative direction (-), or the positive direction (+), the programs are looking for, and found:

1. negative strand in the negative direction is SuccessablesE--.bas, looking for 3'-C-A-(A/C/G/T)-(A/C/G/T)-T-G-5', 4, 3'-CACATG-5' at 324, 3'-CACATG-5' at 797, 3'-CACATG-5' at 2213, and 3'-CACATG-5' at 2342,
2. negative strand in the positive direction is SuccessablesE-+.bas, looking for 3'-C-A-(A/C/G/T)-(A/C/G/T)-T-G-5', 21, 3'-CACATG-5', 1186, 3'-CACATG-5', 1238, 3'-CACATG-5', 1871, 3'-CACATG-5', 1933, 3'-CACATG-5', 2031, 3'-CACATG-5', 2140, 3'-CACATG-5', 2153, 3'-CACATG-5', 2266, 3'-CACATG-5', 2473, 3'-CACATG-5', 3140, 3'-CACATG-5', 3335, 3'-CACATG-5', 3580, 3'-CACATG-5', 3707, 3'-CACATG-5', 3742, 3'-CACATG-5', 3827, 3'-CACATG-5', 3900, 3'-CACATG-5', 3956, 3'-CACATG-5', 4153, 3'-CACATG-5', 4221, 3'-CACATG-5', 4364, 3'-CACATG-5', 4370,
3. positive strand in the negative direction is SuccessablesE+-.bas, looking for 3'-C-A-(A/C/G/T)-(A/C/G/T)-T-G-5', 17, 3'-CACATG-5' at 123, 3'-CACATG-5' at 200, 3'-CACATG-5' at 952, 3'-CACATG-5' at 1206, 3'-CACATG-5' at 1849, 3'-CACATG-5' at 1952, 3'-CACATG-5' at 2151, 3'-CACATG-5' at 2276, 3'-CACATG-5' at 2322, 3'-CACATG-5' at 2533, 3'-CACATG-5' at 2613, 3'-CACATG-5' at 2667, 3'-CACATG-5' at 2751, 3'-CACATG-5' at 2783, 3'-CACATG-5' at 4106, 3'-CACATG-5' at 4116, 3'-CACATG-5' at 4247,
4. positive strand in the positive direction is SuccessablesE++.bas, looking for 3'-C-A-(A/C/G/T)-(A/C/G/T)-T-G-5', 4, 3'-CACATG-5', 126, 3'-CACATG-5', 565, 3'-CACATG-5', 2596, 3'-CACATG-5', 3114,
5. complement, negative strand, negative direction is SuccessablesEc--.bas, looking for 3'-G-T-(A/C/G/T)-(A/C/G/T)-A-C-5', 17, 3'-GTGTAC-5' at 123, 3'-GTGTAC-5' at 200, 3'-GTGTAC-5' at 952, 3'-GTGTAC-5' at 1206, 3'-GTGTAC-5' at 1849, 3'-GTGTAC-5' at 1952, 3'-GTGTAC-5' at 2151, 3'-GTGTAC-5' at 2276, 3'-GTGTAC-5' at 2322, 3'-GTGTAC-5' at 2533, 3'-GTGTAC-5' at 2613, 3'-GTGTAC-5' at 2667, 3'-GTGTAC-5' at 2751, 3'-GTGTAC-5' at 2783, 3'-GTGTAC-5' at 4106, 3'-GTGTAC-5' at 4116, 3'-GTGTAC-5' at 4247,
6. complement, negative strand, positive direction is SuccessablesEc-+.bas, looking for 3'-G-T-(A/C/G/T)-(A/C/G/T)-A-C-5', 0,
7. complement, positive strand, negative direction is SuccessablesEc+-.bas, looking for 3'-G-T-(A/C/G/T)-(A/C/G/T)-A-C-5', 4, 3'-GTGTAC-5' at 324, 3'-GTGTAC-5' at 797, 3'-GTGTAC-5' at 2213, 3'-GTGTAC-5' at 2342,
8. complement, positive strand, positive direction is SuccessablesEc++.bas, looking for 3'-G-T-(A/C/G/T)-(A/C/G/T)-A-C-5', 21, 3'-GTGTAC-5', 1186, 3'-GTGTAC-5', 1238, 3'-GTGTAC-5', 1871, 3'-GTGTAC-5', 1933, 3'-GTGTAC-5', 2031, 3'-GTGTAC-5', 2140, 3'-GTGTAC-5', 2153, 3'-GTGTAC-5', 2266, 3'-GTGTAC-5', 2473, 3'-GTGTAC-5', 3140, 3'-GTGTAC-5', 3335, 3'-GTGTAC-5', 3580, 3'-GTGTAC-5', 3707, 3'-GTGTAC-5', 3742, 3'-GTGTAC-5', 3827, 3'-GTGTAC-5', 3900, 3'-GTGTAC-5', 3956, 3'-GTGTAC-5', 4153, 3'-GTGTAC-5', 4221, 3'-GTGTAC-5', 4364, 3'-GTGTAC-5', 4370,
9. inverse complement, negative strand, negative direction is SuccessablesEci--.bas, looking for 3'-C-A-(A/C/G/T)-(A/C/G/T)-T-G-5', 4, 3'-CACATG-5' at 324, 3'-CACATG-5' at 797, 3'-CACATG-5' at 2213, and 3'-CACATG-5' at 2342,
10. inverse complement, negative strand, positive direction is SuccessablesEci-+.bas, looking for 3'-C-A-(A/C/G/T)-(A/C/G/T)-T-G-5', 21, 3'-CACATG-5', 1186, 3'-CACATG-5', 1238, 3'-CACATG-5', 1871, 3'-CACATG-5', 1933, 3'-CACATG-5', 2031, 3'-CACATG-5', 2140, 3'-CACATG-5', 2153, 3'-CACATG-5', 2266, 3'-CACATG-5', 2473, 3'-CACATG-5', 3140, 3'-CACATG-5', 3335, 3'-CACATG-5', 3580, 3'-CACATG-5', 3707, 3'-CACATG-5', 3742, 3'-CACATG-5', 3827, 3'-CACATG-5', 3900, 3'-CACATG-5', 3956, 3'-CACATG-5', 4153, 3'-CACATG-5', 4221, 3'-CACATG-5', 4364, 3'-CACATG-5', 4370,
11. inverse complement, positive strand, negative direction is SuccessablesEci+-.bas, looking for 3'-C-A-(A/C/G/T)-(A/C/G/T)-T-G-5', 17, 3'-CACATG-5' at 123, 3'-CACATG-5' at 200, 3'-CACATG-5' at 952, 3'-CACATG-5' at 1206, 3'-CACATG-5' at 1849, 3'-CACATG-5' at 1952, 3'-CACATG-5' at 2151, 3'-CACATG-5' at 2276, 3'-CACATG-5' at 2322, 3'-CACATG-5' at 2533, 3'-CACATG-5' at 2613, 3'-CACATG-5' at 2667, 3'-CACATG-5' at 2751, 3'-CACATG-5' at 2783, 3'-CACATG-5' at 4106, 3'-CACATG-5' at 4116, 3'-CACATG-5' at 4247,
12. inverse complement, positive strand, positive direction is SuccessablesEci++.bas, looking for 3'-C-A-(A/C/G/T)-(A/C/G/T)-T-G-5', 4, 3'-CACATG-5', 126, 3'-CACATG-5', 565, 3'-CACATG-5', 2596, 3'-CACATG-5', 3114,
13. inverse, negative strand, negative direction, is SuccessablesEi--.bas, looking for 3'-G-T-(A/C/G/T)-(A/C/G/T)-A-C-5', 17, 3'-GTGTAC-5' at 123, 3'-GTGTAC-5' at 200, 3'-GTGTAC-5' at 952, 3'-GTGTAC-5' at 1206, 3'-GTGTAC-5' at 1849, 3'-GTGTAC-5' at 1952, 3'-GTGTAC-5' at 2151, 3'-GTGTAC-5' at 2276, 3'-GTGTAC-5' at 2322, 3'-GTGTAC-5' at 2533, 3'-GTGTAC-5' at 2613, 3'-GTGTAC-5' at 2667, 3'-GTGTAC-5' at 2751, 3'-GTGTAC-5' at 2783, 3'-GTGTAC-5' at 4106, 3'-GTGTAC-5' at 4116, 3'-GTGTAC-5' at 4247,
14. inverse, negative strand, positive direction, is SuccessablesEi-+.bas, looking for 3'-G-T-(A/C/G/T)-(A/C/G/T)-A-C-5', 4, 3'-GTGTAC-5', 126, 3'-GTGTAC-5', 565, 3'-GTGTAC-5', 2596, 3'-GTGTAC-5', 3114,
15. inverse, positive strand, negative direction, is SuccessablesEi+-.bas, looking for 3'-G-T-(A/C/G/T)-(A/C/G/T)-A-C-5', 4, 3'-GTGTAC-5' at 324, 3'-GTGTAC-5' at 797, 3'-GTGTAC-5' at 2213, 3'-GTGTAC-5' at 2342,
16. inverse, positive strand, positive direction, is SuccessablesEi++.bas, looking for 3'-G-T-(A/C/G/T)-(A/C/G/T)-A-C-5', 21, 3'-GTGTAC-5', 1186, 3'-GTGTAC-5', 1238, 3'-GTGTAC-5', 1871, 3'-GTGTAC-5', 1933, 3'-GTGTAC-5', 2031, 3'-GTGTAC-5', 2140, 3'-GTGTAC-5', 2153, 3'-GTGTAC-5', 2266, 3'-GTGTAC-5', 2473, 3'-GTGTAC-5', 3140, 3'-GTGTAC-5', 3335, 3'-GTGTAC-5', 3580, 3'-GTGTAC-5', 3707, 3'-GTGTAC-5', 3742, 3'-GTGTAC-5', 3827, 3'-GTGTAC-5', 3900, 3'-GTGTAC-5', 3956, 3'-GTGTAC-5', 4153, 3'-GTGTAC-5', 4221, 3'-GTGTAC-5', 4364, 3'-GTGTAC-5', 4370.

Transcribed enhancer boxes

"MYC is a basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor, evolutionarily conserved in all vertebrates with a considerable amount of sequence similarity (Atchley & Fitch, 1995). It binds to thousands of promoters in mammalian cells as MYC-MAX heterodimer (Blackwood & Eisenman, 1991; C. Y. Lin et al., 2012). In particular it binds the motif CACGTG of the enhancer box (E-box) in the core promoter of active genes. Depending on the target gene, MYC can act as transcriptional activator or repressor, and, can affect transcription at both initiation and elongation steps (Rahl et al., 2010)."

"MYC mediates the transcriptional response of growth-factors stimulation. Importantly, MYC does not only regulate the expression of mRNA(s), it also regulates ribosomal and tRNA genes, transcribed by the RNA Pol I and RNA Pol III respectively (Campbell & White, 2014; Dai, Sun, & Lu, 2010; Mitchell et al., 2015). Amongst the major gene ontology categories of protein-coding genes under the control of MYC there are: ribosome biogenesis, apoptosis, cell adhesion, cell size, angiogenesis and metabolic pathways (Nieminen, Partanen, & Klefstrom, 2007; Peterson & Ayer, 2011; A. M. Singh & Dalton, 2009; Uslu et al., 2014; van Riggelen, Yetil, & Felsher, 2010)."

"The ATA box [AAATAT], GC box [GGCGGG], CArG box [CCTATTATGCG], [two E boxes CAGTTG] and M-CAT [CATTCCT] consensus sequences are [described from the mouse dystrophin promoter]."

"The E box [ enhancer box ] sites that are most important are those of the E2 box class (GCAGXTGG/T). Two E2 box sites are present in the immunoglobulin heavy chain gene enhancer [...] and one is present in the kappa enhancer, designated KE2 [29-31]."

"The developmental regulation of Ig gene expression is dependent on various sequences in the Ig enhancer. One class of such sequence elements is the E boxes. They share as a consensus sequence NNCANNTGNN. The E-box sites were first identified by dimethylsulfate protection experiments (6, 12). Factors were found to protect certain sequences from methylation in the Ig heavy- and light-chain enhancer in B cells but not in non-B cells (6,12). That the E-box elements are critical for B-cell-specific gene expression became evident from mutational analysis. Mutation of E-box sites caused a significant decrease in Ig transcription (18, 21). The most dramatic impact on Ig expression was found in mutations of elements that contain an E2 box (G/ACAGNTGT/G) (21). The E2 boxes are particularly interesting because they are also present in muscle-and pancreas-specific enhancers (3,4,32). Mutation of the E2-box elements present in these enhancers revealed the crucial role of these elements in regulating muscle- and pancreas-specific genes (16, 22, 26, 27, 32)."

"The two E2 boxes in the mouse and human E-cadherin promoter sequences were demonstrated to play a crucial role in the epithelial-specific expression of E-cadherin Behrens et al. 1991, Giroldi et al. 1997. Mutation of these sequence elements results in upregulation of the E-cadherin promoter in dedifferentiated cancer cells, whereas the wild-type promoter shows low activity in such cells. Recently, it was shown that the zinc finger transcriptional repressor Snail can downregulate E-cadherin by binding to the E boxes in the E-cadherin promoter Batlle et al. 2000, Cano et al. 2000. Human Snail belongs to a family of zinc finger proteins, which contain four or five zinc finger domains of the C₂H₂ type at their C-terminal end. These zinc fingers bind to the CANNTG sequence in E box motifs."

The CArG boxes occur between -400 and -200 nts, between the E boxes and the TCE element.

The "isolated mouse chromogranin B promoter [specifically] the proximal chromogranin B promoter (from −216 to −91 bp); [...] contains an E box (at [−206 bp]CACCTG[−201 bp]), four G/C-rich regions (at[− 196 bp]CCCCGC[−191 bp], [−134 bp]CCGCCCGC[−127 bp],[− 125 bp]GGCGCCGCC[−117 bp], and [−115 bp]CGGGGC[−110 bp]), and a cAMP response element (CRE; at [−102 bp]TGACGTCA[−95 bp]). A 60-bp core promoter region, defined by an internal deletion from −134 to −74 bp upstream of the cap site and spanning the CRE and three G/C-rich regions, directed tissue-specific expression of the gene. The CRE motif directed cell type-specific expression of the chromogranin B gene in neurons, whereas three of the G/C-rich regions played a crucial role in neuroendocrine cells. Both the endogenous chromogranin B gene and the transfected chromogranin B promoter were induced by preganglionic secretory stimuli (pituitary adenylyl cyclase-activating polypeptide, vasoactive intestinal peptide, or a nicotinic cholinergic agonist), establishing stimulus-transcription coupling for this promoter. The adenylyl cyclase activator forskolin, nerve growth factor, and retinoic acid also activated the chromogranin B gene. Secretagogue-inducible expression of chromogranin B also mapped onto the proximal promoter; inducible expression was entirely lost upon internal deletion of the 60-bp core (from −134 to −74 bp). [...] CRE and G/C-rich domains are crucial determinants of both cell type-specific and secretagogue-inducible expression of the chromogranin B gene."

Gene ID: 6925 is TCF4 transcription factor 4 on 18q21.2: "This gene encodes transcription factor 4, a basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor. The encoded protein recognizes an Ephrussi-box ('E-box') binding site ('CANNTG') - a motif first identified in immunoglobulin enhancers. This gene is broadly expressed, and may play an important role in nervous system development. Defects in this gene are a cause of Pitt-Hopkins syndrome. In addition, an intronic CTG repeat normally numbering 10-37 repeat units can expand to >50 repeat units and cause Fuchs endothelial corneal dystrophy. Multiple alternatively spliced transcript variants that encode different proteins have been described."

1. NP_001077431.1 transcription factor 4 isoform a: "Transcript Variant: This variant (1) differs in the 5' UTR and coding sequence compared to variant 3. The resulting isoform (a, also known as TCF4-B+) is shorter at the N-terminus compared to isoform c."
2. NP_001230155.2 transcription factor 4 isoform c: "Transcript Variant: This variant (3) encodes the longest isoform (c)."
3. NP_001230156.1 transcription factor 4 isoform d: "Transcript Variant: This variant (4) differs in the 5' UTR and coding sequence compared to variant 3. The resulting isoform (d) is shorter at the N-terminus compared to isoform c."
4. NP_001230157.1 transcription factor 4 isoform e: "Transcript Variant: This variant (5) differs in the 5' UTR and coding sequence and uses an alternate in-frame splice site at the 5' end of an exon compared to variant 3. The resulting isoform (e) is shorter at the N-terminus and contains an alternate internal segment compared to isoform c."
5. NP_001230159.1 transcription factor 4 isoform f: "Transcript Variant: This variant (6) differs in the 5' UTR and coding sequence and uses an alternate in-frame splice site at the 3' end of an exon compared to variant 3. The resulting isoform (f, also known as TCF4-E-) has a shorter and distinct N-terminus and lacks an alternate internal segment compared to isoform c."
6. NP_001230160.1 transcription factor 4 isoform g: "Transcript Variant: This variant (7) differs in the 5' UTR and coding sequence and uses an alternate in-frame splice site at the 3' end of an exon compared to variant 3. The resulting isoform (g) has a shorter and distinct N-terminus and lacks an alternate internal segment compared to isoform c."
7. NP_001230161.1 transcription factor 4 isoform h: "Transcript Variant: This variant (8) differs in the 5' UTR and coding sequence and uses an alternate in-frame splice site at the 5' end of an exon compared to variant 3. The resulting isoform (h) has a shorter and distinct N-terminus and contains an alternate internal segment compared to isoform c."
8. NP_001230162.1 transcription factor 4 isoform i: "Transcript Variant: This variant (9) differs in the 5' UTR and coding sequence and uses an alternate in-frame splice site at the 3' end of an exon compared to variant 3. The resulting isoform (i) is shorter at the N-terminus and lacks an alternate internal segment compared to isoform c."
9. NP_001230163.1 transcription factor 4 isoform j: "Transcript Variant: This variant (10) differs in the 5' UTR and coding sequence compared to variant 3. The resulting isoform (j, also known as TCF4-A+) has a shorter and distinct N-terminus compared to isoform c."
10. NP_001230164.1 transcription factor 4 isoform k: "Transcript Variant: This variant (11) differs in the 5' UTR and coding sequence and uses an alternate in-frame splice site at the 3' end of an exon compared to variant 3. The resulting isoform (k, also known as TCF4-A-) has a shorter and distinct N-terminus and lacks an alternate internal segment compared to isoform c."
11. NP_001230165.1 transcription factor 4 isoform l: "Transcript Variant: This variant (12) differs in the 5' UTR and coding sequence and uses an alternate in-frame splice site at the 3' end of an exon compared to variant 3. The resulting isoform (l) has a shorter and distinct N-terminus and lacks an alternate internal segment compared to isoform c."
12. NP_001293136.1 transcription factor 4 isoform m: "Transcript Variant: This variant (13) differs in the 5' UTR and coding sequence, and uses an alternate in-frame splice site in the 3' coding region, compared to variant 3. The encoded isoform (m) has a shorter N-terminus compared to isoform c."
13. NP_001293137.1 transcription factor 4 isoform n: "Transcript Variant: This variant (14) differs in the 5' UTR and coding sequence, and uses two alternate in-frame splice sites in the coding region, compared to variant 3. The encoded isoform (n) has a shorter and distinct N-terminus compared to isoform c."
14. NP_001317533.1 transcription factor 4 isoform o: "Transcript Variant: This variant (15) differs in the 5' UTR, lacks a portion of the 5' coding region, initiates translation at a downstream start codon, and uses an alternate in-frame splice site in the central coding region, compared to variant 3. The resulting isoform (o) is shorter at the N-terminus and lacks an internal aa compared to isoform c."
15. NP_001317534.1 transcription factor 4 isoform p: "Transcript Variant: This variant (16) differs in the 5' UTR, lacks a portion of the 5' coding region, and initiates translation at a downstream start codon, compared to variant 3. The resulting isoform (p) is shorter at the N-terminus compared to isoform c. Variants 16 and 19 encode the same isoform (p)."
16. NP_001335140.1 transcription factor 4 isoform q: "Transcript Variant: This variant (17) contains an alternate exon in the 5' UTR, lacks a portion of the 5' coding region, and initiates translation at an alternate start codon, compared to variant 3. The resulting isoform (q) is shorter at the N-terminus compared to isoform c."
17. NP_001335141.1 transcription factor 4 isoform i: "Transcript Variant: This variant (18) differs in the 5' UTR, lacks a portion of the 5' coding region, initiates translation at a downstream start codon, and uses an alternate in-frame splice site in the 3' coding region, compared to variant 3. The resulting isoform (i) is shorter at the N-terminus and lacks a small internal segment compared to isoform c. Variants 9 and 18 encode the same isoform (i)."
18. NP_001335142.1 transcription factor 4 isoform p: "Transcript Variant: This variant (19) differs in the 5' UTR, lacks a portion of the 5' coding region, and initiates translation at a downstream start codon, compared to variant 3. The resulting isoform (p) is shorter at the N-terminus compared to isoform c. Variants 16 and 19 encode the same isoform (p)."
19. NP_001335143.1 transcription factor 4 isoform r: "Transcript Variant: This variant (20) contains an alternate exon in the 5' UTR, lacks a portion of the 5' coding region, initiates translation at an alternate start codon, and uses two alternate in-frame splice sites, compared to variant 3. The resulting isoform (r) is shorter at the N-terminus and lacks several internal amino acids compared to isoform c."
20. NP_001335144.1 transcription factor 4 isoform s: "Transcript Variant: This variant (21) differs in the 5' UTR, lacks a portion of the 5' coding region, and initiates translation at a downstream start codon, compared to variant 3. The resulting isoform (s) is shorter at the N-terminus compared to isoform c."
21. NP_001335145.1 transcription factor 4 isoform t: "Transcript Variant: This variant (22) contains an alternate exon in the 5' UTR, lacks a portion of the 5' coding region, and initiates translation at an alternate start codon, compared to variant 3. The resulting isoform (t) is shorter at the N-terminus compared to isoform c."
22. NP_001335146.1 transcription factor 4 isoform d: "Transcript Variant: This variant (23) differs in the 5' UTR, lacks a portion of the 5' coding region, and initiates translation at a downstream start codon, compared to variant 3. The resulting isoform (d) is shorter at the N-terminus compared to isoform c. Variants 4, 23 and 24 all encode the same isoform (d)."
23. NP_001335147.1 transcription factor 4 isoform d: "Transcript Variant: This variant (24) differs in the 5' UTR, lacks a portion of the 5' coding region, and initiates translation at a downstream start codon, compared to variant 3. The resulting isoform (d) is shorter at the N-terminus compared to isoform c. Variants 4, 23 and 24 all encode the same isoform (d)."
24. NP_001335148.1 transcription factor 4 isoform m: "Transcript Variant: This variant (25) differs in the 5' UTR, lacks a portion of the 5' coding region, initiates translation at a downstream start codon, and uses an alternate in-frame splice site in the 3' coding region compared to variant 3. The resulting isoform (m) is shorter at the N-terminus and lacks an alternate internal segment compared to isoform c. Variants 13 and 25 encode the same isoform (m)."
25. NP_001335149.1 transcription factor 4 isoform u: "Transcript Variant: This variant (26) differs in the 5' UTR, lacks a portion of the 5' coding region, initiates translation at a downstream start codon, and uses two alternate in-frame splice sites compared to variant 3. The resulting isoform (u) is shorter at the N-terminus and lacks several internal amino acids compared to isoform c."
26. NP_001356496.1 transcription factor 4 isoform a [variant 27].
27. NP_001356497.1 transcription factor 4 isoform a [variant 28].
28. NP_001356498.1 transcription factor 4 isoform v [variant 29].
29. NP_001356499.1 transcription factor 4 isoform v [variant 30].
30. NP_001356500.1 transcription factor 4 isoform w [variant 31].
31. NP_001356501.1 transcription factor 4 isoform w [variant 32].
32. NP_001356502.1 transcription factor 4 isoform x [variant 33].
33. NP_001356503.1 transcription factor 4 isoform 27 [variant 34].
34. NP_001356504.1 transcription factor 4 isoform d [variant 35].
35. NP_001356505.1 transcription factor 4 isoform y [variant 36].
36. NP_001356506.1 transcription factor 4 isoform 28 [variant 37].
37. NP_001356507.1 transcription factor 4 isoform y [variant 38].
38. NP_001356508.1 transcription factor 4 isoform 28 [variant 39].
39. NP_001356509.1 transcription factor 4 isoform 28 [variant 40].
40. NP_001356510.1 transcription factor 4 isoform y [variant 41].
41. NP_001356511.1 transcription factor 4 isoform m [variant 42].
42. NP_001356512.1 transcription factor 4 isoform m [variant 43].
43. NP_001356513.1 transcription factor 4 isoform u [variant 44].
44. NP_001356514.1 transcription factor 4 isoform u [variant 45].
45. NP_001356515.1 transcription factor 4 isoform z [variant 46].
46. NP_003190.1 transcription factor 4 isoform b: "Transcript Variant: This variant (2) differs in the 5' UTR and coding sequence and uses an alternate in-frame splice site at the 3' end of an exon compared to variant 3. The resulting isoform (b, also known as TCF4-B-) is shorter at the N-terminus and lacks an alternate internal segment compared to isoform c."

Acknowledgements

The content on this page was first contributed by: Henry A. Hoff.

Initial content for this page in some instances came from Wikiversity.

See also

• Core promoter gene transcriptions
• Distal promoter gene transcriptions
• E2 box gene transcriptions
• Proximal promoter gene transcriptions
• Transcription of A1BG

Further reading

• Jaideep Chaudhary and Michael K. Skinner (May 1999). "Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Proteins Can Act at the E-Box within the Serum Response Element of the c-fos Promoter to Influence Hormone-Induced Promoter Activation in Sertoli Cells". Molecular Endocrinology. 13 (5): 774–86. doi:10.1210/me.13.5.774. PMID 10319327. Retrieved 2013-06-14.

External links

• African Journals Online
• Bing Advanced search
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