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Revision as of 16:14, 31 July 2013

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Vendhan Ramanujam M.B.B.S [2]

Synonyms and keywords: Loss of balance; imbalance; off balance; unsteadiness

Overview

Disequilibrium refers to an impaired sense or absence of balance or equilibrioception, which primarily occurs during standing or walking usually without any cephalic sensations like headache, nausea and vomiting. It is one among the causes of dizziness^[1] and is often accompanied by spatial disorientation.

Causes

Life Threatening Causes

Common Causes

Causes by Organ System

Cardiovascular	Acute coronary syndrome, arrhythmia, arteriosclerosis, cardiomyopathy, congestive cardiac failure, dehydration, hypertension, hypotension, microscopic polyangiitis, myocardial infarction, postural hypotension, transient ischaemic attack, vasculitis, vertebral artery dissection
Chemical/Poisoning	Acrylamide, arsenic, heavy metals, konzo, lead, mercury, methanol, organophosphates, salicylate poisoning
Dental	No underlying causes
Dermatologic	No underlying causes
Drug Side Effect	Aminophylline, amiodarone, amphotericin B, antihypertensives, antibiotics, anticholinergics, anticonvulsants, antidepressants, aspirin, aurothioglucose, biguanide, bortezomib, capecitabine, carbachol, carbon tetrachloride, celecoxib, chlorpheniramine, cinnarizine, cisplatin, clomifene, colchicine, dapsone, diphenhydramine, disulfiram, diuretics, ethambutol, ethotoin, fluorouracil, hydralazine, hydroxyzine, isoniazid, ixabepilone, lamivudine, leflunomide, linezolid, lithium, mefloquine, melarsoprol, metronidazole, nalidixic acid , neuroleptics, nitrofurantoin, nortriptyline, nucleoside analogues, oxaliplatin, paclitaxel, phenylbutazone, phenytoin, physostigmine, prochlorperazine, pyridoxine, rofecoxib, sedatives, stavudine, suramin, taxol, thallium, toluene, trabectedin, tranquilizers, vaccines, verteporfin, vigabatrin, vincristine
Ear Nose Throat	Impaired hearing
Endocrine	Acromegaly, diabetes mellitus, diabetic amyotrophy, diabetic ketoacidosis, diabetic radiculopathy, hyperthyroidism, hypoparathyroidism, hypothyroidism, phaeochromocytoma
Environmental	Altitude sickness, cold exposure, electrical injury, heat stroke, lathyrism
Gastroenterologic	Celiac disease, chronic liver disease, hepatic cirrhosis, intestinal fistula, primary biliary cirrhosis, pyloric stenosis, tropical sprue, viral hepatitis
Genetic	3-methylglutaconic aciduria, 4H syndrome, abetalipoproteinemia, adrenoleukodystrophy, adrenomyeloneuropathy, alpha-mannosidase deficiency, alpha-methylacyl-CoA racemase deficiency, argininosuccinic aciduria, arylsulphatase A deficiency, aspartoacylase deficiency, ataxia-telangiectasia, ATP6V0A2-related cutis laxa, bilateral frontoparietal polymicrogyria, biotinidase deficiency, carbamoylphosphate synthetase deficiency, carbohydrate deficient glycoprotein syndrome type 1a, Charlevoix-Saguenay spastic ataxia, Cockayne syndrome, coenzyme Q10 deficiency, De Grouchy Syndrome, dentatorubral-pallidoluysian atrophy, Fabry's disease, familial alphalipoprotein deficiency, Friedreich's ataxia, Gamstorp-Wohlfart syndrome, glucose phosphate isomerase deficiency, GM2 gangliosidosis, Griscelli syndrome, Haw river syndrome, hereditary neuralgic amyotrophy, Huntington disease, hypobetalipoproteinemia, Joubert syndrome, Loken Senior syndrome, Marinesco-Sjogren syndrome, MELAS, MERRF, MPV17 gene mutation, multiple carboxylase deficiency, phenylalanine hydroxylase deficiency, progressive external ophthalmoplegia, Refsum disease, Roussy-Levy disease, Sandhoff disease, SeSAME syndrome, Silver syndrome, Troyer syndrome, Unverricht-Lundborg disease, Van der Knaap disease, Von Hippel-Lindau syndrome
Hematologic	Anemia, glucose phosphate isomerase deficiency, haemochromatosis, leukemia, multiple myeloma, pernicious anemia, plasmacytoma, polycythemia vera, sideroblastic anemia
Iatrogenic	No underlying causes
Infectious Disease	Acute necrotizing myelopathy, acute viral myelitis, borrelia burgdorferi, botulism, brainstem encephalitis, brucellosis, cerebellar abscess, chickenpox, coxsackie A virus, cysticercosis, cytomegalovirus polyradiculopathy, diphtheria, encephalomyelitis, endophthalmitis, epidural abscess, epstein-barr virus, Guillain-Barré syndrome, herpes simplex, herpes zoster, HIV, leprosy, lyme disease, malaria, meningoencephalitis, mycoplasma pneumoniae, ophthalmia neonatorum, osteomyelitis, polymyositis, schistosoma, septic arthritis, septicemia, syphilis, tick paralysis, transient synovitis, treponema pallidum, tuberculosis, typhoid fever, viral hepatitis
Musculoskeletal/Orthopedic	Carpal tunnel syndrome, Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease, chondroma, compartment syndrome, connective tissue disease, dermatomyositis, Duchenne muscular dystrophy, Ewing's sarcoma, femoral neuropathy, hereditary neuralgic amyotrophy, herniated vertebral disc, leg fractures, muscle weakness, osteoarthritis, osteochondroma, osteoma, osteomyelitis, osteosarcoma, Pagets disease, peroneal compression at the fibular neck, Perthes disease, septic arthritis, slipped upper femoral epiphysis, tarsal tunnel syndrome, transient synovitis
Neurologic	Acoustic neuroma, acute necrotizing myelopathy, acute viral myelitis, alcoholic polyneuropathy, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, anti-glutamic acid decarboxylase associated cerebellar ataxia, Arnold-Chiari malformation, ataxia-oculomotor apraxia, basilar migraine, benign paroxysmal vertigo, brainstem encephalitis, carotid-cavernous fistula, cerebellar abscess, cerebellar hypoplasia, cerebellar ataxia, cerebellar dyssynergia, cerebellar hemorrhage, cerebellar tumor, cerebellar vermis agenesis, cerebral palsy, cerebrotendineous xanthomatosis, cerebrovascular disease, ceroid lipofuscinosis, cervical spondylosis, cockayne syndrome, confusional state, copper deficiency myeloneuropathy, cortical visual impairment, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, cytomegalovirus polyradiculopathy, Dandy-Walker syndrome, deafferentation, decompression sickness myelopathy, Dejerine Sottas syndrome, dementia, demyelination, diabetic amyotrophy, diabetic radiculopathy, diffuse sclerosis of Schilder, distal hereditary neuronopathy, dural arteriovenous fistula, dyssynergia cerebellaris myoclonica, encephalocele, encephalomyelitis, epidural abscess, epilepsy, episodic ataxia, familial Danish dementia, familial hemiplegic migraine, fetal akinesia-hypokinesia sequence, Friedreich's ataxia, Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker syndrome, giant axonal neuropathy, Haw River syndrome, hereditary amyloid polyneuropathy, hereditary ataxia, hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy, hereditary spastic paraplegia, Herniated vertebral disc, hypoxia, idiopathic lumbosacral radiculoplexus neuropathy, idiopathic small fiber neuropathy, intracranial space-occupying lesion, Kearns-Sayre syndrome, Klumpke paralysis, lathyrism, Leigh syndrome, lower motor neuron weakness, lumbosacral plexitis, Machado-Joseph disease, meningoencephalitis, meralgia paresthetica, migraine, mitochondrial ataxia, multifocal motor neuropathy, multiple lentigines syndrome, multiple sclerosis, multiple sensory defect dizziness, multiple system atrophy syndromes, myasthenia gravis, myelopathy, NARP syndrome, neurofibromatosis, normal pressure hydrocephalus, Nothnagel Claude syndrome, obturator neuropathy, olivopontocerebellar atrophy, orthostatic myoclonus, pantothenate kinase, paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration, paraneoplastic sensory neuropathy, Parkinson disease, Pelizaeus-Merzbacher disease, peripheral neuropathy, polyrediculitis, posterior inferior cerebellar artery syndrome, posterior leucoencephalopathy syndrome, raised intracranial pressure, Sandhoff disease, sciatic neuropathy, spinal arteriovenous malformations, spinal cord tumor, spinal epidural hematoma, spinocerebellar ataxia, stroke, subacute combined degeneration, subacute necrotising encephalomyelopathy, subacute sensory neuronopathy, superior orbital fissure syndrome, syringobulbia, syringomyelia, transient ischaemic attack, transverse myelitis, Unverricht-Lundborg disease, upper motor neuron weakness, urination, Van der Knaap disease, vasculitis, vasovagal attacks, vestibular disorder
Nutritional/Metabolic	2-hydroxyglutarate dehydrogenase deficiency, acute intermittent porphyria, alpha-mannosidase deficiency, alpha-methylacyl-CoA racemase deficiency, argininosuccinic aciduria, arylsulphatase A deficiency, aspartoacylase deficiency, beri-beri, carbamoylphosphate synthetase deficiency, carbohydrate deficient glycoprotein syndrome type 1a, Chester porphyria, citrullinemia, cytosine arabinoside, erythropoietic protoporphyria, GM2 gangliosidosis, Hartnup disease, homocitrullinuria syndrome, hypobetalipoproteinemia, hypocalcemia, hypoglycemia, hyponatremia, isovaleric acidemia, Lesch-Nyhan syndrome, Maple syrup urine disease, metabolic acidosis, multiple carboxylase deficiency, nutritional amblyopia, ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency, phenylalanine hydroxylase deficiency, porphyria, pyruvate carboxylase deficiency, pyruvate dehydrogenase deficiency, Strachan syndrome, uremia, Wilson disease
Obstetric/Gynecologic	Childbirth, menopause, pregnancy
Oncologic	Acoustic neuroma, cerebellar tumors, chondroma, Ewing's sarcoma, Hodgkin's lymphoma, lung carcinoma, neuroblastoma, neurofibromatosis type 1, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, osteochondroma, osteoma, osteosarcoma, paraneoplastic syndrome, rhabdomyosarcoma, plasmacytoma, spinal cord tumor
Ophthalmologic	Cataract, central serous chorioretinopathy, cortical visual impairment, endophthalmitis, Hoyeraal-Hreidarsson syndrome, hyphema, Miller-Fisher syndrome, ocular ischemic syndrome, ophthalmia neonatorum, progressive external ophthalmoplegia, retinal degeneration, retrolental fibroplasia, visual impairment, vitreous hemorrhage
Overdose/Toxicity	Alcohol toxicity
Psychiatric	No underlying causes
Pulmonary	Asthma exacerbation, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbation, diffuse pulmonary fibrosis, pleural effusion, pneumonia, pneumothorax, pulmonary edema, pulmonary embolism
Renal/Electrolyte	Renal failure
Rheumatology/Immunology/Allergy	Acute demyelinating encephalomyelitis, ankylosing spondylitis, antiphospholipid antibody syndrome, benign monoclonal gammopathy, connective tissue disease, dermatomyositis, fibromyalgia, gout, Guillain-Barré syndrome, lymphomatoid granulomatosis, microscopic polyangiitis, mixed connective tissue disease, monoclonal gammopathy, polyarteritis nodosa, pseudogout, Reiter's syndrome, rheumatoid arthritis, scleroderma, seronegative spondyloarthritis, Sjögren's syndrome, systemic lupus erythematosus
Sexual	No underlying causes
Trauma	Cerebellar hemorrhage, head injury, leg fractures
Urologic	No underlying causes
Miscellaneous	Amyloidosis, cryoglobulinemia, dysproteinemia, emotions, generalized weakness, hyperventilation, metachromatic leukodystrophy, multiple hamartoma syndrome, Niemann-Pick disease, old age, pain, paraproteinemia, Salla disease, sarcoidosis, Shy-Drager syndrome, sialidosis, Tay-Sachs disease

Causes in Alphabetical Order

References

↑ "Chapter 14: Evaluation of the Dizzy Patient". Retrieved 2009-08-06.
↑ Sturnieks, DL.; St George, R.; Lord, SR. (2008). "Balance disorders in the elderly". Neurophysiol Clin. 38 (6): 467–78. doi:10.1016/j.neucli.2008.09.001. PMID 19026966. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
↑ Kroenke, K.; Lucas, CA.; Rosenberg, ML.; Scherokman, B.; Herbers, JE.; Wehrle, PA.; Boggi, JO. (1992). "Causes of persistent dizziness. A prospective study of 100 patients in ambulatory care". Ann Intern Med. 117 (11): 898–904. PMID 1443950. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
↑ Cherchi, M. (2011). "Infrequent causes of disequilibrium in the adult". Otolaryngol Clin North Am. 44 (2): 405–14, ix. doi:10.1016/j.otc.2011.01.011. PMID 21474014. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

Template:WH Template:WS

[urlChapter_14:_Evaluation_of_the_Dizzy_Patient-1] "Chapter 14: Evaluation of the Dizzy Patient". Retrieved 2009-08-06.

[Sturnieks-2008-2] Sturnieks, DL.; St George, R.; Lord, SR. (2008). "Balance disorders in the elderly". Neurophysiol Clin. 38 (6): 467–78. doi:10.1016/j.neucli.2008.09.001. PMID 19026966. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

[Kroenke-1992-3] Kroenke, K.; Lucas, CA.; Rosenberg, ML.; Scherokman, B.; Herbers, JE.; Wehrle, PA.; Boggi, JO. (1992). "Causes of persistent dizziness. A prospective study of 100 patients in ambulatory care". Ann Intern Med. 117 (11): 898–904. PMID 1443950. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

[Cherchi-2011-4] Cherchi, M. (2011). "Infrequent causes of disequilibrium in the adult". Otolaryngol Clin North Am. 44 (2): 405–14, ix. doi:10.1016/j.otc.2011.01.011. PMID 21474014. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

@@ Line 9: / Line 9: @@
 ==Causes==
 ===Life Threatening Causes===
+*[[Arrhythmia]]
+*[[Asthma|Asthma exacerbation]]
+*[[Intracranial hemorrhage|Cerebellar hemorrhage]]
+*[[Compartment syndrome]]
+*[[Endophthalmitis]]
+*[[Epilepsy]]
+*[[Hypoglycemia]]
+*[[Organophosphates]]
 ===Common Causes===
+*[[Cerebellar ataxia|Cerebellar disorders]]
+*[[Gait abnormality]]
+*[[Hypoglycemia]]
+*[[Paralysis]]
+*[[Peripheral neuropathy]]
+*[[Vertigo|Vestibular disorders]]
+*[[Visual impairment]]<ref name="Sturnieks-2008">{{Cite journal  | last1 = Sturnieks | first1 = DL. | last2 = St George | first2 = R. | last3 = Lord | first3 = SR. | title = Balance disorders in the elderly. | journal = Neurophysiol Clin | volume = 38 | issue = 6 | pages = 467-78 | month = Dec | year = 2008 | doi = 10.1016/j.neucli.2008.09.001 | PMID = 19026966 }}</ref><ref name="Kroenke-1992">{{Cite journal  | last1 = Kroenke | first1 = K. | last2 = Lucas | first2 = CA. | last3 = Rosenberg | first3 = ML. | last4 = Scherokman | first4 = B. | last5 = Herbers | first5 = JE. | last6 = Wehrle | first6 = PA. | last7 = Boggi | first7 = JO. | title = Causes of persistent dizziness. A prospective study of 100 patients in ambulatory care. | journal = Ann Intern Med | volume = 117 | issue = 11 | pages = 898-904 | month = Dec | year = 1992 | doi =  | PMID = 1443950 }}</ref><ref name="Cherchi-2011">{{Cite journal  | last1 = Cherchi | first1 = M. | title = Infrequent causes of disequilibrium in the adult. | journal = Otolaryngol Clin North Am | volume = 44 | issue = 2 | pages = 405-14, ix | month = Apr | year = 2011 | doi = 10.1016/j.otc.2011.01.011 | PMID = 21474014 }}</ref>
 ===Causes by Organ System===
 {|style="width:82%; height:100px" border="1"
@@ Line 53: / Line 70: @@
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 | '''Hematologic'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Anemia]],  [[glucose phosphate isomerase deficiency]],  [[haemochromatosis]],  [[leukemia]],  [[multiple myeloma]],  [[pernicious anemia]], [[plasmacytoma]],  [[polycythemia vera]],  [[sideroblastic anemia ]]
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Anemia]],  [[glucose phosphate isomerase deficiency]],  [[haemochromatosis]],  [[leukemia]],  [[multiple myeloma]],  [[pernicious anemia]], [[plasmacytoma]],  [[polycythemia vera]],  [[sideroblastic anemia]]
 |-
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
@@ Line 65: / Line 82: @@
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 | '''Musculoskeletal/Orthopedic'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Carpal tunnel syndrome]],  [[Charcot-Marie-Tooth Syndrome|Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease]],  [[chondroma]],  [[compartment syndrome]],  [[connective tissue disease]],  [[dermatomyositis]],  [[Duchenne muscular dystrophy]],  [[Ewing's sarcoma]],  [[Neuropathy|femoral neuropathy]],  [[hereditary neuralgic amyotrophy]],  [[Spinal disc herniation|herniated vertebral disc]],  [[Bone fracture|leg fractures]],  [[muscle weakness]],  [[osteoarthritis]],  [[osteochondroma]],  [[osteoma]],  [[osteomyelitis]],  [[osteosarcoma]],  [[Pagets disease]],  [[Neuropathy|peroneal compression at the fibular neck]],  [[Perthes disease]],  [[septic arthritis]],  [[slipped upper femoral epiphysis]],  [[tarsal tunnel syndrome ]],  [[transient synovitis]]
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Carpal tunnel syndrome]],  [[Charcot-Marie-Tooth Syndrome|Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease]],  [[chondroma]],  [[compartment syndrome]],  [[connective tissue disease]],  [[dermatomyositis]],  [[Duchenne muscular dystrophy]],  [[Ewing's sarcoma]],  [[Neuropathy|femoral neuropathy]],  [[hereditary neuralgic amyotrophy]],  [[Spinal disc herniation|herniated vertebral disc]],  [[Bone fracture|leg fractures]],  [[muscle weakness]],  [[osteoarthritis]],  [[osteochondroma]],  [[osteoma]],  [[osteomyelitis]],  [[osteosarcoma]],  [[Pagets disease]],  [[Neuropathy|peroneal compression at the fibular neck]],  [[Perthes disease]],  [[septic arthritis]],  [[slipped upper femoral epiphysis]],  [[tarsal tunnel syndrome]],  [[transient synovitis]]
 |-
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 | '''Neurologic'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Acoustic neuroma]],  [[Myelopathy|acute necrotizing myelopathy]],  [[Transverse myelitis|acute viral myelitis]],  [[alcoholic polyneuropathy]],  [[amyotrophic lateral sclerosis]],  [[Cerebellar ataxia|anti-glutamic acid decarboxylase associated cerebellar ataxia]],  [[Arnold-Chiari malformation]],  [[Apraxia|ataxia-oculomotor apraxia]],  [[Migraine|basilar migraine]],  [[benign paroxysmal vertigo]],  [[Encephalitis|brainstem encephalitis]],  [[carotid-cavernous fistula]],  [[cerebellar abscess]],  [[cerebellar hypoplasia]],  [[cerebellar ataxia]],  [[Ramsay-Hunt syndrome|cerebellar dyssynergia]], [[Intracranial hemorrhage|cerebellar hemorrhage]],  [[Medulloblastoma|cerebellar tumor]],  [[Dandy-Walker syndrome|cerebellar vermis agenesis]],  [[cerebral palsy]],  [[cerebrotendineous xanthomatosis]],  [[cerebrovascular disease]],  [[ceroid lipofuscinosis]],  [[cervical spondylosis]],  [[cockayne syndrome]],  [[Delirium|confusional state]],  [[Copper deficiency|copper deficiency myeloneuropathy]],  [[cortical visual impairment]],  [[Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease]],  [[Cytomegalovirus|cytomegalovirus polyradiculopathy]],  [[Dandy-Walker syndrome]],  [[Neuropathy|deafferentation]],  [[Myelopathy|decompression sickness myelopathy]],  [[Dejerine Sottas syndrome]],  [[dementia]],  [[demyelination]],  [[diabetic amyotrophy]],  [[Diabetic neuropathy|diabetic radiculopathy]],  [[Schilder's disease|diffuse sclerosis of Schilder]],  [[Hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy|distal hereditary neuronopathy]],  [[dural arteriovenous fistula]],  [[Ramsay-Hunt syndrome|dyssynergia cerebellaris myoclonica]],  [[encephalocele]],  [[encephalomyelitis]],  [[epidural abscess]],  [[epilepsy]],  [[episodic ataxia]],  [[Worster-Drought syndrome|familial Danish dementia]],  [[familial hemiplegic migraine]],  [[Intrauterine growth retardation|fetal akinesia-hypokinesia sequence]],  [[Friedreich's ataxia]],  [[Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker syndrome]],  [[giant axonal neuropathy]],  [[Haw River syndrome]],  [[Familial amyloid polyneuropathy|hereditary amyloid polyneuropathy]],  [[hereditary ataxia]],  [[hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy]],  [[hereditary spastic paraplegia]],  [[Spinal disc herniation|Herniated vertebral disc]],  [[hypoxia]],  [[Neuropathy|idiopathic lumbosacral radiculoplexus neuropathy]],  [[Small fiber peripheral neuropathy|idiopathic small fiber neuropathy]],  [[intracranial space-occupying lesion]], [[Kearns-Sayre syndrome]],  [[Klumpke paralysis]],  [[lathyrism]],  [[Leigh syndrome]],  [[Flaccid paralysis|lower motor neuron weakness]],  [[Plexopathy|lumbosacral plexitis]],  [[Machado-Joseph disease]],  [[meningoencephalitis]],  [[meralgia paresthetica]],  [[migraine]],  [[Mitochondrial disease|mitochondrial ataxia]],  [[multifocal motor neuropathy]],  [[multiple lentigines syndrome]],  [[multiple sclerosis]],  [[Neuropathy|multiple sensory defect dizziness]],  [[Shy-Drager syndrome|multiple system atrophy syndromes]],  [[myasthenia gravis]],  [[myelopathy]],  [[Neuropathy, ataxia, and retinitis pigmentosa|NARP  syndrome]],  [[neurofibromatosis]],  [[normal pressure hydrocephalus]],  [[Claude syndrome|Nothnagel Claude syndrome]],  [[Obturator nerve|obturator neuropathy]],  [[olivopontocerebellar atrophy]],  [[Myoclonus|orthostatic myoclonus]],  [[pantothenate kinase]],  [[paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration]],  [[Neuropathy|paraneoplastic sensory neuropathy]],  [[Parkinson disease]],  [[Pelizaeus-Merzbacher disease]],  [[peripheral neuropathy]],  [[polyrediculitis]],  [[posterior inferior cerebellar artery syndrome]],  [[posterior leucoencephalopathy syndrome ]],  [[raised intracranial pressure]],  [[Sandhoff disease]],  [[Neuropathy|sciatic neuropathy]],  [[Arteriovenous malformation|spinal arteriovenous malformations]],  [[spinal cord tumor]],  [[Epidural hematoma|spinal epidural hematoma]],  [[spinocerebellar ataxia]],  [[stroke]],  [[Subacute combined degeneration of spinal cord|subacute combined degeneration]],  [[Leigh's disease|subacute necrotising encephalomyelopathy]],  [[Neuropathy|subacute sensory neuronopathy]],  [[Superior orbital fissure|superior orbital fissure syndrome]],  [[syringobulbia]],  [[syringomyelia]],  [[transient ischaemic attack]],  [[transverse myelitis]],  [[Unverricht-Lundborg disease]],  [[Spasticity|upper motor neuron weakness]],  [[urination]],  [[Van der Knaap disease]],  [[vasculitis]],  [[Vasovagal syncope|vasovagal attacks]],  [[Vertigo|vestibular disorder]]
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Acoustic neuroma]],  [[Myelopathy|acute necrotizing myelopathy]],  [[Transverse myelitis|acute viral myelitis]],  [[alcoholic polyneuropathy]],  [[amyotrophic lateral sclerosis]],  [[Cerebellar ataxia|anti-glutamic acid decarboxylase associated cerebellar ataxia]],  [[Arnold-Chiari malformation]],  [[Apraxia|ataxia-oculomotor apraxia]],  [[Migraine|basilar migraine]],  [[benign paroxysmal vertigo]],  [[Encephalitis|brainstem encephalitis]],  [[carotid-cavernous fistula]],  [[cerebellar abscess]],  [[cerebellar hypoplasia]],  [[cerebellar ataxia]],  [[Ramsay-Hunt syndrome|cerebellar dyssynergia]], [[Intracranial hemorrhage|cerebellar hemorrhage]],  [[Medulloblastoma|cerebellar tumor]],  [[Dandy-Walker syndrome|cerebellar vermis agenesis]],  [[cerebral palsy]],  [[cerebrotendineous xanthomatosis]],  [[cerebrovascular disease]],  [[ceroid lipofuscinosis]],  [[cervical spondylosis]],  [[cockayne syndrome]],  [[Delirium|confusional state]],  [[Copper deficiency|copper deficiency myeloneuropathy]],  [[cortical visual impairment]],  [[Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease]],  [[Cytomegalovirus|cytomegalovirus polyradiculopathy]],  [[Dandy-Walker syndrome]],  [[Neuropathy|deafferentation]],  [[Myelopathy|decompression sickness myelopathy]],  [[Dejerine Sottas syndrome]],  [[dementia]],  [[demyelination]],  [[diabetic amyotrophy]],  [[Diabetic neuropathy|diabetic radiculopathy]],  [[Schilder's disease|diffuse sclerosis of Schilder]],  [[Hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy|distal hereditary neuronopathy]],  [[dural arteriovenous fistula]],  [[Ramsay-Hunt syndrome|dyssynergia cerebellaris myoclonica]],  [[encephalocele]],  [[encephalomyelitis]],  [[epidural abscess]],  [[epilepsy]],  [[episodic ataxia]],  [[Worster-Drought syndrome|familial Danish dementia]],  [[familial hemiplegic migraine]],  [[Intrauterine growth retardation|fetal akinesia-hypokinesia sequence]],  [[Friedreich's ataxia]],  [[Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker syndrome]],  [[giant axonal neuropathy]],  [[Haw River syndrome]],  [[Familial amyloid polyneuropathy|hereditary amyloid polyneuropathy]],  [[hereditary ataxia]],  [[hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy]],  [[hereditary spastic paraplegia]],  [[Spinal disc herniation|Herniated vertebral disc]],  [[hypoxia]],  [[Neuropathy|idiopathic lumbosacral radiculoplexus neuropathy]],  [[Small fiber peripheral neuropathy|idiopathic small fiber neuropathy]],  [[intracranial space-occupying lesion]], [[Kearns-Sayre syndrome]],  [[Klumpke paralysis]],  [[lathyrism]],  [[Leigh syndrome]],  [[Flaccid paralysis|lower motor neuron weakness]],  [[Plexopathy|lumbosacral plexitis]],  [[Machado-Joseph disease]],  [[meningoencephalitis]],  [[meralgia paresthetica]],  [[migraine]],  [[Mitochondrial disease|mitochondrial ataxia]],  [[multifocal motor neuropathy]],  [[multiple lentigines syndrome]],  [[multiple sclerosis]],  [[Neuropathy|multiple sensory defect dizziness]],  [[Shy-Drager syndrome|multiple system atrophy syndromes]],  [[myasthenia gravis]],  [[myelopathy]],  [[Neuropathy, ataxia, and retinitis pigmentosa|NARP  syndrome]],  [[neurofibromatosis]],  [[normal pressure hydrocephalus]],  [[Claude syndrome|Nothnagel Claude syndrome]],  [[Obturator nerve|obturator neuropathy]],  [[olivopontocerebellar atrophy]],  [[Myoclonus|orthostatic myoclonus]],  [[pantothenate kinase]],  [[paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration]],  [[Neuropathy|paraneoplastic sensory neuropathy]],  [[Parkinson disease]],  [[Pelizaeus-Merzbacher disease]],  [[peripheral neuropathy]],  [[polyrediculitis]],  [[posterior inferior cerebellar artery syndrome]],  [[posterior leucoencephalopathy syndrome]],  [[raised intracranial pressure]],  [[Sandhoff disease]],  [[Neuropathy|sciatic neuropathy]],  [[Arteriovenous malformation|spinal arteriovenous malformations]],  [[spinal cord tumor]],  [[Epidural hematoma|spinal epidural hematoma]],  [[spinocerebellar ataxia]],  [[stroke]],  [[Subacute combined degeneration of spinal cord|subacute combined degeneration]],  [[Leigh's disease|subacute necrotising encephalomyelopathy]],  [[Neuropathy|subacute sensory neuronopathy]],  [[Superior orbital fissure|superior orbital fissure syndrome]],  [[syringobulbia]],  [[syringomyelia]],  [[transient ischaemic attack]],  [[transverse myelitis]],  [[Unverricht-Lundborg disease]],  [[Spasticity|upper motor neuron weakness]],  [[urination]],  [[Van der Knaap disease]],  [[vasculitis]],  [[Vasovagal syncope|vasovagal attacks]],  [[Vertigo|vestibular disorder]]
 |-
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
@@ Line 81: / Line 98: @@
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 | '''Oncologic'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Acoustic neuroma]],  [[Medulloblastoma|cerebellar tumors]],  [[chondroma]],  [[Ewing's sarcoma]],  [[Hodgkin's lymphoma]],  [[lung carcinoma]],  [[neuroblastoma]],  [[neurofibromatosis type 1]],  [[Non-Hodgkin lymphoma|non-Hodgkin's lymphoma]],  [[osteochondroma]],  [[osteoma]],  [[osteosarcoma]],  [[paraneoplastic syndrome]],  [[rhabdomyosarcoma]],  [[plasmacytoma]],  [[spinal cord tumor]],
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Acoustic neuroma]],  [[Medulloblastoma|cerebellar tumors]],  [[chondroma]],  [[Ewing's sarcoma]],  [[Hodgkin's lymphoma]],  [[lung carcinoma]],  [[neuroblastoma]],  [[neurofibromatosis type 1]],  [[Non-Hodgkin lymphoma|non-Hodgkin's lymphoma]],  [[osteochondroma]],  [[osteoma]],  [[osteosarcoma]],  [[paraneoplastic syndrome]],  [[rhabdomyosarcoma]],  [[plasmacytoma]],  [[spinal cord tumor]]
 |-
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
@@ Line 129: / Line 146: @@
 {{col-break|width=33%}}
 *[[2-hydroxyglutarate dehydrogenase|2-hydroxyglutarate dehydrogenase deficiency]]
-*[[3-methylglutaconic aciduria ]]
+*[[3-methylglutaconic aciduria]]
 *[[Leukoencephalopathy|4H syndrome]]
 *[[Abetalipoproteinemia]]
@@ Line 164: / Line 181: @@
 *[[Antiphospholipid antibody syndrome]]
 *[[Anxiety]]
-*[[Argininosuccinic aciduria ]]
+*[[Argininosuccinic aciduria]]
 *[[Arnold-Chiari malformation]]
 *[[Arrhythmia]]
@@ Line 223: / Line 240: @@
 *[[Chronic liver disease]]
 *[[Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease|Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbation]]
-*[[Cinnarizine ]]
+*[[Cinnarizine]]
 *[[Cisplatin]]
 *[[Citrullinemia]]
@@ Line 258: / Line 275: @@
 *[[Diabetes mellitus]]
 *[[Diabetic amyotrophy]]
-*[[Diabetic ketoacidosis ]]
+*[[Diabetic ketoacidosis]]
 *[[Diabetic neuropathy|Diabetic radiculopathy]]
 *[[Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis|Diffuse pulmonary fibrosis]]
@@ Line 277: / Line 294: @@
 *[[Encephalocele]]
 *[[Encephalomyelitis]]
-*[[Endophthalmitis ]]
+*[[Endophthalmitis]]
 *[[Epidural abscess]]
 *[[Epilepsy]]
@@ Line 283: / Line 300: @@
 *[[Epstein-barr virus ]]
 *[[Erythropoietic protoporphyria]]
-*[[Ethambutol ]]
+*[[Ethambutol]]
 *[[Ethotoin]]
 *[[Ewing's sarcoma]]
@@ Line 305: / Line 322: @@
 *[[Guillain-Barré syndrome]]
 *[[Haemochromatosis]]
-*[[Hartnup disease ]]
+*[[Hartnup disease]]
 *[[Haw river syndrome]]
 *[[Head injury]]
@@ Line 331: / Line 348: @@
 *[[Hyperventilation]]
 *[[Hyphema]]
-*[[Hypobetalipoproteinemia ]]
+*[[Hypobetalipoproteinemia]]
 *[[Hypocalcemia]]
 *[[Hypochondriasis]]
@@ Line 386: / Line 403: @@
 *[[Metabolic acidosis]]
 *[[Metachromatic leukodystrophy]]
-*[[Methanol ]]
+*[[Methanol]]
 *[[Metronidazole]]
 *[[Microscopic polyangiitis]]
@@ Line 398: / Line 415: @@
 *[[Biotinidase deficiency|Multiple carboxylase deficiency]]
 *[[Multiple hamartoma syndrome]]
-*[[Multiple lentigines syndrome ]]
+*[[Multiple lentigines syndrome]]
 *[[Multiple myeloma]]
-*[[Multiple sclerosis ]]
+*[[Multiple sclerosis]]
 *[[Neuropathy|Multiple sensory defect dizziness]]
 *[[Shy-Drager syndrome|Multiple system atrophy syndromes]]
@@ Line 408: / Line 425: @@
 *[[Myelopathy]]
 *[[Myocardial infarction]]
-*[[Nalidixic acid ]]
+*[[Nalidixic acid]]
 *[[Neuropathy, ataxia, and retinitis pigmentosa|NARP syndrome]]
 *[[Neuroblastoma]]
@@ Line 419: / Line 436: @@
 *[[Normal pressure hydrocephalus]]
 {{col-break|width=33%}}
-*[[Nortriptyline ]]
+*[[Nortriptyline]]
 *[[Claude syndrome|Nothnagel Claude syndrome]]
 *[[Nucleoside analogues ]]
@@ Line 466: / Line 483: @@
 *[[Porphyria]]
 *[[Posterior inferior cerebellar artery syndrome]]
-*[[Posterior leucoencephalopathy syndrome ]]
+*[[Posterior leucoencephalopathy syndrome]]
 *[[Postural hypotension]]
 *[[Pregnancy]]
@@ Line 488: / Line 505: @@
 *[[Rhabdomyosarcoma]]
 *[[Rheumatoid arthritis]]
-*[[Rofecoxib ]]
+*[[Rofecoxib]]
 *[[Charcot-Marie-Tooth Syndrome|Roussy-levy disease]]
 *[[Salicylate poisoning]]
@@ Line 504: / Line 521: @@
 *[[KCNJ10|SeSAME syndrome]]
 *[[Shy-Drager syndrome]]
-*[[Sialidosis ]]
+*[[Sialidosis]]
-*[[Sideroblastic anemia ]]
+*[[Sideroblastic anemia]]
 *[[Silver-Russell dwarfism|Silver syndrome]]
 *[[Sjögren's syndrome]]
@@ Line 525: / Line 542: @@
 *[[Syringomyelia]]
 *[[Systemic lupus erythematosus]]
-*[[Tarsal tunnel syndrome ]]
+*[[Tarsal tunnel syndrome]]
 *[[Taxol]]
-*[[Tay-Sachs disease ]]
+*[[Tay-Sachs disease]]
 *[[Thallium]]
 *[[Thiamine deficiency]]
-*[[Tick paralysis ]]
+*[[Tick paralysis]]
 *[[Toluene]]
 *[[Tropical sprue]]
@@ Line 560: / Line 577: @@
 *[[Vitreous hemorrhage]]
 *[[Von Hippel-Lindau syndrome]]
-*[[Wilson disease ]]
+*[[Wilson disease]]
 *[[Xeroderma pigmentosum]]
-*[[Zalcitabine ]]
+*[[Zalcitabine]]
 {{col-end}}