Thoracic diaphragm

(Redirected from Diaphragm)
Jump to navigation Jump to search

Template:Infobox Anatomy

WikiDoc Resources for Thoracic diaphragm

Articles

Most recent articles on Thoracic diaphragm

Most cited articles on Thoracic diaphragm

Review articles on Thoracic diaphragm

Articles on Thoracic diaphragm in N Eng J Med, Lancet, BMJ

Media

Powerpoint slides on Thoracic diaphragm

Images of Thoracic diaphragm

Photos of Thoracic diaphragm

Podcasts & MP3s on Thoracic diaphragm

Videos on Thoracic diaphragm

Evidence Based Medicine

Cochrane Collaboration on Thoracic diaphragm

Bandolier on Thoracic diaphragm

TRIP on Thoracic diaphragm

Clinical Trials

Ongoing Trials on Thoracic diaphragm at Clinical Trials.gov

Trial results on Thoracic diaphragm

Clinical Trials on Thoracic diaphragm at Google

Guidelines / Policies / Govt

US National Guidelines Clearinghouse on Thoracic diaphragm

NICE Guidance on Thoracic diaphragm

NHS PRODIGY Guidance

FDA on Thoracic diaphragm

CDC on Thoracic diaphragm

Books

Books on Thoracic diaphragm

News

Thoracic diaphragm in the news

Be alerted to news on Thoracic diaphragm

News trends on Thoracic diaphragm

Commentary

Blogs on Thoracic diaphragm

Definitions

Definitions of Thoracic diaphragm

Patient Resources / Community

Patient resources on Thoracic diaphragm

Discussion groups on Thoracic diaphragm

Patient Handouts on Thoracic diaphragm

Directions to Hospitals Treating Thoracic diaphragm

Risk calculators and risk factors for Thoracic diaphragm

Healthcare Provider Resources

Symptoms of Thoracic diaphragm

Causes & Risk Factors for Thoracic diaphragm

Diagnostic studies for Thoracic diaphragm

Treatment of Thoracic diaphragm

Continuing Medical Education (CME)

CME Programs on Thoracic diaphragm

International

Thoracic diaphragm en Espanol

Thoracic diaphragm en Francais

Business

Thoracic diaphragm in the Marketplace

Patents on Thoracic diaphragm

Experimental / Informatics

List of terms related to Thoracic diaphragm

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]


In the anatomy of mammals, the thoracic diaphragm is a sheet of muscle extending across the bottom of the ribcage. The diaphragm separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity and performs an important function in respiration. A diaphragm in anatomy can refer to other flat structures such as the urogenital diaphragm or pelvic diaphragm, but "the diaphragm" generally refers to the thoracic diaphragm. Other vertebrates such as amphibians and reptiles have diaphragms or diaphragm-like structures, but important details of the anatomy vary, such as the position of lungs in the abdominal cavity.

Function

The diaphragm is crucial for breathing and respiration. During inhalation, the diaphragm contracts, thus enlarging the thoracic cavity (the external intercostal muscles also participate in this enlargement). This reduces intra-thoracic pressure: in other words, enlarging the cavity creates suction that draws air into the lungs. When the diaphragm relaxes, air is exhaled by elastic recoil of the lung and the tissues lining the thoracic cavity in conjunction with the abdominal muscles which act as an antagonist paired with the diaphragm's contraction.

It is not responsible for all the breathing related to voice, a common misconception espoused by many teachers but few great singers. One has more control over the abdominals and intercostals than the actual diaphragm, which lacks proprioceptive nerve endings. By training proper posture and balance in the rest of the body, the diaphragm naturally strenghtens and works in concert with surrounding structures rather than in isolation.

The diaphragm also helps to expel vomit, feces, and urine from the body by increasing intra-abdominal pressure.

Anatomy

The Diaphragm is a dome-shaped musculofibrous septum which separates the thoracic from the abdominal cavity, its convex upper surface forming the floor of the former, and its concave under surface the roof of the latter. Its peripheral part consists of muscular fibers which take origin from the circumference of the thoracic outlet and converge to be inserted into a central tendon.

The muscular fibers may be grouped according to their origins into three parts:

Part Origin
sternal two fleshy slips from the back of the xiphoid process.
costal the inner surfaces of the cartilages and adjacent portions of the lower six ribs on either side, interdigitating with the Transversus abdominis.
lumbar aponeurotic arches, named the lumbocostal arches, and from the lumbar vertebrae by two pillars or crura.

There are two lumbocostal arches, a medial and a lateral, on either side.

Innervation

The diaphragm is innervated by the phrenic nerve.

Crura and central tendon

At their origins the crura are tendinous in structure, and blend with the anterior longitudinal ligament of the vertebral column.

The central tendon of the diaphragm is a thin but strong aponeurosis situated near the center of the vault formed by the muscle, but somewhat closer to the front than to the back of the thorax, so that the posterior muscular fibers are the longer.

Openings in the Diaphragm

The diaphragm is pierced by a series of apertures to permit of the passage of structures between the thorax and abdomen. Three large openings—the aortic, the esophageal, and the vena cava—and a series of smaller ones are described.

opening level structures
caval opening T8 inferior vena cava, and some branches of the right phrenic nerve
esophageal hiatus T10 esophagus, the vagus nerves, and some small esophageal arteries
aortic hiatus T12 the aorta, the azygos vein, and the thoracic duct
two lesser aperture of right crus greater and lesser right splanchnic nerves
three lesser aperture of left crus greater and lesser left splanchnic nerves and the hemiazygos vein
behind the diaphragm, under the medial lumbocostal arches gangliated trunks of the sympathetic
areolar tissue between the sternal and costal parts (see also foramina of Morgagni) the superior epigastric branch of the internal mammary artery and some lymphatics from the abdominal wall and convex surface of the liver
areolar tissue between the fibers springing from the medial and lateral lumbocostal arches This interval is less constant; when this interval exists, the upper and back part of the kidney is separated from the pleura by areolar tissue only.
Diaphragm and pleural cavities in amphibian (left), bird (center), mammal (right). a, mandible; b, genio-hyoid; c, hyoid; d, sterno-hyoid; e, sternum; f, pericardium; g, septum transversum; h, rectus abdominis; i, abdominal cavity; j, pubis; k, esophagus; l, trachea; m, cervical limiting membrane of abdominal cavity; n, dorsal wall of body; o, lung; o', air-sac.[1]

Comparative anatomy and evolution

The existence of some membrane separating the pharynx from the stomach can be traced widely among the chordates. Thus amphioxus possesses an atrium by which water exits the pharynx, which has been argued (and disputed) to be homologous to structures in ascidians and hagfishes.[2] The urochordate epicardium separates digestive organs from the pharynx and heart, but the anus returns to the upper compartment to discharge wastes through an outgoing siphon.

Thus the diaphragm emerges in the context of a body plan which separated an upper feeding compartment from a lower digestive tract, but the point at which it originates is a matter of definition. Structures in fish, amphibians, reptiles, and birds have been called diaphragms, but it has been argued that these structures are not homologous. For instance, the alligator diaphragmaticus muscle does not insert on the esophagus and does not affect pressure of the lower esophageal sphincter.[3] The lungs are located in the abdominal compartment of amphibians and reptiles, so that contraction of the diaphragm expels air from the lungs rather than drawing it into them. In birds and mammals lungs are located above the diaphragm. The presence of an exceptionally well preserved fossil of Sinosauropteryx, with lungs located beneath the diaphragm as in crocodiles, has been used to argue that dinosaurs could not have sustained an active warm-blooded physiology, or that birds could not have evolved from dinosaurs.[4] An explanation for this state of affairs is that when lungs originated beneath the diaphragm, but as the demands for respiration increased in warm-blooded birds and mammals, natural selection came to favor the parallel evolution of the herniation of the lungs from the abdominal cavity in both lineages.[1]

Variations

The sternal portion of the muscle is sometimes wanting and more rarely defects occur in the lateral part of the central tendon or adjoining muscle fibers.

Pathology

A hiatal hernia can result from a tear or weakness in the diaphragm near the gastroesophageal junction.

If the diaphragm is struck, or otherwise spasms, breathing will become difficult. This is called "having the wind knocked out of you."

A hiccup occurs when the diaphragm contracts periodically without voluntary control.

Diaphragmatic injuries result from either blunt or penetrating trauma.


Additional images

See also

References

  1. 1.0 1.1 Arthur Keith, M.D. (1905). "The nature of the mammalian diaphragm and pleural cavities". Journal of Anatomy and Physiology.
  2. Zbynek Kozmik; et al. (1999). "Characterization of an amphioxus paired box gene, AmphiPax2/5/8" (PDF). Development. pp. 1295–1304.
  3. T. J. Uriona; et al. (2005). "Structure and function of the esophagus of the American alligator (Alligator mississippiensis)". Journal of Experimental Biology. pp. 3047–3053.
  4. "Lung fossils suggest that dinos breathed in cold blood".

External links

Template:Gray's Template:Torso general

Template:Link FA

ar:حجاب حاجز ca:Diafragma (múscul) cs:Bránice de:Zwerchfell eu:Diafragma it:Diaframma (anatomia) he:סרעפת lt:Diafragma hu:Rekeszizom mk:Дијафрагма nl:Middenrif nn:Mellomgolv simple:Diaphragm sk:Bránica (časť tela) sl:Trebušna prepona fi:Pallea sv:Mellangärde fiu-vro:Vaheliha

Template:Jb1 Template:WH Template:WS