Activating protein gene transcriptions

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Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Henry A. Hoff

Activating Protein 2 (AP-2) is a family of closely related transcription factors[1][2] which plays a critical role in regulating gene expression during early development.[3]

Human genes

Main article: Human genes

Gene ID: 7020 is TFAP2A transcription factor AP-2 alpha on 6p24.3: "The protein encoded by this gene is a transcription factor that binds the consensus sequence 5'-GCCNNNGGC-3'. The encoded protein functions as either a homodimer or as a heterodimer with similar family members. This protein activates the transcription of some genes while inhibiting the transcription of others. Defects in this gene are a cause of branchiooculofacial syndrome (BOFS). Three transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene."[4]

  1. NP_001027451.1 transcription factor AP-2-alpha isoform b: "Transcript Variant: This variant (2) differs in the 5' UTR and coding sequence compared to variant 1. The resulting isoform (b) has a shorter and distinct N-terminus compared to isoform a."[4]
  2. NP_001035890.1 transcription factor AP-2-alpha isoform c: "Transcript Variant: This variant (3) differs in the 5' UTR and coding sequence compared to variant 1. The resulting isoform (c) has a shorter and distinct N-terminus compared to isoform a."[4]
  3. NP_001358995.1 transcription factor AP-2-alpha, variant 1.[4]

Gene ID: 7021 is TFAP2B transcription factor AP-2 beta on 6p12.3: "This gene encodes a member of the AP-2 family of transcription factors. AP-2 proteins form homo- or hetero-dimers with other AP-2 family members and bind specific DNA sequences. They are thought to stimulate cell proliferation and suppress terminal differentiation of specific cell types during embryonic development. Specific AP-2 family members differ in their expression patterns and binding affinity for different promoters. This protein functions as both a transcriptional activator and repressor. Mutations in this gene result in autosomal dominant Char syndrome, suggesting that this gene functions in the differentiation of neural crest cell derivatives."[5]

Gene ID: 7022 is TFAP2C transcription factor AP-2 gamma on 20q13.31: "The protein encoded by this gene is a sequence-specific DNA-binding transcription factor involved in the activation of several developmental genes. The encoded protein can act as either a homodimer or heterodimer with other family members and is induced during retinoic acid-mediated differentiation. It plays a role in the development of the eyes, face, body wall, limbs, and neural tube."[6]

Gene ID: 83741 is TFAP2D transcription factor AP-2 delta on 6p12.3.[7]

Gene ID: 339488 is TFAP2E transcription factor AP-2 epsilon on 1p34.3 aka AP2E.[8]

Consensus sequences

Main article: Consensus sequence gene transcriptions

"AP-2 proteins can bind to G/C-rich elements, such as 5’-[G/C]CCN(3,4)GG[G/C]-3’ (41, 42)."[9]

Consensus sequences for the Activating protein 2 (AP-2) are GCCTGGCC.[10]

Hypotheses

Main article: Hypotheses
  1. A1BG has no Activating protein elements in either promoter.
  2. A1BG is not transcribed by an Activating protein elements.
  3. Activating protein elements do not participate in the transcription of A1BG.

AP-1s

"A conserved AP-1 (TGAGTCA) site was identified in the gpnmb promoter as well as a conserved core-binding site (CACCA) for the RUNX family of transcription factors, which could contribute to expression in both macrophages/osteoclasts (through AML1/runx1) and osteoblasts (through runx2)."[11]

"Most bZIP proteins show high binding affinity for the ACGT motifs, which include CACGTG (G box), GACGTC (C box), TACGTA (A box), AACGTT (T box), and a GCN4 motif, namely TGA(G/C)TCA (Landschulz et al., 1988;[12] Nijhawan et al., 2008[13])."[14]

"The human [transforming growth factor b1] TGF-β1 promoter region contains two binding sequences for [activator protein-1] AP-1, designated AP-1 box A (TGACTCT) and box B (TGTCTCA), which mediate the up-regulation of promoter activity after [High glucose] HG stimulation."[15]

"The program DNA-Pattern was used to search for and catalogue occurrences of consensus GCRE (TGABTVW) [TGA(C/G/T)T(A/C/G)(A/T)] and GATA (GATAAG, GATAAH, GATTA) motifs in yeast promoters."[16]

"The predicted Gln3p and Gcn4p binding sites in the UGA3 promoter are [...] the consensus Gln3p (GATA) and Gcn4p (GCRE) [TGAGTCA] binding sites present in the minimal UGA3 promoter at -􏰉206 and -􏰉112, respectively, [...]."[16]

AP-2 samplings

Main article: Model samplings

Consensus sequences for the Activating protein 2 (AP-2) are TCTTCCC and CTCCCA.[17]

Activating protein samplings (Cohen)

Copying 5'-GCCTGGCC-3'[10] in "⌘F" yields none between ZSCAN22 and A1BG and two between ZNF497 and A1BG as can be found by the computer programs.

For the Basic programs testing consensus sequence 5'-GCCTGGCC-3'[10] (starting with SuccessablesAP.bas) written to compare nucleotide sequences with the sequences on either the template strand (-), or coding strand (+), of the DNA, in the negative direction (-), or the positive direction (+), the programs are, are looking for, and found:

  1. negative strand, negative direction, looking for 5'-GCCTGGCC-3', 0.
  2. negative strand, positive direction, looking for 5'-GCCTGGCC-3', 2, 5'-GCCTGGCC-3' at 3681, 5'-GCCTGGCC-3' at 2990.
  3. positive strand, negative direction, looking for 5'-GCCTGGCC-3', 2, 5'-GCCTGGCC-3' at 3130, 5'-GCCTGGCC-3' at 1200.
  4. positive strand, positive direction, looking for 5'-GCCTGGCC-3', 0.
  5. complement, negative strand, negative direction, looking for 5'-CGGACCGG-3', 2, 5'-CGGACCGG-3' at 3130, 5'-CGGACCGG-3' at 1200.
  6. complement, negative strand, positive direction, looking for 5'-CGGACCGG-3', 0.
  7. complement, positive strand, negative direction, looking for 5'-CGGACCGG-3', 0.
  8. complement, positive strand, positive direction, looking for 5'-CGGACCGG-3', 2, 5'-CGGACCGG-3' at 3681, 5'-CGGACCGG-3' at 2990.
  9. complement inverse, negative strand, negative direction, looking for 5'-GGCCAGGC-3', 0.
  10. complement inverse, negative strand, positive direction, looking for 5'-GGCCAGGC-3', 1, 5'-GGCCAGGC-3' at 1176.
  11. complement inverse, positive strand, negative direction, looking for 5'-GGCCAGGC-3', 3, 5'-GGCCAGGC-3' at 4103, 5'-GGCCAGGC-3' at 2520, 5'-GGCCAGGC-3' at 649.
  12. complement inverse, positive strand, positive direction, looking for 5'-GGCCAGGC-3', 0.
  13. inverse, negative strand, negative direction, looking for 5'-CCGGTCCG-3', 3, 5'-CCGGTCCG-3' at 4103, 5'-CCGGTCCG-3' at 2520, 5'-CCGGTCCG-3' at 649.
  14. inverse, negative strand, positive direction, looking for 5'-CCGGTCCG-3', 0.
  15. inverse, positive strand, negative direction, looking for 5'-CCGGTCCG-3', 0.
  16. inverse, positive strand, positive direction, looking for 5'-CCGGTCCG-3', 1, 5'-CCGGTCCG-3' at 1176.

Activating protein (Cohen) distal promoters

Negative strand, negative direction: 5'-CCGGTCCG-3' at 4103, 5'-CGGACCGG-3' at 3130, 5'-CCGGTCCG-3' at 2520, 5'-CGGACCGG-3' at 1200, 5'-CCGGTCCG-3' at 649 and complements.

Negative strand, positive direction: 5'-GCCTGGCC-3' at 3681, 5'-GCCTGGCC-3' at 2990, 5'-GGCCAGGC-3' at 1176 and complements.

Activating protein (Cohen2) samplings

For the Basic programs testing consensus sequence 5'-TCCCCCGCCC-3' (starting with SuccessablesAPCo2.bas) written to compare nucleotide sequences with the sequences on either the template strand (-), or coding strand (+), of the DNA, in the negative direction (-), or the positive direction (+), the programs are, are looking for, and found:

  1. negative strand, negative direction, looking for 5'-TCCCCCGCCC-3', 0.
  2. negative strand, positive direction, looking for 5'-TCCCCCGCCC-3', 0.
  3. positive strand, negative direction, looking for 5'-TCCCCCGCCC-3', 0.
  4. positive strand, positive direction, looking for 5'-TCCCCCGCCC-3', 1, 5'-TCCCCCGCCC-3' at 4440.
  5. complement, negative strand, negative direction, looking for 5'-AGGGGGCGGG-3', 0.
  6. complement, negative strand, positive direction, looking for 5'-AGGGGGCGGG-3', 1, 5'-AGGGGGCGGG-3' at 4440.
  7. complement, positive strand, negative direction, looking for 5'-AGGGGGCGGG-3', 0.
  8. complement, positive strand, positive direction, looking for 5'-AGGGGGCGGG-3', 0.
  9. inverse complement, negative strand, negative direction, looking for 5'-GGGCGGGGGA-3', 0.
  10. inverse complement, negative strand, positive direction, looking for 5'-GGGCGGGGGA-3', 0.
  11. inverse complement, positive strand, negative direction, looking for 5'-GGGCGGGGGA-3', 0.
  12. inverse complement, positive strand, positive direction, looking for 5'-GGGCGGGGGA-3', 0.
  13. inverse negative strand, negative direction, looking for 5'-CCCGCCCCCT-3', 0.
  14. inverse negative strand, positive direction, looking for 5'-CCCGCCCCCT-3', 0.
  15. inverse positive strand, negative direction, looking for 5'-CCCGCCCCCT-3', 0.
  16. inverse positive strand, positive direction, looking for 5'-CCCGCCCCCT-3', 0.

Activating protein (Cohen2) distal promoters

Positive strand, positive direction: 5'-TCCCCCGCCC-3' at 4440 and complement.

Activating protein samplings (Yao1)

Copying 5'-TCTTCCC-3' in "⌘F" yields one between ZSCAN22 and A1BG and none between ZNF497 and A1BG as can be found by the computer programs.

For the Basic programs testing consensus sequence 5'-TCTTCCC-3'[17] (starting with SuccessablesAP.bas) written to compare nucleotide sequences with the sequences on either the template strand (-), or coding strand (+), of the DNA, in the negative direction (-), or the positive direction (+), the programs are, are looking for, and found:

  1. negative strand, negative direction, looking for 5'-TCTTCCC-3', 1, 5'-TCTTCCC-3' at 1657.
  2. negative strand, positive direction, looking for 5'-TCTTCCC-3', 0.
  3. positive strand, negative direction, looking for 5'-TCTTCCC-3', 0.
  4. positive strand, positive direction, looking for 5'-TCTTCCC-3', 0.
  5. complement, negative strand, negative direction, looking for 5'-AGAAGGG-3', 0.
  6. complement, negative strand, positive direction, looking for 5'-AGAAGGG-3', 0.
  7. complement, positive strand, negative direction, looking for 5'-AGAAGGG-3', 1, 5'-AGAAGGG-3' at 1657.
  8. complement, positive strand, positive direction, looking for 5'-AGAAGGG-3', 0.
  9. complement inverse, negative strand, negative direction, looking for 5'-GGGAAGA-3', 1, 5'-GGGAAGA-3' at 620.
  10. complement inverse, negative strand, positive direction, looking for 5'-GGGAAGA-3', 1, 5'-GGGAAGA-3' at 4264.
  11. complement inverse, positive strand, negative direction, looking for 5'-GGGAAGA-3', 0.
  12. complement inverse, positive strand, positive direction, looking for 5'-GGGAAGA-3', 0.
  13. inverse, negative strand, negative direction, looking for 5'-CCCTTCT-3', 0.
  14. inverse, negative strand, positive direction, looking for 5'-CCCTTCT-3', 0.
  15. inverse, positive strand, negative direction, looking for 5'-CCCTTCT-3', 1, 5'-CCCTTCT-3' at 620.
  16. inverse, positive strand, positive direction, looking for 5'-CCCTTCT-3', 1, 5'-CCCTTCT-3' at 4264.

Activating protein proximal promoters (Yao1)

Positive strand, positive direction: 5'-CCCTTCT-3' at 4264 and complement.

Activating protein distal promoters (Yao1)

Negative strand, negative direction: 5'-TCTTCCC-3' at 1657, 5'-GGGAAGA-3' at 620 and complements.

Activating protein samplings (Yao2)

Copying 5'-CTCCCA-3' in "⌘F" yields none between ZSCAN22 and A1BG and five between ZNF497 and A1BG as can be found by the computer programs.

For the Basic programs testing consensus sequence 5'-CTCCCA-3'[17] (starting with SuccessablesAP.bas) written to compare nucleotide sequences with the sequences on either the template strand (-), or coding strand (+), of the DNA, in the negative direction (-), or the positive direction (+), the programs are, are looking for, and found:

  1. negative strand, negative direction, looking for 5'-CTCCCA-3', 0.
  2. negative strand, positive direction, looking for 5'-CTCCCA-3', 5, 5'-CTCCCA-3' at 3333, 5'-CTCCCA-3' at 2532, 5'-CTCCCA-3' at 2396, 5'-CTCCCA-3' at 2383, 5'-CTCCCA-3' at 466 and complements.
  3. positive strand, negative direction, looking for 5'-CTCCCA-3', 2, 5'-CTCCCA-3' at 4259, 5'-CTCCCA-3' at 389.
  4. positive strand, positive direction, looking for 5'-CTCCCA-3', 3, 5'-CTCCCA-3' at 3880, 5'-CTCCCA-3' at 2797, 5'-CTCCCA-3' at 182.
  5. complement, negative strand, negative direction, looking for 5'-GAGGGT-3', 2, 5'-GAGGGT-3' at 4259, 5'-GAGGGT-3' at 389.
  6. complement, negative strand, positive direction, looking for 5'-GAGGGT-3', 3, 5'-GAGGGT-3' at 3880, 5'-GAGGGT-3' at 2797, 5'-GAGGGT-3' at 182.
  7. complement, positive strand, negative direction, looking for 5'-GAGGGT-3', 0.
  8. complement, positive strand, positive direction, looking for 5'-GAGGGT-3', 5, 5'-GAGGGT-3' at 3333, 5'-GAGGGT-3' at 2532, 5'-GAGGGT-3' at 2396, 5'-GAGGGT-3' at 2383, 5'-GAGGGT-3' at 466.
  9. complement inverse, negative strand, negative direction, looking for 5'-TGGGAG-3', 0.
  10. complement inverse, negative strand, positive direction, looking for 5'-TGGGAG-3', 1, 5'-TGGGAG-3' at 1782.
  11. complement inverse, positive strand, negative direction, looking for 5'-TGGGAG-3', 18, 5'-TGGGAG-3' at 4549, 5'-TGGGAG-3' at 4497, 5'-TGGGAG-3' at 4303, 5'-TGGGAG-3' at 4271, 5'-TGGGAG-3' at 4153, 5'-TGGGAG-3' at 3989, 5'-TGGGAG-3' at 3752, 5'-TGGGAG-3' at 3714, 5'-TGGGAG-3' at 3080, 5'-TGGGAG-3' at 2221, 5'-TGGGAG-3' at 2104, 5'-TGGGAG-3' at 1962, 5'-TGGGAG-3' at 1930, 5'-TGGGAG-3' at 1795, 5'-TGGGAG-3' at 1018, 5'-TGGGAG-3' at 686, 5'-TGGGAG-3' at 550, 5'-TGGGAG-3' at 413.
  12. complement inverse, positive strand, positive direction, looking for 5'-TGGGAG-3', 0.
  13. inverse, negative strand, negative direction, looking for 5'-ACCCTC-3', 18, 5'-ACCCTC-3' at 4549, 5'-ACCCTC-3' at 4497, 5'-ACCCTC-3' at 4303, 5'-ACCCTC-3' at 4271, 5'-ACCCTC-3' at 4153, 5'-ACCCTC-3' at 3989, 5'-ACCCTC-3' at 3752, 5'-ACCCTC-3' at 3714, 5'-ACCCTC-3' at 3080, 5'-ACCCTC-3' at 2221, 5'-ACCCTC-3' at 2104, 5'-ACCCTC-3' at 1962, 5'-ACCCTC-3' at 1930, 5'-ACCCTC-3' at 1795, 5'-ACCCTC-3' at 1018, 5'-ACCCTC-3' at 686, 5'-ACCCTC-3' at 550, 5'-ACCCTC-3' at 413.
  14. inverse, negative strand, positive direction, looking for 5'-ACCCTC-3', 0.
  15. inverse, positive strand, negative direction, looking for 5'-ACCCTC-3', 0.
  16. inverse, positive strand, positive direction, looking for 5'-ACCCTC-3', 1, 5'-ACCCTC-3' at 1782.

Activating protein core promoters (Yao2)

Negative strand, negative direction: 5'-ACCCTC-3' at 4549, 5'-ACCCTC-3' at 4497 and complements.

Activating protein proximal promoters (Yao2)

Negative strand, negative direction: 5'-ACCCTC-3' at 4303, 5'-ACCCTC-3' at 4271, 5'-GAGGGT-3' at 4259, 5'-ACCCTC-3' at 4153 and complements.

Activating protein distal promoters (Yao2)

Negative strand, negative direction: 5'-ACCCTC-3' at 3989, 5'-ACCCTC-3' at 3752, 5'-ACCCTC-3' at 3714, 5'-ACCCTC-3' at 3080, 5'-ACCCTC-3' at 2221, 5'-ACCCTC-3' at 2104, 5'-ACCCTC-3' at 1962, 5'-ACCCTC-3' at 1930, 5'-ACCCTC-3' at 1795, 5'-ACCCTC-3' at 1018, 5'-ACCCTC-3' at 686, 5'-ACCCTC-3' at 550, 5'-ACCCTC-3' at 413, 5'-GAGGGT-3' at 389 and complements.

Negative strand, positive direction: 5'-CTCCCA-3' at 3333, 5'-CTCCCA-3' at 2532, 5'-CTCCCA-3' at 2396, 5'-CTCCCA-3' at 2383, 5'-TGGGAG-3' at 1782, 5'-CTCCCA-3' at 466 and complements.

Positive strand, positive direction: 5'-CTCCCA-3' at 3880, 5'-CTCCCA-3' at 2797, 5'-CTCCCA-3' at 182.

Activating protein samplings (Yao3)

For the Basic programs testing consensus sequence 5'-GGCCAA-3' (starting with SuccessablesYao3.bas) written to compare nucleotide sequences with the sequences on either the template strand (-), or coding strand (+), of the DNA, in the negative direction (-), or the positive direction (+), the programs are, are looking for, and found:

  1. negative strand, negative direction, looking for 5'-GGCCAA-3', 0.
  2. negative strand, positive direction, looking for 5'-GGCCAA-3', 0.
  3. positive strand, negative direction, looking for 5'-GGCCAA-3', 0.
  4. positive strand, positive direction, looking for 5'-GGCCAA-3', 0.
  5. complement, negative strand, negative direction, looking for 5'-CCGGTT-3', 0.
  6. complement, negative strand, positive direction, looking for 5'-CCGGTT-3', 0.
  7. complement, positive strand, negative direction, looking for 5'-CCGGTT-3', 0.
  8. complement, positive strand, positive direction, looking for 5'-CCGGTT-3', 0.
  9. inverse complement, negative strand, negative direction, looking for 5'-TTGGCC-3', 0.
  10. inverse complement, negative strand, positive direction, looking for 5'-TTGGCC-3', 0.
  11. inverse complement, positive strand, negative direction, looking for 5'-TTGGCC-3', 0.
  12. inverse complement, positive strand, positive direction, looking for 5'-TTGGCC-3', 0.
  13. inverse negative strand, negative direction, looking for 5'-AACCGG-3', 0.
  14. inverse negative strand, positive direction, looking for 5'-AACCGG-3', 0.
  15. inverse positive strand, negative direction, looking for 5'-AACCGG-3', 0.
  16. inverse positive strand, positive direction, looking for 5'-AACCGG-3', 0.

Activating protein samplings (Murata)

For the Basic programs testing consensus sequence 5'-(C/G)CCNNNGG(C/G)-3'[9] (starting with SuccessablesAP.bas) written to compare nucleotide sequences with the sequences on either the template strand (-), or coding strand (+), of the DNA, in the negative direction (-), or the positive direction (+), the programs are, are looking for, and found:

  1. negative strand, negative direction, looking for 5'-(C/G)CCNNNGG(C/G)-3', 1, 5'-CCCTGCGGC-3' at 1154.
  2. negative strand, positive direction, looking for 5'-(C/G)CCNNNGG(C/G)-3', 12, 5'-CCCTCAGGC-3' at 91, 5'-GCCAGCGGC-3' at 332, 5'-GCCACCGGC-3' at 1295, 5'-GCCACCGGC-3' at 1547, 5'-CCCTTAGGG-3' at 2766, 5'-GCCTCTGGC-3' at 2884, 5'-GCCAATGGG-3' at 2911, 5'-GCCCTGGGC-3' at 3498, 5'-CCCCATGGG-3' at 4223, 5'-CCCATGGGG-3' at 4224, 5'-CCCTTGGGG-3' at 4302, 5'-CCCTGGGGC-3' at 4427.
  3. positive strand, negative direction, looking for 5'-(C/G)CCNNNGG(C/G)-3', 1, 5'-CCCAAGGGC-3' at 1820.
  4. positive strand, positive direction, looking for 5'-(C/G)CCNNNGG(C/G)-3', 10, 5'-CCCTCCGGG-3' at 372, 5'-CCCGACGGC-3' at 483, 5'-GCCCCCGGC-3' at 1647, 5'-CCCGGCGGC-3' at 1758, 5'-GCCCGCGGG-3' at 1770, 5'-GCCGGTGGG-3' at 1852, 5'-CCCAGAGGC-3' at 1961, 5'-GCCAACGGG-3' at 3493, 5'-CCCTGTGGG-3' at 3533, 5'-CCCGTTGGC-3' at 3912.
  5. complement, negative strand, negative direction, looking for 5'-(C/G)GGNNNCC(C/G)-3', 1, 5'-GGGTTCCCG-3' at 1820.
  6. complement, negative strand, positive direction, looking for 5'-(C/G)GGNNNCC(C/G)-3', 10, 5'-GGGAGGCCC-3' at 372, 5'-GGGCTGCCG-3' at 483, 5'-CGGGGGCCG-3' at 1647, 5'-GGGCCGCCG-3' at 1758, 5'-CGGGCGCCC-3' at 1770, 5'-CGGCCACCC-3' at 1852, 5'-GGGTCTCCG-3' at 1961, 5'-CGGTTGCCC-3' at 3493, 5'-GGGACACCC-3' at 3533, 5'-GGGCAACCG-3' at 3912.
  7. complement, positive strand, negative direction, looking for 5'-(C/G)GGNNNCC(C/G)-3', 1, 5'-GGGACGCCG-3' at 1154.
  8. complement, positive strand, positive direction, looking for 5'-(C/G)GGNNNCC(C/G)-3', 12, 5'-GGGAGTCCG-3' at 91, 5'-CGGTCGCCG-3' at 332, 5'-CGGTGGCCG-3' at 1295, 5'-CGGTGGCCG-3' at 1547, 5'-GGGAATCCC-3' at 2766, 5'-CGGAGACCG-3' at 2884, 5'-CGGTTACCC-3' at 2911, 5'-CGGGACCCG-3' at 3498, 5'-GGGGTACCC-3' at 4223, 5'-GGGTACCCC-3' at 4224, 5'-GGGAACCCC-3' at 4302, 5'-GGGACCCCG-3' at 4427.

Activating protein core promoters

Main article: Core promoter gene transcriptions

Negative strand, positive direction: 5'-CCCTGGGGC-3' at 4427, 5'-CCCTTGGGG-3' at 4302 and complement.

Activating protein proximal promoters

Main article: Proximal promoter gene transcriptions

Negative strand, positive direction: 5'-CCCATGGGG-3' at 4224, 5'-CCCCATGGG-3' at 4223, and complements.

Activating protein distal promoters

Main article: Distal promoter gene transcriptions

Negative strand, negative direction: 5'-CCCTGCGGC-3' at 1154 and complement.

Negative strand, positive direction: 5'-GCCCTGGGC-3' at 3498, 5'-GCCAATGGG-3' at 2911, 5'-GCCTCTGGC-3' at 2884, 5'-CCCTTAGGG-3' at 2766, 5'-GCCACCGGC-3' at 1547, 5'-GCCACCGGC-3' at 1295, 5'-GCCAGCGGC-3' at 332, 5'-CCCTCAGGC-3' at 91, and complements.

Positive strand, negative direction: 5'-CCCAAGGGC-3' at 1820 and complement.

Positive strand, positive direction: 5'-CCCGTTGGC-3' at 3912, 5'-CCCTGTGGG-3' at 3533, 5'-GCCAACGGG-3' at 3493, 5'-CCCAGAGGC-3' at 1961, 5'-GCCGGTGGG-3' at 1852, 5'-GCCCGCGGG-3' at 1770, 5'-CCCGGCGGC-3' at 1758, 5'-GCCCCCGGC-3' at 1647, 5'-CCCGACGGC-3' at 483, 5'-CCCTCCGGG-3' at 372, and complements.

Acknowledgements

The content on this page was first contributed by: Henry A. Hoff.

See also

References

  1. ↑ Williams T, Tjian R (1991). "Characterization of a dimerization motif in AP-2 and its function in heterologous DNA-binding proteins". Science. 251 (4997): 1067–71. Bibcode:1991Sci...251.1067W. doi:10.1126/science.1998122. PMID 1998122.
  2. ↑ Williams T, Tjian R (1991). "Analysis of the DNA-binding and activation properties of the human transcription factor AP-2". Genes Dev. 5 (4): 670–82. doi:10.1101/gad.5.4.670. PMID 2010091.
  3. ↑ Hilger-Eversheim K, Moser M, Schorle H, Buettner R (2000). "Regulatory roles of AP-2 transcription factors in vertebrate development, apoptosis and cell-cycle control". Gene. 260 (1–2): 1–12. doi:10.1016/S0378-1119(00)00454-6. PMID 11137286.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 RefSeq (December 2009). "TFAP2A transcription factor AP-2 alpha [ Homo sapiens (human) ]". 8600 Rockville Pike, Bethesda MD, 20894 USA: National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine. Retrieved 24 October 2020.
  5. ↑ RefSeq (July 2008). "TFAP2B transcription factor AP-2 beta [ Homo sapiens (human) ]". 8600 Rockville Pike, Bethesda MD, 20894 USA: National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine. Retrieved 24 October 2020.
  6. ↑ RefSeq (July 2008). "TFAP2C transcription factor AP-2 gamma [ Homo sapiens (human) ]". 8600 Rockville Pike, Bethesda MD, 20894 USA: National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine. Retrieved 24 October 2020.
  7. ↑ HGNC (4 October 2020). "TFAP2D transcription factor AP-2 delta [ Homo sapiens (human) ]". 8600 Rockville Pike, Bethesda MD, 20894 USA: National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine. Retrieved 24 October 2020.
  8. ↑ HGNC (18 August 2020). "TFAP2C transcription factor AP-2 gamma [ Homo sapiens (human) ]". 8600 Rockville Pike, Bethesda MD, 20894 USA: National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine. Retrieved 24 October 2020.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Takayuki Murata, Chieko Noda, Yohei Narita1, Takahiro Watanabe, Masahiro Yoshida, Keiji Ashio, Yoshitaka Sato, Fumi Goshima, Teru Kanda, Hironori Yoshiyama, Tatsuya Tsurumi, and Hiroshi Kimura (27 January 2016). "Induction of Epstein-Barr Virus Oncoprotein Latent Membrane Protein 1 (LMP1) by Transcription Factors Activating Protein 2 (AP-2) and Early B Cell Factor (EBF)" (PDF). Journal of Virology. doi:10.1128/JVI.03227-15. Retrieved 4 October 2020.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 Isabelle R. Cohen, Susanne Grässel, Alan D. Murdoch, and Renat V. Iozzo (1 November 1993). "Structural characterization of the complete human perlecan gene and its promoter" (PDF). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA. 90 (21): 10404–10408. doi:10.1073/pnas.90.21.10404. PMID 8234307. Retrieved 6 September 2020.
  11. ↑ Vera M. Ripoll, Nicholas A. Meadows, Liza-Jane Raggatt, Ming K. Chang, Allison R. Pettit, Alan I. Cassady and David A. Hume (30 April 2005). "Microphthalmia transcription factor regulates the expression of the novel osteoclast factor GPNMB" (PDF). Gene. 413 (1–2): 32–41. doi:10.1016/j.gene.2008.01.014. Retrieved 18 March 2021.
  12. ↑ Landschulz WH, Johnson PF, McKnight SL (June 1988). "The leucine zipper: a hypothetical structure common to a new class of DNA binding proteins". Science. 240 (4860): 1759–64. Bibcode:1988Sci...240.1759L. doi:10.1126/science.3289117. PMID 3289117.
  13. ↑ Nijhawan A, Jain M, Tyagi AK, Khurana JP (February 2008). "Genomic survey and gene expression analysis of the basic leucine zipper transcription factor family in rice". Plant Physiology. 146 (2): 333–50. doi:10.1104/pp.107.112821. PMID 18065552.
  14. ↑ ZG E, YP Z, JH Zhou and L W (16 April 2014). "Roles of the bZIP gene family in rice". Genetics and Molecular Research. 13 (2): 3025–36. doi:10.4238/2014.April.16.11. PMID 24782137. Vancouver style error: punctuation (help)
  15. ↑ Keiko Kokoroishi, Ayumu Nakashima, Shigehiro Doi, Toshinori Ueno, Toshiki Doi, Yukio Yokoyama, Kiyomasa Honda, Masami Kanawa, Yukio Kato, Nobuoki Kohno & Takao Masaki (28 May 2015). "High glucose promotes TGF-β1 production by inducing FOS expression in human peritoneal mesothelial cells". Clinical and Experimental Nephrology. 20 (1): 30–8. doi:10.1007/s10157-015-1128-9. PMID 26018137. Retrieved 14 August 2020.
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 Kirk A. Staschke, Souvik Dey, John M. Zaborske, Lakshmi Reddy Palam, Jeanette N. McClintick, Tao Pan, Howard J. Edenberg, and Ronald C. Wek (May 28, 2010). "Integration of General Amino Acid Control and Target of Rapamycin (TOR) Regulatory Pathways in Nitrogen Assimilation in Yeast" (PDF). The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 285 (22): 16893–16911. doi:10.1074/jbc.M110.121947. Retrieved 4 January 2021.
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 17.2 Yao EF, Denison MS (June 1992). "DNA sequence determinants for binding of transformed Ah receptor to a dioxin-responsive enhancer". Biochemistry. 31 (21): 5060–7. doi:10.1021/bi00136a019. PMID 1318077.

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