Sandbox:Mitra

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Diseases Symptoms Physical Examination Diagnostic tests Other Findings
Dyspnea on Exertion Chest Pain Hemoptysis Fever Tachypnea Tachycardia Chest X-ray EKG Echocardiography> CT scan and MRI
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  • Cardiomegaly
  • Pulmonary edema (interstitial, alveolar)
  • LVH
  • Low-voltage
  • Non-specific ST-T change
  • systoloic dysfunction
  • Diastoic dysfunction
  • Stress Cardiomyopathy (apical ballooning)
  • CT: Cardiomegaly, pulmonary edema
  • MRI: Signs of underlying myocarditis may be seen
Congestive heart failure
  • Goldberg's criteria may aid in diagnosis of left ventricular dysfunction: (High specificity)
    • SV1 or SV2 + RV5 or RV6 ≥3.5 mV
    • Total QRS amplitude in each of the limb leads ≤0.8 mV
    • R/S ratio <1 in lead V4
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Percarditis
  • ST elevation
  • PR depression
  • Large collection of fluid inside the pericardial sac (pericardial effusion)
  • Calcification of pericardial sac
✔ (Low grade) ✔ (Relieved by sitting up and leaning forward) - - - - -
  • May be clinically classified into:
    • Acute (< 6 weeks)
    • Sub-acute (6 weeks - 6 months)
    • Chronic (> 6 months)
Pneumonia - - - -
Vasculitis

Homogeneous, circumferential vessel wall swelling

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Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
  • On CT scan:
  • On MRI:
    • Increased diameter of pulmonary arteries
    • Peripheral pulmonary vasculature attentuation
    • Loss of retrosternal airspace due to right ventricular enlargement
    • Hyperpolarized Helium MRI may show progressively poor ventilation and destruction of lung
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COVID-19-associated heart failure
Other Conditions that Cause Dyspnea that are Emergencies

The following emergency conditions should be excluded when diagnosing a patient with heart failure:

Non Cardiac Causes of Dyspnea