The WikiDoc Living Textbook of Rheumatology and Autoimmune Disease

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Click Here For A Complete Listing Of All Chapters In The Living Textbook Of Rheumatologic and Autoimmune Disease In Alphabetical Order

Anatomy

v • d • e Bones (Axial skeleton, Appendicular skeleton)
VERTEBRAL COLUMN	vertebrae (cervical - thoracic - lumbar) - sacrum - coccyx
THORAX	sternum - rib
cranial bones of SKULL	occipital - parietal - frontal - temporal - sphenoid - ethmoid
facial bones of SKULL	nasal - maxilla - lacrimal - zygomatic - palatine - inferior nasal conchae - vomer - mandible - THROAT: hyoid (greater cornu, lesser cornu, body)
UPPER EXTREMITY	SHOULDER GIRDLE:clavicle - scapula - ARM: humerus - ulna - radius- HAND:carpals (scaphoid - lunate bone - triquetral - pisiform - trapezium - trapezoid - capitate - hamate) - metacarpals - phalanges (prox - int - dist)
LOWER EXTREMITY	PELVIS:pelvis (ilium, ischium, pubis) - LEG: femur - patella - fibula - tibia - FOOT: tarsals (calcaneus - talus - navicular - cuneiform - cuboid ) - metatarsals - phalanges (prox - int - dist)
MIDDLE EAR OSSICLES	malleus - incus - stapes

v • d • e

Musculoskeletal system, connective tissue: bone and cartilage

Cartilage

perichondrium, fibrocartilage callus, metaphysis

cells (chondroblast, chondrocyte)

types (hyaline, elastic, fibrous)

Bone

ossification (intramembranous, endochondral, epiphyseal plate)

cycle (osteoblast, osteoid, osteocyte, osteoclast)

types (cancellous, cortical)

regions (epiphysis, metaphysis, diaphysis)

structure (osteon/Haversian system, Haversian canals, Volkmann's canals, endosteum, periosteum, Sharpey's fibres, enthesis, lacunae, canaliculi, trabeculae, medullary cavity, bone marrow)

shapes (long, short, flat, irregular, sesamoid)

v • d • e Bones of torso
Sternum	Suprasternal notch, Manubrium, Sternal angle, Body of sternum, Xiphisternal joint, Xiphoid process
Rib	specific ribs (1, 2, 9, 10, 11, 12, false - 8-12, floating - 11-12) - parts (Angle, Tubercle, Costal groove, Neck, Head)
General vertebral structures	body of vertebra, vertebral arch (pedicle, lamina, vertebral notch), foramina (vertebral, intervertebral), processes (transverse, articular / zygapophysis, spinous)
Cervical vertebrae	C1 (anterior arch, posterior arch, lateral mass), C2 (dens), C3, C4, C5, C6, C7 anterior tubercle, posterior tubercle, foramen transversarium
Thoracic vertebrae	T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6, T7, T8, T9, T10, T11, T12 costal facets (superior, inferior, transverse)
Lumbar vertebrae	accessory process, mammillary process, L5
Sacrum	pelvic surface (anterior sacral foramina), dorsal surface (posterior sacral foramina, median sacral crest, medial sacral crest, lateral sacral crest), lateral surface (sacral tuberosity), base, sacral hiatus - presacral space - sacral promontory - sacral canal - ala of sacrum - sacrovertebral angle

v • d • e Joints
Types	fibrous: Gomphosis - Suture - Syndesmosis cartilaginous: Synchondrosis - Symphysis synovial: Plane joint - 1° (Hinge joint, Pivot joint) - 2° (Condyloid joint, Saddle joint) - 3° (Ball and socket joint) by range of motion: Synarthrosis - Amphiarthrosis - Diarthrosis
Terminology	Kinesiology - Anatomical terms of motion - Agonist/Antagonist
Motions	general: Flexion/Extension - Adduction/Abduction - Internal rotation/External rotation - Elevation/Depression specialized/upper limbs: Protraction/Retraction - Supination/Pronation specialized/lower limbs: Plantarflexion/Dorsiflexion - Eversion/Inversion
Components	Articular capsule (Synovial membrane, Fibrous membrane) - Synovial fluid - Bursa - Articular disk

Physiology / Molecular Biology

v • d • e Antibodies: autoantibodies
Anti-nuclear antibody	Anti-gp210 - Anti-p62 - Anti-centromere - Anti-topoisomerase - Anti-sp100
Other	Anti-actin - Anti-apolipoprotein - Anti-cardiolipin - Anti-citrullinated peptide - Anti-ganglioside - Anti-mitochondrial antibody - Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody - Anti-phopsholipid - Anti-thrombin - Anti-transglutaminase - Lupus anticoagulant - Rheumatoid factor

v • d • e Surface antigens
Histocompatibility/Human leukocyte antigen	MHC - MHC class I (HLA-A, HLA-B, HLA-C, HLA-E)</br> MHC class II (HLA-DP, HLA-DQ, HLA-DR) - Minor histocompatibility antigen
Other	Arrestin - Calgranulin - Blood group antigens - Cell adhesion molecules - Differentiation antigens

v • d • e The T cell receptor complex
The antigen receptor	TCR \| TCRα \| TCRβ \| TCRγ \| TCRδ
Accessory molecules	CD3 \| CD3γ \| CD3δ \| CD3ε \| ζ-chain (also called CD3ζ and TCRζ)
Co-receptors	CD8 (with two glycoprotein chains CD8α and CD8β) \| CD4
Ligands	MHC (MHC class I and MHC class II)

v • d • e HLA-A serotypes
HLA-A · A1 · A2 · A3 · A9 (A23 · A24) · A10 (A25 · A26 · A34 · A43 · A66) · A11 · A19 (A29 · A30 · A31 · A32 · A33 · A74) · A28 (A68 · A69) · A36 · A80

v • d • e HLA-B Serotypes and allele groups
HLA-B - B5 (B51 - B52) - B7 - B8 - B12 (B44 - B45) - B13 - B14]] (B64 - B65) - B15 (B62 - B63 - B70 - B71- B75 - B76 - B77) - B16 (B38 - B39) - B17 (B57 - B58) - B18 - B21 (B49 - B50) - B22 (B54 - B55 - B56) - B27 - B35 - B37 - B40 (B60 - B61) - B41 - B42 - B46 - B47 - B48 - B53 - B59 - B67 - B73 - B78 - B81 - B82 - B83

v • d • e HLA-Cw Serotypes and Allelegroups
HLA-C - Cw1 (Cw11) - Cw2 - Cw3 (Cw9 - Cw10) - Cw4 - Cw5 - Cw6 - Cw7 - Cw8 - Cw12 - Cw13 - Cw14 - Cw15 - Cw16 - Cw17 - Cw*18

v • d • e HLA DQ Serotypes
DQ - DQ1 - DQ2 - DQ3 - DQ4 - DQ5 - DQ6 - DQ7 - DQ8 - DQ9

v • d • e HLA DR Serotypes
DR - DR1 - DR2 - DR3 - DR4 - DR5 - DR6 - DR7 - DR8 - DR9 - DR10 - DR11 - DR12 - DR13 - DR14 - DR15 - DR16 - DR17 - DR18 - DR51 - DR52 - DR53

Disease States

Overview

v • d • e Antigens: Autoantigens
Acetylcholine receptor - Actin - Apolipoprotein H - Branched-chain alpha-keto acid dehydrogenase complex - Cardiolipin - Centromere - Epidermal transglutaminase - gangliosides - Oxoglutarate dehydrogenase - Sp100 nuclear antigen - Pyruvate dehydrogenase - Thrombin - Tissue transglutaminase - Topoisomerase - Nucleoporins (Nucleoporin-62 - Nucleoporin-210)

v • d • e Diseases of the musculoskeletal system and connective tissue (M, 710-739)
Arthropathies	Arthritis (Septic arthritis, Reactive arthritis, Rheumatoid arthritis, Psoriatic arthritis, Felty's syndrome, Juvenile idiopathic arthritis, Still's disease) - crystal (Gout, Chondrocalcinosis) - Osteoarthritis (Heberden's node, Bouchard's nodes) acquired deformities of fingers and toes (Boutonniere deformity, Bunion, Hallux rigidus, Hallux varus, Hammer toe) - other acquired deformities of limbs (Valgus deformity, Varus deformity, Wrist drop, Foot drop, Flat feet, Club foot, Unequal leg length, Winged scapula) patella (Luxating patella, Chondromalacia patellae) Protrusio acetabuli - Hemarthrosis - Arthralgia - Osteophyte
Systemic connective tissue disorders	Polyarteritis nodosa - Churg-Strauss syndrome - Kawasaki disease - Hypersensitivity vasculitis - Goodpasture's syndrome - Wegener's granulomatosis - Arteritis (Takayasu's arteritis, Temporal arteritis) - Microscopic polyangiitis - Systemic lupus erythematosus (Drug-induced) - Dermatomyositis (Juvenile dermatomyositis) - Polymyositis - Scleroderma - Sjögren's syndrome - Behçet's disease - Polymyalgia rheumatica - Eosinophilic fasciitis - Hypermobility
Dorsopathies	Kyphosis - Lordosis - Scoliosis - Scheuermann's disease - Spondylolysis - Torticollis - Spondylolisthesis - Spondylopathies (Ankylosing spondylitis, Spondylosis, Spinal stenosis) - Schmorl's nodes - Degenerative disc disease - Coccydynia - Back pain (Radiculopathy, Neck pain, Sciatica, Low back pain)
Soft tissue disorders	muscle: Myositis - Myositis ossificans (Fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva) synovium and tendon: Synovitis/Tenosynovitis (Calcific tendinitis, Stenosing tenosynovitis, Trigger finger, DeQuervain's syndrome) - Irritable hip - Ganglion cyst bursa: bursitis (Olecranon, Prepatellar, Trochanteric) - Baker's cyst fibroblastic disorders (Dupuytren's contracture, Plantar fasciitis, Nodular fasciitis, Necrotizing fasciitis, Fasciitis, Fibromatosis) shoulder lesions: Adhesive capsulitis - Rotator cuff tear - Subacromial bursitis enthesis: enthesopathies (Iliotibial band syndrome, Achilles tendinitis, Patellar tendinitis, Golfer's elbow, Tennis elbow, Metatarsalgia, Bone spur, Tendinitis) other, NEC: Muscle weakness - Rheumatism - Myalgia - Neuralgia - Neuritis - Panniculitis - Fibromyalgia
Osteopathies	disorders of bone density and structure: Osteoporosis - Osteomalacia - continuity of bone (Pseudarthrosis, Stress fracture) - Monostotic fibrous dysplasia - Skeletal fluorosis - Aneurysmal bone cyst - Hyperostosis - Osteosclerosis Osteomyelitis - Avascular necrosis - Paget's disease of bone - Algoneurodystrophy - Osteolysis - Infantile cortical hyperostosis
Chondropathies	Juvenile osteochondrosis (Legg-Calvé-Perthes syndrome, Osgood-Schlatter disease, Köhler disease, Sever's disease) - Osteochondritis - Tietze's syndrome
See also congenital conditions (Q65-Q79, 754-756)

v • d • e

Immune disorders: Immunodeficiency (D80-D85, 279)

Primary

Antibody/humoral (B)	Hypo-/a-: X-linked · Transient of infancy Dys-: IgA deficiency · IgG deficiency · IgM deficiency · Hyper IgM syndrome (2, 3, 4, 5) Common variable immunodeficiency
Cell-mediated (T)	DiGeorge syndrome · Nezelof syndrome · Purine nucleoside phosphorylase deficiency · Ataxia telangiectasia · Hyper IgM syndrome (1)
Severe combined (B+T)	x-linked: X-SCID autosomal: Adenosine deaminase deficiency · Omenn syndrome · ZAP70 deficiency · Bare lymphocyte syndrome
Complement deficiency	Angioedema · Complement 2 deficiency
PBD	chemotaxis/degranulation (Leukocyte adhesion deficiency, Chediak-Higashi syndrome, Hyper-IgE syndrome) respiratory burst (Chronic granulomatous disease, Myeloperoxidase deficiency)
Other	ICF syndrome · Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome · WHIM syndrome

Acquired

AIDS

See also hematological malignancy and hematology

Pharmacotherapy

v • d • e

Anabolic steroids (A14) (trademark names in brackets)

Androstan (carbon 19 present)

Androstadienone • Boldenone undecylenate (Equipoise) • 4-Chlordehydromethyltestosterone (Turinabol) • Clostebol • Desoxymethyltestosterone (Madol) • DHEA • DHT • Drostanolone (Masteron) • Fluoxymesterone (Halotestin) • Furazabol (Miotolan) • Methandrostenolone (Dianabol) • Methenolone • Mesterolone (Proviron) • Methenolone enanthate (Primobolan) • Mestanolone • Norethandrolone • Oxandrolone (Anavar) • Oxymetholone (Anadrol) • Oxymetholone (Anadrol-50) • Quinbolone (Anabolicum Vister) • Stanozolol (Winstrol) • Testosterone

Estren (carbon 19 absent)

Ethylestrenol • Mibolerone (Cheque Drops) • Nandrolone (Deca Durabolin) • Norbolethone (Genabol) • Oxabolone cipionate • Tetrahydrogestrinone (The Clear) • Trenbolone (Fina)

v • d • e Antigout preparations (M04)
Uricosuric	Probenecid, Sulfinpyrazone
Other	Allopurinol, Cinchophen, Colchicine, Febuxostat, Oxypurinol

v • d • e

Anti-inflammatory and antirheumatic products (M01)

Anti-inflammatory and
antirheumatic products,
non-steroids
See also: NSAIDs

Pyrazolidine/Butylpyrazolidines: · Ampyrone · Clofezone · Kebuzone · Metamizole · Mofebutazone · Oxyphenbutazone · Phenazone · Phenylbutazone · Sulfinpyrazone ·

Acetic acid derivatives and related substances: · Aceclofenac · Acemetacin · Alclofenac · Bromfenac · Bumadizone · Bufexamac · Diclofenac · Difenpiramide · Etodolac · Fentiazac · Indometacin · Ketorolac · Lonazolac · Oxametacin · Proglumetacin · Sulindac · Tolmetin · Zomepirac ·

Oxicams: · Droxicam · Lornoxicam · Meloxicam · Piroxicam · Tenoxicam ·

Propionic acid derivatives: · Alminoprofen · Benoxaprofen · Dexibuprofen · Dexketoprofen · Fenbufen · Fenoprofen · Flunoxaprofen · Flurbiprofen · Ibuprofen · Ibuproxam · Indoprofen · Ketoprofen · Naproxen · Oxaprozin · Pirprofen · Suprofen · Tiaprofenic acid ·

Fenamates: · Flufenamic acid · Meclofenamic acid · Mefenamic acid · Tolfenamic acid ·

Coxibs: · Celecoxib · Etoricoxib · Lumiracoxib · Parecoxib · Rofecoxib · Valdecoxib ·

other anti-inflammatory and antirheumatic agents, non-steroids: · Nabumetone · Niflumic acid · Azapropazone · Glucosamine · Benzydamine · Glycosaminoglycan · Magnesium salicylate · Proquazone · Superoxide dismutase/Orgotein · Nimesulide · Feprazone · Diacerein · Morniflumate · Tenidap · Oxaceprol · Chondroitin sulfate ·

Specific antirheumatic
agents

Quinolines: · Oxycinchophen ·

Gold preparations: · Sodium aurothiomalate · Sodium aurothiosulfate · Auranofin · Aurothioglucose · Aurotioprol ·

Penicillamine/Bucillamine

v • d • e Drugs for treatment of bone diseases (M05)
Bisphosphonates	Nitrogenous (Pamidronic acid, Alendronic acid, Ibandronic acid, Risedronic acid, Zoledronic acid) - Non-nitrogenous (Etidronic acid, Clodronic acid, Tiludronic acid)
Bone morphogenetic proteins	Dibotermin alfa - Eptotermin alfa
Other	Ipriflavone - Aluminium chlorohydrate - Strontium ranelate

v • d • e Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) products (primarily M01A and M02A, also N02BA)
Salicylates	Aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid) · Aloxiprin · Benorylate · Diflunisal · Ethenzamide · Magnesium salicylate · Methyl salicylate · Salsalate · Salicin · Salicylamide · Sodium salicylate
Arylalkanoic acids	Diclofenac · Aceclofenac · Acemetacin · Alclofenac · Bromfenac · Etodolac · Indometacin · Indomethacin farnesil · Nabumetone · Oxametacin · Proglumetacin · Sulindac · Tolmetin
2-Arylpropionic acids (profens)	Ibuprofen · Alminoprofen · Benoxaprofen · Carprofen · Dexibuprofen · Dexketoprofen · Fenbufen · Fenoprofen · Flunoxaprofen · Flurbiprofen · Ibuproxam · Indoprofen^† · Ketoprofen · Ketorolac · Loxoprofen · Miroprofen · Naproxen · Oxaprozin · Pirprofen · Suprofen · Tarenflurbil · Tiaprofenic acid
N-Arylanthranilic acids (fenamic acids)	Mefenamic acid · Flufenamic acid · Meclofenamic acid · Tolfenamic acid
Pyrazolidine derivatives	Phenylbutazone · Ampyrone · Azapropazone · Clofezone · Kebuzone · Metamizole^† · Mofebutazone · Oxyphenbutazone · Phenazone · Sulfinpyrazone
Oxicams	Piroxicam · Droxicam · Lornoxicam · Meloxicam · Tenoxicam
COX -2 inhibitors	Celecoxib · Deracoxib^‡ · Etoricoxib · Firocoxib^‡ · Lumiracoxib^† · Parecoxib · Rofecoxib^† · Valdecoxib^†
Sulphonanilides	Nimesulide
Topically used products	Bendazac · Diclofenac · Etofenamate · Felbinac · Flurbiprofen · Ibuprofen · Indometacin · Ketoprofen · Naproxen · Piroxicam · Suprofen
Others	Fluproquazone · COX-inhibiting nitric oxide donator
Items listed in bold indicate initially developed compounds of specific groups. ^†Withdrawn drugs. ^‡Veterinary use medications.

v • d • e Topical products for joint and muscular pain (M02)
Anti-inflammatory preparations, non-steroids	Butylpyrazolidines: Phenylbutazone - Mofebutazone - Clofezone - Oxyphenbutazone Propionic acid derivatives: Tolmetin - Diclofenac - Fentiazac other: Benzydamine - Etofenamate - Piroxicam - Felbinac - Bufexamac - Ketoprofen - Bendazac - Naproxen - Ibuprofen - Feprazone - Niflumic acid - Meclofenamic acid - Flurbiprofen - Suxibuzone - Indometacin - Nifenazone
Other	Tolazoline - Dimethyl sulfoxide