Pyrophosphate
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Editor-In-Chief: Henry A. Hoff
In chemistry, the anion, the salts, and the esters of pyrophosphoric acid are called pyrophosphates. The anion P2O74− is abbreviated PPi and is formed by the hydrolysis of ATP into AMP in cells.
- ATP + H2O <=> AMP + PPi
For example, when a nucleotide is incorporated into a growing DNA or RNA strand by a polymerase, pyrophosphate (PPi) is released. Pyrophosphorolysis is the reverse of the polymerization reaction where pyrophosphate reacts with the 3'-nucleotidemonophosphate (NMP or dNMP), which is removed from the oligonucleotide to release the corresponding triphosphate (dNTP from DNA, or NTP from RNA).
The pyrophosphate anion has the structure P2O74−, and is an acid anhydride of phosphate. It is unstable in aqueous solution and in the absence of enzymic catalysis hydrolyzes extremely slowly into inorganic phosphate in all but highly acidic media:[1]
- P2O74− + H2O → 2 HPO42−
or in shorthand notation:
- PPi + H2O → 2 Pi
Enzyme EC 3.6.1.1 catalyzes this hydrolysis.[2] Specificity varies with the source and with the activating metal ion, e.g. Mg2+.[2]
Human GeneID: 5464 PPA1; pyrophosphatase (inorganic) 1 (EC: 3.6.1.1); K01507 inorganic pyrophosphatase [EC: 3.6.1.1]
Human GeneID: 27068 PPA2; pyrophosphatase (inorganic) 2 (EC:3.6.1.1); K01507 inorganic pyrophosphatase [EC: 3.6.1.1]
Human GeneID: 64077 LHPP; phospholysine phosphohistidine inorganic pyrophosphate phosphatase (EC: 3.6.1.1); K11725 phospholysine phosphohistidine inorganic pyrophosphate phosphatase [EC: 3.6.1.1, EC: 3.1.3.-]
Human GeneID: 89797 NAV2; neuron navigator 2 (EC: 3.6.1.1).
This hydrolysis to inorganic phosphate effectively renders the cleavage of ATP to AMP and PPi ultimately irreversible, and biochemical reactions coupled to this hydrolysis are irreversible as well, unless EC 3.6.1.1 is present. EC 3.6.1.1 can reverse the hydrolysis.[2]
From the standpoint of high energy phosphate accounting, the hydrolysis of ATP to AMP and PPi will require two high energy phosphates, as to reconstitute AMP into ATP will require two phosphorylation reactions.
- AMP + ATP → 2 ADP
- 2 ADP + 2 Pi → 2 ATP
The synthesis of tetraethyl pyrophosphate was first described in 1854 by Philip de Clermount at a meeting of the French Academy of Sciences.
The term pyrophosphate is also the name of esters formed by the condensation of a phosphorylated biological compound with inorganic phosphate as for dimethylallyl pyrophosphate. This bond is also referred to as a high energy phosphate bond.
References
- ↑ Huebner PWA, Milburn RM (May 1980). "Hydrolysis of pyrophosphate to orthophosphate promoted by cobalt(III). Evidence for the role of polynuclear species". Inorg Chem. 19 (5): 1267-72. doi:10.1021/ic50207a032.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 NiceZyme View of ENZYME: EC 3.6.1.1.
See also
- Adenosine diphosphate (ADP)
- Calcium pyrophosphate
- Cytidine diphosphate
- Dimethylallyl pyrophosphate (DMAPP)
- Disodium pyrophosphate
- (E)-4-Hydroxy-3-methyl-but-2-enyl pyrophosphate
- Farnesyl pyrophosphate
- Geranyl pyrophosphate (GPP)
- Geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate
- Guanosine diphosphate (GDP)
- High energy phosphate
- Isopentenyl pyrophosphate (IPP)
- Phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate (PRPP)
- Sodium pyrophosphate
- Thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP)
- Thymidine diphosphate (TDP)
- Tricalcium phosphate
- Uridine diphosphate (UDP)
- Zinc pyrophosphate
- Acetate kinase (diphosphate)
- Amidophosphoribosyltransferase
- Diphosphate-glycerol phosphotransferase
- Diphosphate-purine nucleoside kinase
- Diphosphate-serine phosphotransferase
- Diphosphotransferase
- Dolichyldiphosphatase
- Ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase 1
- Farnesyl-diphosphate farnesyltransferase
- Farnesyl-diphosphate kinase
- Inorganic diphosphatase
- Inorganic pyrophosphatase
- Isopentenyl-diphosphate delta isomerase
- Isopentenyl-diphosphate Delta-isomerase
- Monoterpenyl-diphosphatase
- Nucleoside-diphosphatase
- Prenyl-diphosphatase
- Pyrophosphate dependent phosphofructokinase
- Pyrophosphomevalonate decarboxylase
- RNA polymerase
- Thiamine pyrophosphatase
- Thiamine pyrophosphokinase
- Thiamine-diphosphate kinase
- 2-amino-4-hydroxy-6-hydroxymethyldihydropteridine diphosphokinase
- Arthritis
- Arthropathy
- Calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate deposition disease
- Chondrocalcinosis
- Hypercalcemia
- Lesch-Nyhan's syndrome
- Periodontitis
- Water on the knee
External links
Acknowledgement and Attribution Regarding Sources of Content
Some of the initial content on this page may be incorporated in part from copyleft sources in the public domain including wikis such as Wikipedia and AskDrWiki. Drug information for patients came from the The National Library of Medicine. Infectious disease information may have come from the Centers for Disease Control (CDC). Differential Diagnoses are drawn from clinicians as well as an amalgamation of 3 sources: 1.The Disease Database; 2. Kahan, Scott, Smith, Ellen G. In A Page: Signs and Symptoms. Malden, Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishing, 2004:3; 3. Sailer, Christian, Wasner, Susanne. Differential Diagnosis Pocket. Hermosa Beach, CA: Borm Bruckmeir Publishing LLC, 2002:7 .
