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__NOTOC__
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{{CMG}} {{AE}} {{RAB}}
To go to the COVID-19 project topics list, click '''[[COVID-19 Project Topics|here]]'''.
{{COVID-19}}
{{CMG}}; {{AE}};{{Fs}};{{NE}};{{RAB}}
==Overview==
==Overview==


==Complications==
==Pathophysiology of the Complications in the Nervous System==
 
==Mechanism of targetting the Nervous System==
 
==Complications in the Central Nervous System==
 
====Cerebrovascular Accident/Stroke====
*Hemorrhagic
*Ischaemic
====Acute Encephalitis====
====Viral Meningitis====
====Epileptic Seizures====
====Encephalopathy====
====Headache====
 
==Complications in the Peripheral Nervous system==
 
====Guillain-Barre syndrome====
====Anosmia====
====Acute Myelitis====
====Miller Fischer Sydrome====
====Polyneuritis Cranialis====
 
== Complications due to medication interaction ==
 
==== 1. Statin induced myotoxicity ====
 
*[[Myalgia]], [[myopathies]], [[rhabdomyolysis]]
 
==== 2. 2nd and 3rd degree atrioventricular block ====
 
*[[Lopinavir]]/ [[Ritonavir]] (Kaltera) (400 mg/100 mg)
 
==== 3. Prolong QTc interval ====
 
*[[Chloroquine]]/[[Hydroxychloroquine]]
*[[Azithromycin]]
 
==== 4. Myelotoxicity ====
 
*[[Ribavirin]]
 
==== 5. Prolonged PR interval ====
 
*[[Atazanavir]]
 
==== 6. Myelosuppression ====
==COVID-19 Experimental Treatments with Interaction Potential==
===1. [[Remdesivir]] (GS‐5734)===
=====Pharmacokinetics and Dosing:=====
 
*Adults ≥40 kg: Daily IV dose over 30 min.
 
Day 1: 200 mg, Day 2‐10: 100 mg
 
*Paed <40 kg: Daily IV dose over 30 min.  Day 1: 5 mg/kg, Day 2‐10: 2.5 mg/kg
 
=====ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier:=====
 
*NCT04302766
*NCT04292899
 
=====Interaction Potential:=====
 
*Inhibits: [[CYP3A4]][[, OATP1B1/3]], [[BSEP]][[, MRP4]], and [[NTCP]]
*Induces: [[CYP1A2]] and [[CYP2B6]]
*Unlikely clinically significant (all in vitro data)
*Concurrent use with [[Hydroxychloroquine|hydroxychloroquine-]] decreases the antiviral activity of [[Remdesivir|remdesivir.]]
 
===2. [[Lopinavir and Ritonavir|Lopinavir/ Ritonavir (Kaltera)]] (400 mg/100 mg)===
=====Pharmacokinetics and Dosing:=====
 
*400mg/100mg twice daily for 14 days
*Crushing tablet ↓ absorption ≅ 45%133.
*Use oral liquid (42.4% alcohol and 15.3% propylene glycol)
*Use compatible feeding tubes (PVC or silicone)
*Avoid [[Metronidazole|metronidazole a]]<nowiki/>nd [[disulfiram]]
*Absorbed in jejunum: [[Nasogastric tube|NG]] ok; NJ may ↓ effect
 
=====ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier:=====
 
*NCT04276688
 
=====Chinese Clinical Trials Registry ID:=====
 
*ChiCTR2000029539
 
=====EU Clinical Trials Register ID:=====
 
*2020‐000936‐23
 
=====Interaction Potential:=====
 
*[[Lopinavir|Lopinavi]]<nowiki/>r extensively metabolized by [[CYP3A]]
*Inhibitor of [[CYP3A4]] (potent), [[P‐gp]], [[BCPR]], and [[OATP1B1]]
**''can increase concentration of drugs metabolized or substrates of these pathways''
 
*Inducer of [[CYP2C9]], [[CYP2C19,]] and [[glucuronidation]]
 
*Can [[PR interval|prolong PR interval.]]
*Rare reports of [[Second degree AV block|2nd and 3rd-degree atrioventricular block]] in patients with underlying risk factors
 
===3. [[Chloroquine|Chloroquin]]<nowiki/>[[Chloroquine|e]]/[[Hydroxychloroquine]]===
=====Pharmacokinetics and Dosing:=====
 
*200 mg three times a day for 10 days
 
=====ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier:=====
 
*NCT04261517
 
=====Chinese Clinical Trials Registry ID:=====
 
*ChiCTR2000029609
 
=====Interaction Potential:=====
 
*Metabolised by [[CYP2C8]], [[CYP3A4]], [[CYP2D6]]
*Inhibited by CYP2D6 and P‐gp
*Can [[QT-interval prolongation|prolong QTc interval]], consider [[The electrocardiogram|ECG]] monitoring where appropriate
*Concurrent use of [[Hydroxychloroquine|HCQS]] with antibiotic [[azithromycin]] causes [[chest pain]], [[congestive heart failure]].
*[[Antacids]] decrease the absorption of [[hydroxychloroquine]].
*[[Neostigmine]], [[pyridostigmine]] antagonize the action of [[Hydroxychloroquine|hydroxychloroquin]]<nowiki/>e.
 
===4. [[Interferon beta]]===
=====Pharmacokinetics and Dosing:=====
=====ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier:=====
 
*NCT04276688
 
=====Interaction Potential:=====
 
*[[Interferons]] have been reported to reduce [[Cytochrome P450|CYP450]] drug metabolism
*Care with narrow [[therapeutic index]] drugs dependent on [[Cytochrome P450|CYP450]] clearance
 
===5. [[Ribavirin]]===
=====Pharmacokinetics and Dosing:=====
 
*Do not crush – known [[teratogen]].
*Contact hospital pharmacy for solution compounded from capsules or (SAS) product availability
 
=====ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier:=====
 
*NCT04276688
 
=====Interaction Potential:=====
 
*Not metabolized by [[Cytochrome P450|CYP450]] unlikely to contribute to [[CYP|CYP interactions]].
*Inhibits [[IMP dehydrogenase|inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase:]]
*Can interfere with [[azathioprine]] metabolism possibly leading to accumulation of [[6‐methylthioinosine monophosphate]] [[6-MTIMP|(6‐MTIMP]]), which has been associated with [[myelotoxicity]]
 
===6. [[Favipiravir covid-19|Favipiravir]]===
=====Pharmacokinetics and Dosing:=====
=====Chinese Clinical Trials Registry ID:=====
 
*ChiCTR2000029600 (favipiravir plus interferon‐α)
*ChiCTR2000029544 (favipiravir plus baloxavir marboxil)
 
=====Interaction Potential:=====
 
*Metabolised by [[aldehyde oxidase]] in the cytosol of the liver.
*Inhibits:
**[[CYP2C8]] ''(str[[OAT1,|ong)]]''
**[[OAT1,]] OAT3 (mod)
**[[CYP 1A2|CYP1A2 ''('']]''weak)'' , [[CYP2C9]] ''(weak)'' , [[CYP2C19]] ''(weak)'' , [[CYP2CD6]] ''(weak)'' , [[CYP2E1]] ''(weak)'' , [[CYP3A4]] ''(weak)''
**[[Aldehyde oxidase|Aldehyde oxidas]]<nowiki/>e Inhibitors increase the concentration of [[Favipiravir covid-19|favipiravir.]] The drugs include [[selective estrogen receptor modulator]]<nowiki/>s([[SERM]]<nowiki/>s), H2 receptor antagonists like [[cimetidine]], [[calcium channel blocker]]<nowiki/>s, [[Anti-arrhythmic medications|anti-arrythmic drugs]] like [[propafenone]], [[Tricyclic antidepressant|tricyclic antidepressants]].<ref name="ObachHuynh2004">{{cite journal|last1=Obach|first1=R. Scott|last2=Huynh|first2=Phuong|last3=Allen|first3=Mary C.|last4=Beedham|first4=Christine|title=Human Liver Aldehyde Oxidase: Inhibition by 239 Drugs|journal=The Journal of Clinical Pharmacology|volume=44|issue=1|year=2004|pages=7–19|issn=00912700|doi=10.1177/0091270003260336}}</ref>
 
* Low-risk [[QT prolongation]]
 
===7. [[Atazanavir]]===
=====Pharmacokinetics and Dosing:=====
 
*Requires pH <4.
*Avoid [[antacids]] 2 h before and 1 hour after.
*Food ↑ bioavailability
*Absorbed in jejunum: [[Nasogastric intubation|NG]] ok; NJ may ↓ effect
 
=====ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier:=====
=====Interaction Potential:=====
 
*Metabolised by: [[CYP3A4]] (extensively)
*Inhibits: [[CYP3A4]], [[UGT1A1]], [[OATP1B1]] (strong), [[CYP2C8]] (weak)
*Absorption depends on [[low pH]]; drugs increasing pH will decrease [[atazanavir]] concentration
*Dose-related [[PR interval|prolongation in PR interval]].
*Care with drugs increasing [[QT interval]] or in patients with pre‐existing risk factors.
 
===8. [[Nitazoxanide]] (prodrug) (active metabolite: [[tizoxanide]])===
=====Pharmacokinetics and Dosing:=====
 
*Maybe dispersible or crushed– check the brand
*Take with food ‐ increases bioavailability by 50%.
 
=====ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier:=====
=====Interaction Potential:=====
 
*Nil effects on [[CYP450]] enzymes
*[[Tizoxanide]] highly [[protein-bound]] (>99.9%)
*Will compete for binding sites; monitor drugs highly protein-bound with a narrow [[therapeutic index]] (such as  warfarin)
 
===9. [[Tocilizumab]] [[(IL‐6 monoclonal antibody]])===
====Pharmacokinetics and Dosing:====
=====ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier:=====
 
*NCT04310228
*NCT04306705
 
=====Interaction Potential:=====
 
*Nil significant drug interactions.
*COVID‐19 increases IL‐6 expression. [[Tocilizumab]] reduces IL‐6 expression. IL‐6 increases [[CYP 3A4|CYP3A4,]] [[CYP26C19]], [[CYP2C9]], [[CYP1A2]]. When [[tocilizumab]] is used to treat COVID‐19, the effect on drugs affected by these [[CYP]] enzymes is unknown.
 
=== 10. [[Dexamethasone|Dexamthasone]]===
 
==== Pharmacokinetics and Dosing: ====
 
* Oral or [[Intravenous]]- 6mg/day for 10 days
* Given in patients who are [[Mechanical ventilation|mechanically ventilated.]]
 
===== Clinical Trial: =====
 
* Randomised Evaluation of COVID-19 Therapy (RECOVERY) Trial
 
===== Interaction Potential: =====
 
* Interacts with many drugs like [[oral contraceptive pills]], [[digoxin]], [[blood thinners]] ( [[clopidogrel]], [[Warfarin|warfarin,]] [[dabigatran]] )
 
=== 11. [[Ivermectin]]: ===
 
* It is not FDA approved for use in SARS-CoV2
 
==== Pharmacokinetics: ====
 
* Metabolised by [[Microsome|liver microsomes]] by [[Cytochrome P450|Cyt P450-3A4]]
 
==== Research Trial: ====
 
* A study by a National Breast Cancer Foundation Fellowship, Australia (ECF-17-007) for KMW and an National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC), Australia Senior Prinicple Research Fellow (SPRF) (APP1103050) for DAJ, found Ivermectin to be effective in treating SARs-CoV2.<ref name="pmid32251768">{{cite journal| author=Caly L, Druce JD, Catton MG, Jans DA, Wagstaff KM| title=The FDA-approved drug ivermectin inhibits the replication of SARS-CoV-2 in vitro. | journal=Antiviral Res | year= 2020 | volume= 178 | issue=  | pages= 104787 | pmid=32251768 | doi=10.1016/j.antiviral.2020.104787 | pmc=7129059 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=32251768  }}</ref><ref name="Rizzo2020">{{cite journal|last1=Rizzo|first1=Emanuele|title=Ivermectin, antiviral properties and COVID-19: a possible new mechanism of action|journal=Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Archives of Pharmacology|volume=393|issue=7|year=2020|pages=1153–1156|issn=0028-1298|doi=10.1007/s00210-020-01902-5}}</ref><br />
 
==== Interactions: ====
 
*[[Ivermectin]] increases the side effects of [[blood thinners]].
 
*[[Grapefruit juice]] increases the concentration of [[Ivermectin|ivermectin.]]
*Avoid or limit [[alcohol]] use in patients taking [[ivermectin]].


===Complication1===
*
===Complication2===
===Complication3===
===Complication4===
==References==
==References==
{{Reflist|2}}
{{WH}}
{{WS}}

Latest revision as of 02:28, 11 July 2020

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: ;Fahimeh Shojaei, M.D.;Niloofarsadaat Eshaghhosseiny, MD[2];Rinky Agnes Botleroo, M.B.B.S.

Overview

Pathophysiology of the Complications in the Nervous System

Mechanism of targetting the Nervous System

Complications in the Central Nervous System

Cerebrovascular Accident/Stroke

  • Hemorrhagic
  • Ischaemic

Acute Encephalitis

Viral Meningitis

Epileptic Seizures

Encephalopathy

Headache

Complications in the Peripheral Nervous system

Guillain-Barre syndrome

Anosmia

Acute Myelitis

Miller Fischer Sydrome

Polyneuritis Cranialis

Complications due to medication interaction

1. Statin induced myotoxicity

2. 2nd and 3rd degree atrioventricular block

3. Prolong QTc interval

4. Myelotoxicity

5. Prolonged PR interval

6. Myelosuppression

COVID-19 Experimental Treatments with Interaction Potential

1. Remdesivir (GS‐5734)

Pharmacokinetics and Dosing:
  • Adults ≥40 kg: Daily IV dose over 30 min.

Day 1: 200 mg, Day 2‐10: 100 mg

  • Paed <40 kg: Daily IV dose over 30 min. Day 1: 5 mg/kg, Day 2‐10: 2.5 mg/kg
ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier:
  • NCT04302766
  • NCT04292899
Interaction Potential:

2. Lopinavir/ Ritonavir (Kaltera) (400 mg/100 mg)

Pharmacokinetics and Dosing:
  • 400mg/100mg twice daily for 14 days
  • Crushing tablet ↓ absorption ≅ 45%133.
  • Use oral liquid (42.4% alcohol and 15.3% propylene glycol)
  • Use compatible feeding tubes (PVC or silicone)
  • Avoid metronidazole and disulfiram
  • Absorbed in jejunum: NG ok; NJ may ↓ effect
ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier:
  • NCT04276688
Chinese Clinical Trials Registry ID:
  • ChiCTR2000029539
EU Clinical Trials Register ID:
  • 2020‐000936‐23
Interaction Potential:

3. Chloroquine/Hydroxychloroquine

Pharmacokinetics and Dosing:
  • 200 mg three times a day for 10 days
ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier:
  • NCT04261517
Chinese Clinical Trials Registry ID:
  • ChiCTR2000029609
Interaction Potential:

4. Interferon beta

Pharmacokinetics and Dosing:
ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier:
  • NCT04276688
Interaction Potential:

5. Ribavirin

Pharmacokinetics and Dosing:
  • Do not crush – known teratogen.
  • Contact hospital pharmacy for solution compounded from capsules or (SAS) product availability
ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier:
  • NCT04276688
Interaction Potential:

6. Favipiravir

Pharmacokinetics and Dosing:
Chinese Clinical Trials Registry ID:
  • ChiCTR2000029600 (favipiravir plus interferon‐α)
  • ChiCTR2000029544 (favipiravir plus baloxavir marboxil)
Interaction Potential:

7. Atazanavir

Pharmacokinetics and Dosing:
  • Requires pH <4.
  • Avoid antacids 2 h before and 1 hour after.
  • Food ↑ bioavailability
  • Absorbed in jejunum: NG ok; NJ may ↓ effect
ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier:
Interaction Potential:

8. Nitazoxanide (prodrug) (active metabolite: tizoxanide)

Pharmacokinetics and Dosing:
  • Maybe dispersible or crushed– check the brand
  • Take with food ‐ increases bioavailability by 50%.
ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier:
Interaction Potential:

9. Tocilizumab (IL‐6 monoclonal antibody)

Pharmacokinetics and Dosing:

ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier:
  • NCT04310228
  • NCT04306705
Interaction Potential:
  • Nil significant drug interactions.
  • COVID‐19 increases IL‐6 expression. Tocilizumab reduces IL‐6 expression. IL‐6 increases CYP3A4, CYP26C19, CYP2C9, CYP1A2. When tocilizumab is used to treat COVID‐19, the effect on drugs affected by these CYP enzymes is unknown.

10. Dexamthasone

Pharmacokinetics and Dosing:

Clinical Trial:
  • Randomised Evaluation of COVID-19 Therapy (RECOVERY) Trial
Interaction Potential:

11. Ivermectin:

  • It is not FDA approved for use in SARS-CoV2

Pharmacokinetics:

Research Trial:

  • A study by a National Breast Cancer Foundation Fellowship, Australia (ECF-17-007) for KMW and an National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC), Australia Senior Prinicple Research Fellow (SPRF) (APP1103050) for DAJ, found Ivermectin to be effective in treating SARs-CoV2.[2][3]

Interactions:

References

  1. Obach, R. Scott; Huynh, Phuong; Allen, Mary C.; Beedham, Christine (2004). "Human Liver Aldehyde Oxidase: Inhibition by 239 Drugs". The Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 44 (1): 7–19. doi:10.1177/0091270003260336. ISSN 0091-2700.
  2. Caly L, Druce JD, Catton MG, Jans DA, Wagstaff KM (2020). "The FDA-approved drug ivermectin inhibits the replication of SARS-CoV-2 in vitro". Antiviral Res. 178: 104787. doi:10.1016/j.antiviral.2020.104787. PMC 7129059 Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 32251768 Check |pmid= value (help).
  3. Rizzo, Emanuele (2020). "Ivermectin, antiviral properties and COVID-19: a possible new mechanism of action". Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Archives of Pharmacology. 393 (7): 1153–1156. doi:10.1007/s00210-020-01902-5. ISSN 0028-1298.

Template:WH Template:WS