Birdshot chorioretinopathy

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Birdshot chorioretinopathy
ICD-10 H30.9
ICD-9 363.20
OMIM 605808
DiseasesDB 32404

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]

Please Take Over This Page and Apply to be Editor-In-Chief for this topic: There can be one or more than one Editor-In-Chief. You may also apply to be an Associate Editor-In-Chief of one of the subtopics below. Please mail us [2] to indicate your interest in serving either as an Editor-In-Chief of the entire topic or as an Associate Editor-In-Chief for a subtopic. Please be sure to attach your CV and or biographical sketch.

Overview

Birdshot chorioretinopathy, also called birdshot retinochoroidopathy, is a rare form of bilateral posterior uveitis affecting the eye. It causes severe, progressive inflammation of both the choroid and retina.

Affected individuals are usually diagnosed around age 45, a common age of onset.[1]

Pathophysiology

Birdshot chorioretinopathy is an autoimmune disease associated with the Human leukocyte antigen haplotype (HLA)-A29 in 95 to 97.5% of the cases. When birdshot chorioretinopathy is suspected, a person is usually tested to determine if they are HLA-A29 positive. A smaller percentage of the general population is positive for this allele.

Symptoms

Symptoms of this disorder include: abundant floaters, uveitis, chorioretinitis, retinitis, papillitis, retinal vasculitis, vitreous inflammation, macular edema, "flashing" lights in eyes, nyctalopia, loss of color vision, and small light-colored spots on the retina. Complete loss of visual acuity is the common prognosis.

The name of the condition comes from the small light-colored fundus spots on the retina, scattered in a pattern like birdshot from a shotgun, but these spots might not be present in early stages.

Treatment

Birdshot chorioretinopathy is quite resistant to treatment.[2] Immunosuppressant therapy with corticosteroid-sparing drugs has been somewhat effective in slowing down the progessive inflammation associated with the disorder, preserving visual intregrity as much as possible. Long-term use of such medications must be closely monitored, however, due to the discomforting, and potentially debilitating and life-threatening side-effects.[2][3]

Recently, the therapeutic monoclonal antibody daclizumab has proven to be a quite effective treatment option for birdshot chorioretinopathy. Substantial reduction, and even stabilization of both vitreous inflammation and retinal vasculitis has been evident via electroretinography, during daclizumab therapy. Loss of visual acuity unrelated to the inflammation caused by the disorder, however, often remains unchanged despite usage of the drug. Contraindications and adverse side-effects are always a factor, as well.[4]

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References

  1. Cassoux N, Lehoan GP (2000). "Birdshot retinochoroidopathy". Ann Med Interne. 151 (Suppl. 1): 1s45–1s47. PMID 10896989.
  2. 2.0 2.1 Kiss S, Ahmed M, Letko E, Foster CS (2005). "Long-term follow-up of patients with birdshot retinochoroidopathy treated with corticosteroid-sparing systemic immunomodulatory therapy". Ophthalmology. 112 (6): 1066–1071. PMID 15936442.
  3. Becker MD, Wertheim MS, Smith JR, Rosenbaum JT (2005). "Long-term follow-up of patients with birdshot retinochoroidopathy treated with systemic immunosuppressants". Ocul Immuno Inflamm. 13 (4): 289–293. PMID 16159719.
  4. Sobrin L, Huang JJ, Christen W, Kafkala C, Choopong P, Foster CS (2008). "Daclizumab for treatment of birdshot chorioretinopathy". Arch Ophthalmol. 126 (2): 186–191. PMID 18268208.


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