The WikiDoc Living Textbook of Infectious Disease
Click Here For A Complete Listing Of All Chapters In The Living Textbook Of Infectious Disease In Alphabetical Order
Physiology
Immune system / Immunology | |
|---|---|
| Systems | Adaptive immune system vs. Innate immune system • Humoral immune system vs. Cellular immune system • Complement system (Anaphylatoxins) • Intrinsic immune system |
| Antibodies and antigens | Antibody (Monoclonal antibodies, Polyclonal antibodies, Autoantibody) • Allotype • Isotype • Idiotype • Antigen (Superantigen) |
| Immune cells | White blood cells (T cell, B cell, NK cell, Mast cell, Basophil, Eosinophil) • Phagocyte (Neutrophil, Macrophage, Dendritic cell) • Antigen-presenting cell • Reticuloendothelial system |
| Immunity vs. tolerance | Immunity • Autoimmunity • Allergy • Tolerance (Central) • Immunodeficiency |
| Immunogenetics | Somatic hypermutation • V(D)J recombination • Immunoglobulin class switching • MHC / HLA |
| Substances | Cytokines • Opsonin • Cytolysin |
| Other | Inflammation • Epitope (Hapten) • Cross-reactivity |
Disease States
Protozoal diseases (A06-A07, B50-B64) | |
|---|---|
| Apicomplexa | Coccidia (Cryptosporidiosis, Isosporiasis, Cyclosporiasis, Toxoplasmosis) - Malaria (Blackwater fever) - Babesiosis |
| Excavata | Giardiasis - Trypanosomiasis (Sleeping sickness, Chagas disease) - Leishmaniasis (Cutaneous leishmaniasis, Visceral leishmaniasis) - Trichomoniasis |
| Other | Amoebiasis - Blastocystosis - Dientamoebiasis - Microsporidiosis -Primary amoebic meningoencephalitis |
Viral diseases (A80-B34, 042-079) | |
|---|---|
| Viral infections of the CNS | Poliomyelitis (Post-polio syndrome) - Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis - Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy - Rabies - Encephalitis lethargica - Lymphocytic choriomeningitis - Tick-borne meningoencephalitis - Tropical spastic paraparesis |
| Arthropod-borne viral fevers and viral haemorrhagic fevers | Mosquito (Dengue fever - Chikungunya - Rift Valley fever - Yellow fever - O'nyong'nyong - West Nile - Japanese Encephalitis - St. Louis Encephalitis - Murray Valley encephalitis - Ross River) Tick (Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever - Omsk hemorrhagic fever - Kyasanur forest disease - Alkurma - Powassan) |
| Zoonotic viruses (Vector) | Menangle - Nipah - BDV Rat (Lassa fever - Venezuelan hemorrhagic fever - Junin - Argentine hemorrhagic fever - Bolivian hemorrhagic fever - Puumala - Andes - Sin Nombre - Haantan) Bat (Australian bat lyssavirus - Ebola - Marburg hemorrhagic fever - Mokola - Duvenhage) |
| Viral infections characterized by skin and mucous membrane lesions | Herpes simplex - Chickenpox - Herpes zoster - Smallpox - Monkeypox - Measles - Rubella - Plantar wart - Cowpox - Vaccinia - Molluscum contagiosum - Roseola - Fifth disease - Hand, foot and mouth disease - Foot-and-mouth disease - KSHV |
| Viral hepatitis | Hepatitis A - Hepatitis B - Hepatitis C - Hepatitis D - Hepatitis E - Hepatitis G |
| Viral infections of the respiratory system | Avian influenza - Acute viral nasopharyngitis - Infectious mononucleosis - Influenza - Severe acute respiratory syndrome - Viral pneumonia - Human parainfluenza viruses - RSV - hMPV |
| Sexually transmitted | HIV (AIDS, AIDS dementia complex) - Genital warts - Adult T-cell leukemia |
| Viral gastroenteritis | Rotavirus - Norovirus - Astrovirus - Coronavirus - Adenovirus |
| Viruses and cancers | HTLV (induces leukemia) - VSV (oncolytic) |
| Other viral diseases | Cytomegalovirus - Mumps - Bornholm disease |
Pharmacotherapy
Antibacterials for systemic use: tetracycline antibiotics (J01A) | |
|---|---|
| Tetracyclines | Chlortetracycline • Clomocycline • Demeclocycline • Doxycycline • Lymecycline • Metacycline • Minocycline • Oxytetracycline • Penimepicycline • Rolitetracycline • Tetracycline |
| Glycylcyclines | Tigecycline |
Antibacterials for systemic use: amphenicols (J01B) |
|---|
| Chloramphenicol - Thiamphenicol - Florfenicol |
Antibacterials for systemic use: beta-lactam antibiotics - penicillins (J01C) | |
|---|---|
| Antibiotics | Amoxicillin • Ampicillin • Azlocillin • Carbenicillin • Cloxacillin • Dicloxacillin • Flucloxacillin • Mezlocillin • Nafcillin • Piperacillin • Pivampicillin • Ticarcillin |
| Beta-lactamase inhibitors | Sulbactam • Tazobactam • Clavulanic acid |
| Combinations | Ampicillin/sulbactam (Sultamicillin) • Co-amoxiclav |
Antibacterials: cell wall disruption (J01C-J01D) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Internal to membrane/ (inhibit peptidoglycan subunit synthesis and transport) |
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Glycopeptide/ (inhibit PG chain elongation) | Vancomycin # (Oritavancin, Telavancin) · Teicoplanin (Dalbavancin) · Ramoplanin | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Beta-lactams/ (inhibit cross-links with PBP) |
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Other |
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| # = WHO-EM | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Antibacterials for systemic use: sulfonamides (sulfa drugs) and trimethoprim (J01E) | |
|---|---|
| Trimethoprim and derivatives | Trimethoprim • Brodimoprim |
| Short-acting sulfonamides | Sulfaisodimidine • Sulfamethizole • Sulfadimidine • Sulfapyridine • Sulfafurazole • Sulfanilamide • Sulfathiazole • Sulfathiourea |
| Intermediate-acting sulfonamides | Sulfamethoxazole • Sulfadiazine • Sulfamoxole |
| Long-acting sulfonamides | Sulfadimethoxine • Sulfalene • Sulfametomidine • Sulfametoxydiazine • Sulfamethoxypyridazine • Sulfaperin • Sulfamerazine • Sulfaphenazole • Sulfamazon |
| Combinations | Sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim |
| Other | Mafenide • Prontosil • Sulfacetamide • Sulfasalazine • Sulfisoxazole |
Antibacterials for systemic use: macrolides, lincosamides and streptogramins (J01F) | |
|---|---|
| Macrolides | Erythromycin - Spiramycin - Midecamycin - Oleandomycin - Roxithromycin - Josamycin - Troleandomycin - Clarithromycin - Azithromycin - Miocamycin - Rokitamycin - Dirithromycin - Flurithromycin - Telithromycin - Cethromycin |
| Lincosamides | Clindamycin - Lincomycin |
| Streptogramins | Pristinamycin - Quinupristin/dalfopristin |
Antibacterials for systemic use: aminoglycosides (J01G) | |
|---|---|
| -mycin (Streptomyces) | Streptomycin • Neomycin (Framycetin, Paromomycin, Ribostamycin) • Kanamycin (Amikacin, Dibekacin, Tobramycin) • Hygromycin B • Spectinomycin |
| -micin (Micromonospora) | Gentamicin (Netilmicin, Sisomicin, Isepamicin) • Verdamicin |
Antibacterials for systemic use: topoisomerase inhibitors - quinolones (J01M) | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fluoroquinolones |
| ||||||||
| Other quinolones |
| ||||||||
| †Undergoing clinical trials. ‡ Withdrawn from market. § Veterinary use medications. | |||||||||
Antibacterials for systemic use: others (J01X) | |
|---|---|
| Glycopeptide | Vancomycin (Oritavancin, Telavancin) - Teicoplanin (Dalbavancin) |
| Polymyxins | Colistin - Polymyxin B |
| Steroid antibacterials | Fusidic acid |
| Imidazole derivatives | Metronidazole - Tinidazole - Ornidazole |
| Nitrofuran derivatives | Nitrofurantoin - Nifurtoinol |
| Other | -mycin (Fosfomycin, Spectinomycin, Daptomycin, Hitachimycin) Xibornol - Clofoctol - Methenamine - Iclaprim - Mandelic acid - Nitroxoline - Linezolid |
Agents against amoebiasis and other protozoal diseases (P01A) | |
|---|---|
| Hydroxyquinoline derivatives | Clioquinol - Iodoquinol |
| Nitroimidazole derivatives | Metronidazole - Tinidazole - Ornidazole - Secnidazole |
| Other | Atovaquone - Emetine - Fumagillin - Trimetrexate |
Antiprotozoals: Agents against leishmaniasis and trypanosomiasis (P01C) | |
|---|---|
| Nitroimidazole derivatives | Benznidazole |
| Antimony compounds | Pentavalent antimonials (Meglumine antimoniate, Sodium stibogluconate) |
| Nitrofuran derivatives | Nifurtimox |
| Arsenic compounds | Melarsoprol |
| Other agents | Pentamidine · Suramin · Eflornithine · Miltefosine |
Antibacterials for systemic use: aminoglycosides (J01G) | |
|---|---|
| -mycin (Streptomyces) | Streptomycin • Neomycin (Framycetin, Paromomycin, Ribostamycin) • Kanamycin (Amikacin, Dibekacin, Tobramycin) • Hygromycin B • Spectinomycin |
| -micin (Micromonospora) | Gentamicin (Netilmicin, Sisomicin, Isepamicin) • Verdamicin |
Antibacterials for systemic use: amphenicols (J01B) |
|---|
| Chloramphenicol - Thiamphenicol - Florfenicol |
Antidiarrheals, intestinal anti-inflammatory/anti-infective agents (A07) | |
|---|---|
| Intestinal anti-infectives | Antibiotics (Neomycin, Nystatin, Natamycin, Streptomycin, Polymyxin B, Paromomycin, Amphotericin B, Kanamycin, Vancomycin, Colistin, Rifaximin)
Sulfonamides (Phthalylsulfathiazole, Sulfaguanidine, Succinylsulfathiazole) other (Miconazole, Broxyquinoline, Acetarsol, Nifuroxazide, Nifurzide) |
| Intestinal adsorbents | Charcoal - Bismuth - Pectin - Kaolin - Crospovidone - Attapulgite - Diosmectite |
| Antipropulsives | Diphenoxylate - Opium - Loperamide - Difenoxin |
| Intestinal anti-inflammatory agents | corticosteroids acting locally (Prednisolone, Hydrocortisone, Prednisone, Betamethasone, Tixocortol, Budesonide, Beclometasone)
antiallergic agents, excluding corticosteroids (Cromoglicic acid) aminosalicylic acid and similar agents (Sulfasalazine, Mesalazine, Olsalazine, Balsalazide) |
| Antidiarrheal micro-organisms | Saccharomyces boulardii |
| Other antidiarrheals | Albumin tannate - Ceratonia - Racecadotril |
Antifungals (D01 and J02) | |
|---|---|
| Antibiotics | Griseofulvin • polyene antimycotics (Natamycin, Nystatin) |
| Topical azoles | imidazoles (Bifonazole, Clomidazole, Clotrimazole, Econazole, Fenticonazole, Ketoconazole, Isoconazole, Miconazole, Oxiconazole, Sertaconazole, Sulconazole, Tioconazole) • triazoles (Fluconazole) • benzimidazole (Thiabendazole) |
| Other topicals | Ciclopirox • Ethylparaben • Flucytosine • Salicylic acid • Selenium sulfide • Tolnaftate • Undecylenic acid • allylamines (Amorolfine, Butenafine, Naftifine, Terbinafine) |
| For systemic use | Griseofulvin • allylamine (Terbinafine) • polyene antimycotic (Amphotericin B) • triazoles (Itraconazole, Posaconazole, Voriconazole) • echinocandins (Anidulafungin, Caspofungin, Micafungin) |
| Other | Tea tree oil • citronella oil • lemon grass • orange oil • patchouli • lemon myrtle |
Anthelmintics (P02) | |
|---|---|
| Antitrematodals | benzimidazole (Triclabendazole) - quinoline (Praziquantel, Oxamniquine) - Metrifonate |
| Antinematodals | benzimidazole (Mebendazole, Thiabendazole, Albendazole, Fenbendazole) - Piperazine - Diethylcarbamazine - Levamisole - Ivermectin |
| Anticestodals (Taeniacide) | Niclosamide |
Antiprotozoals: Antimalarial drugs (P01B) | |
|---|---|
| Aminoquinolines | 4-Aminoquinoline (Amodiaquine, Chloroquine, Hydroxychloroquine) • 8-Aminoquinoline (Pamaquine, Primaquine) |
| Methanolquinolines | Mefloquine • Quinine |
| Biguanides | Proguanil • Cycloguanil embolate |
| Diaminopyridines | Pyrimethamine |
| Artemisinin derivatives | Artemisinin • Artemether • Artesunate • Artenimol • Arteether/Artemotil |
| Others | Halofantrine • Lumefantrine |
Antimycobacterials (J04) | |
|---|---|
| Tuberculosis/ tuberculosis treatment | Aminosalicylic acid (Calcium aminosalicylate, Sodium aminosalicylate)
Antibiotics (Amikacin, Capreomycin, Cycloserine, Kanamycin, Rifabutin, Rifampicin, Rifamycin, Rifapentin, Streptomycin) thiocarbamides (Ethionamide, Protionamide, Tiocarlide) Others (Ethambutol, Morinamide, Pyrazinamide, Terizidone) |
| Leprosy | Aldesulfone sodium • Clofazimine • Dapsone • Rifampicin |
Antiseptics and disinfectants (D08) | |
|---|---|
| Acridine derivatives | Ethacridine lactate - Aminoacridine - Euflavine |
| Biguanides and amidines | Dibrompropamidine - Chlorhexidine - Propamidine - Hexamidine - Polihexanide |
| Phenol and derivatives | Hexachlorophene - Policresulen - Phenol - Triclosan - Chloroxylenol - Biphenylol |
| Nitrofuran derivatives | Nitrofurazone |
| Iodine products | Iodine/octylphenoxypolyglycolether - Povidone-iodine - Diiodohydroxypropane |
| Quinoline derivatives | Dequalinium - Chlorquinaldol - Oxyquinoline - Clioquinol |
| Quaternary ammonium compounds | Benzalkonium - Cetrimonium - Cetylpyridinium - Cetrimide - Benzoxonium chloride - Didecyldimethylammonium chloride |
| Mercurial products | Mercuric amidochloride - Phenylmercuric borate - Mercuric chloride - Mercurochrome - Thiomersal - Mercuric iodide |
| Silver compounds | Silver nitrate |
| Others | Hydrogen peroxide - Eosin - Propanol - Tosylchloramide sodium - Isopropanol - Potassium permanganate - Sodium hypochlorite - Ethanol |
Antivirals, other than for HIV (primarily J05, also S01AD and D06BB) | |
|---|---|
| Anti-herpesvirus (DNA, I) | guanine analogues (Aciclovir, Famciclovir, Ganciclovir, Penciclovir, Valaciclovir, Valganciclovir) • nucleoside analogues (Idoxuridine, Trifluridine, Vidarabine) • Cidofovir • Docosanol • Fomivirsen • Foscarnet • Tromantadine |
| HPV/MC (DNA, I) | Imiquimod • Podophyllotoxin |
| Hepatitis B (DNA, VII) | Adefovir • Interferon alfa-2b • Pegylated interferon alfa-2a • Entecavir • Lamivudine • Telbivudine • Tenofovir† |
| Hepatitis C (RNA, IV) | Pegylated interferon alpha • Ribavirin • Taribavirin† • Boceprevir† |
| Picornavirus (RNA, IV) | Pleconaril† |
| Anti-influenza agents (RNA, V) | Arbidol
adamantane derivatives/M2 inhibitors (Amantadine, Rimantadine) neuraminidase inhibitors (Oseltamivir, Zanamivir, Peramivir†) |
| HIV (Reverse, VI) | See HIV pharm |
| Other antiviral agents | general (Inosine, Interferon) |
| †Undergoing clinical trials, not FDA approved. | |
Antibacterials: cell wall disruption (J01C-J01D) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Internal to membrane/ (inhibit peptidoglycan subunit synthesis and transport) |
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Glycopeptide/ (inhibit PG chain elongation) | Vancomycin # (Oritavancin, Telavancin) · Teicoplanin (Dalbavancin) · Ramoplanin | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Beta-lactams/ (inhibit cross-links with PBP) |
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Other |
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| # = WHO-EM | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Ectoparasiticides (P03) | |
|---|---|
| Sulfur-containing products | Disulfiram |
| Chlorine-containing products | Lindane |
| Pyrethrines, including synthetic compounds | Pyrethrum · Phenothrin · Permethrin |
| Other ectoparasiticides, including scabicides | Benzyl benzoate · Malathion · Quassia |
Antivirals used against HIV (HAART) (primarily J05) | |
|---|---|
| Nucleoside & Nucleotide Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors (NRTI) | Abacavir (ABC)° • Emtricitabine° • Lamivudine (3TC)° • Tenofovir° • Didanosine • Zidovudine (AZT) • Apricitabine† • Stampidine† • Elvucitabine† • Racivir† • Amdoxovir† • Stavudine‡ • Zalcitabine‡ |
| Non-Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors (NNRTI) | Efavirenz° • Nevirapine • Etravirine • Rilpivirine† • Loviride‡ • Delavirdine‡ |
| Protease Inhibitors (PI) | Atazanavir° • Fosamprenavir° • Lopinavir° • Darunavir • Nelfinavir • Ritonavir • Saquinavir • Tipranavir • Amprenavir‡ • Indinavir‡ |
| Entry/fusion inhibitors | Enfuvirtide • Maraviroc • Vicriviroc† • PRO 140† • Ibalizumab† |
| Integrase inhibitors | Raltegravir • Elvitegravir† |
| Maturation inhibitors | Bevirimat† • Vivecon™† |
| Combined formulations | Combivir • Atripla • Trizivir • Truvada • Kaletra • Epzicom |
| Other & experimental agents | Foscarnet • Hydroxyurea • Synergistic enhancers • Epigallocatechin gallate • Portmanteau inhibitors • Globoidnan A • Griffithsin • Diarylpyrimidines • Calanolide A • Cyanovirin-N • Miltefosine |
| °DHHS preferred first-line agent. †Undergoing clinical trials, not FDA approved. ‡Formerly or rarely used agent. | |
Antibacterials for systemic use: macrolides, lincosamides and streptogramins (J01F) | |
|---|---|
| Macrolides | Erythromycin - Spiramycin - Midecamycin - Oleandomycin - Roxithromycin - Josamycin - Troleandomycin - Clarithromycin - Azithromycin - Miocamycin - Rokitamycin - Dirithromycin - Flurithromycin - Telithromycin - Cethromycin |
| Lincosamides | Clindamycin - Lincomycin |
| Streptogramins | Pristinamycin - Quinupristin/dalfopristin |
NNRTIs |
|---|
| {Nevirapinelol} {Efavirenz} {Delavirdine} |
NRTIs |
|---|
| {Zidovudine} {Didanosine} {Stavudine} {Zalcitabine} {Lamivudine} {Abacavir} {Tenofovir} |
Antibacterials for systemic use: others (J01X) | |
|---|---|
| Glycopeptide | Vancomycin (Oritavancin, Telavancin) - Teicoplanin (Dalbavancin) |
| Polymyxins | Colistin - Polymyxin B |
| Steroid antibacterials | Fusidic acid |
| Imidazole derivatives | Metronidazole - Tinidazole - Ornidazole |
| Nitrofuran derivatives | Nitrofurantoin - Nifurtoinol |
| Other | -mycin (Fosfomycin, Spectinomycin, Daptomycin, Hitachimycin) Xibornol - Clofoctol - Methenamine - Iclaprim - Mandelic acid - Nitroxoline - Linezolid |
Other Antibiotics |
|---|
Other antiviral agents |
|---|
| {Fomivirsen} {Fuzeon} {Imiquimod} {Interferon} {Ribavirin} (Viramidine) |
Antibacterials for systemic use: beta-lactam antibiotics - penicillins (J01C) | |
|---|---|
| Antibiotics | Amoxicillin • Ampicillin • Azlocillin • Carbenicillin • Cloxacillin • Dicloxacillin • Flucloxacillin • Mezlocillin • Nafcillin • Piperacillin • Pivampicillin • Ticarcillin |
| Beta-lactamase inhibitors | Sulbactam • Tazobactam • Clavulanic acid |
| Combinations | Ampicillin/sulbactam (Sultamicillin) • Co-amoxiclav |
PIs |
|---|
| {Saquinavir} {Indinavir} {Atazanavir} {Ritonavir} {Nelfinavir} {Amprenavir} {Lopinavir} {Tipranavir} |
Antibacterials for systemic use: topoisomerase inhibitors - quinolones (J01M) | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fluoroquinolones |
| ||||||||
| Other quinolones |
| ||||||||
| †Undergoing clinical trials. ‡ Withdrawn from market. § Veterinary use medications. | |||||||||
Racetams |
|---|
| Aniracetam • Brivaracetam • Coluracetam • Etiracetam/Levetiracetam • Fasoracetam • Nebracetam • Nefiracetam • Oxiracetam • Phenylpiracetam • Piracetam • Pramiracetam • Rolipram • Rolziracetam • Seletracetam |
Antibacterials for systemic use: sulfonamides (sulfa drugs) and trimethoprim (J01E) | |
|---|---|
| Trimethoprim and derivatives | Trimethoprim • Brodimoprim |
| Short-acting sulfonamides | Sulfaisodimidine • Sulfamethizole • Sulfadimidine • Sulfapyridine • Sulfafurazole • Sulfanilamide • Sulfathiazole • Sulfathiourea |
| Intermediate-acting sulfonamides | Sulfamethoxazole • Sulfadiazine • Sulfamoxole |
| Long-acting sulfonamides | Sulfadimethoxine • Sulfalene • Sulfametomidine • Sulfametoxydiazine • Sulfamethoxypyridazine • Sulfaperin • Sulfamerazine • Sulfaphenazole • Sulfamazon |
| Combinations | Sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim |
| Other | Mafenide • Prontosil • Sulfacetamide • Sulfasalazine • Sulfisoxazole |
Antibacterials for systemic use: tetracycline antibiotics (J01A) | |
|---|---|
| Tetracyclines | Chlortetracycline • Clomocycline • Demeclocycline • Doxycycline • Lymecycline • Metacycline • Minocycline • Oxytetracycline • Penimepicycline • Rolitetracycline • Tetracycline |
| Glycylcyclines | Tigecycline |
Vaccines, Vaccination, Immunization, and Inoculation | |
|---|---|
| Development | Adjuvants • Cancer vaccines • DNA vaccination • HIV • Live vector vaccine • Models • Timeline • Trial |
| Administration | ACIP • GAVI • VAERS • Vaccine court • Vaccine injury • Policy • Schedule • VSD |
| Live vaccines | Anthrax • BCG • Flu • MMR • MMRV • Polio(OPV) • Smallpox • Varicella • Yellow fever |
| Inactivated/toxoid vaccines | inactivated virus: Flu • HAV • Polio(IPV) •• inactivated bacteria/toxoid: DTwP •• conjugate: Hib • PCV |
| Other vaccines | subunit: Anthrax • DTaP • HPV •• recombinant DNA: HBV •• other: Anthrax • PPV |
| Controversy | General • A-CHAMP • MMR • NCVIA • Pox party • Safe Minds • Thiomersal |
| See also | List of vaccine topics • Epidemiology |
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