Trachoma
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| Trachoma Classification and external resources | |
| ICD-10 | A71. |
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| ICD-9 | 076 |
| DiseasesDB | 29100 |
| MedlinePlus | 001486 |
| eMedicine | oph/118 |
| MeSH | D014141 |
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US National Guidelines Clearinghouse on Trachoma
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Trachoma (Ancient Greek: "rough eye") is an infectious eye disease, and the leading cause of the world’s preventable blindness. Globally, 84 million people suffer from active infection and nearly 8 million people are visually impaired as a result of this disease. Globally this disease results in an estimated US $2.9 billion in lost productivity every year.
Trachoma is caused by the bacteria Chlamydia trachomatis and it is spread by direct contact with eye, nose, and throat secretions from affected individuals, or contact with fomites (inanimate objects), such as towels and/or washcloths, that have had similar contact with these secretions. Untreated, repeated trachoma infections result in a painful form of permanent blindness when the eyelids turn inward, causing the eyelashes to scratch the cornea. Children are the most susceptible to infection, but the effects are often not felt until adulthood.
Although trachoma was eliminated from much of the developed world in the last century, this disease persists in many parts of the developing world particularly in communities without adequate access to water and sanitation. In these communities, women are three time more likely than men to be blinded by the disease. Without intervention, trachoma keeps families shackled within a cycle of poverty, as the disease and its long-term effects are passed from one generation to the next.
The World Health Organization (WHO) has set a goal of eliminating blinding trachoma as a public health concern by 2020. National governments in collaboration with numerous non-profit organizations implement trachoma control programs using the WHO-recommended SAFE strategy, which includes:
• Surgery to correct advanced stages of the disease;
• Antibiotics to treat active infection, using Zithromax donated by Pfizer Inc through the International Trachoma Initiative;
• Facial cleanliness to reduce disease transmission;
• Environmental change to increase access to clean water and improved sanitation.
Symptoms
The bacteria has an incubation period of 5 to 12 days, after which the affected individual experiences symptoms of conjunctivitis, or irritation similar to "pink eye."
Further symptoms include:
- Eye discharge
- Swollen eyelids
- Trichiasis (turned-in eyelashes)
- Swelling of lymph nodes in front of the ears
- Corneal scarring
- Further ear, nose and throat complications.
Prognosis
If not treated properly with oral antibiotics, the symptoms may escalate and cause blindness, which is the result of ulceration and consequent scarring of the cornea. Surgery may also be necessary to fix eyelid deformities.
History
The disease is one of the earliest recorded eye afflictions, having been identified as early as 27 B.C. Today, most victims of trachoma live in underdeveloped and poverty-stricken countries in Africa, the Middle East, and Asia. Rare in the United States, the disease can be treated with antibiotics and prevented with adequate hygiene and education. According to the Centers for Disease Control, "No national or international surveillance [for trachoma] exists. Blindness due to trachoma has been eliminated from the United States. The last cases were found among American Indian populations and in Appalachia."[1]
In 1913, President Woodrow Wilson signed an act designating funds for the eradication of the disease.[1] By the late 1930s, a number of ophthalmologists reported success in treating trachoma with sulfonamide antibiotics[1]. In 1948, Vincent Tabone (who was later to become the President of Malta) was entrusted with the supervision of a campaign in Malta to treat trachoma using sulfonamide tablets and drops. [1]
Although by the 1950s, trachoma had virtually disappeared from the industrialized world, thanks to improved sanitation and overall living conditions, it continues to plague the developing world. This potentially blinding disease remains endemic in the poorest regions of Africa, Asia, and the Middle East and in some parts of Latin America and Australia. Currently, 8 million people are visually impaired as a result of trachoma, and 84 million suffer from active infection. The people that went through Ellis Island had to be checked for trachoma.
References
See also
External links
- CDC Disease Info trachoma_t
- International Trachoma Initiative
- New York Times article Preventable Disease Blinds Poor in Third World Published: March 31, 2006
- Photographs of trachoma patients
Eye disease - pathology of the eye (H00-H59, 360-379) | |||||||||||||
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| Adnexa | eyelid: inflammation (Stye, Chalazion, Blepharitis) - Entropion - Ectropion - Lagophthalmos - Blepharochalasis - Ptosis - Blepharophimosis - Xanthelasma - Trichiasis
lacrimal system: Dacryoadenitis - Epiphora - Dacryocystitis orbit: Exophthalmos - Enophthalmos | ||||||||||||
| Eyeball |
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| Optic nerve and visual pathways | Optic neuritis - Papilledema - Optic atrophy - Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy - Dominant optic atrophy - Optic disc drusen - Glaucoma - Toxic and nutritional optic neuropathy - Anterior ischemic optic neuropathy | ||||||||||||
| Ocular muscles, binocular movement, accommodation and refraction | Paralytic strabismus: Ophthalmoparesis - Progressive external ophthalmoplegia - Palsy (III, IV, VI) - Kearns-Sayre syndrome
Other strabismus: Esotropia/Exotropia - Hypertropia - Heterophoria (Esophoria, Exophoria) - Brown's syndrome - Duane syndrome | ||||||||||||
| Visual disturbances and blindness | Amblyopia - Leber's congenital amaurosis - Subjective (Asthenopia, Hemeralopia, Photophobia, Scintillating scotoma) - Diplopia - Scotoma - Anopsia (Binasal hemianopsia, Bitemporal hemianopsia, Homonymous hemianopsia, Quadrantanopia) - Color blindness (Achromatopsia, Dichromacy, Monochromacy) - Nyctalopia (Oguchi disease) - Blindness/Low vision | ||||||||||||
| Pupil | Anisocoria - Argyll Robertson pupil - Marcus Gunn pupil/Marcus Gunn phenomenon - Adie syndrome - Miosis - Mydriasis - Cycloplegia | ||||||||||||
| Infectious diseases | Trachoma - Onchocerciasis | ||||||||||||
| Other | Nystagmus - Glaucoma/Ocular hypertension - Floater - Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy - Red eye - Keratomycosis - Xerophthalmia - Phthisis bulbi | ||||||||||||
| See also congenital | |||||||||||||
ar:الرمد الحبيبي de:Trachom fr:Trachome it:Tracoma nl:Trachoom ja:トラコーマfi:Trakooma vi:Mắt hột
WikiDoc Research Resources for Trachoma | |
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| Articles on Trachoma | Most recent articles on Trachoma • Most cited articles on Trachoma • Review articles on Trachoma • Articles on Trachoma in N Eng J Med, Lancet, BMJ |
| Media (Slides, Video, Images, MP3) on Trachoma | Powerpoint slides on Trachoma • Images of Trachoma • Photos of Trachoma • Podcasts & MP3s on Trachoma • Videos on Trachoma |
| Evidence Based Medicine Regarding Trachoma | Cochrane Collaboration on Trachoma • Bandolier on Trachoma • TRIP on Trachoma |
| Cost Effectiveness of Trachoma | Cost Effectiveness of Trachoma |
| Clinical Trials Involving Trachoma | Ongoing Trials on Trachoma at Clinical Trials.gov • Trial results on Trachoma • Clinical Trials on Trachoma at Google |
| Guidelines / Policies / Government Resources (FDA/CDC) Regarding Trachoma | US National Guidelines Clearinghouse on Trachoma • NICE Guidance on Trachoma • NHS PRODIGY Guidance • FDA on Trachoma • CDC on Trachoma |
| Textbook Information on Trachoma | Books and Textbook Information on Trachoma |
| Pharmacology Resources on Trachoma | Dosing of Trachoma • Drug interactions with Trachoma • Side effects of Trachoma • Allergic reactions to Trachoma • Overdose information on Trachoma • Carcinogenicity information on Trachoma • Trachoma in pregnancy • Pharmacokinetics of Trachoma • |
| Genetics, Pharmacogenomics, and Proteinomics of Trachoma | Genetics of Trachoma • Pharmacogenomics of Trachoma • Proteomics of Trachoma |
| Newstories on Trachoma | Trachoma in the news • Be alerted to news on Trachoma • News trends on Trachoma |
| Commentary on Trachoma | Blogs on Trachoma |
| Patient Resources on Trachoma | Patient resources on Trachoma • Discussion groups on Trachoma • Patient Handouts on Trachoma • Directions to Hospitals Treating Trachoma • Risk calculators and risk factors for Trachoma |
| Healthcare Provider Resources on Trachoma | Symptoms of Trachoma • Causes & Risk Factors for Trachoma • Diagnostic studies for Trachoma • Treatment of Trachoma |
| Continuing Medical Education (CME) Programs on Trachoma | CME Programs on Trachoma |
| International Resources on Trachoma | Trachoma en Espanol • Trachoma en Francais |
| Business Resources on Trachoma | Trachoma in the Marketplace • Patents on Trachoma |
| Informatics Resources on Trachoma | List of terms related to Trachoma |
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Acknowledgement and Attribution Regarding Sources of Content
Some of the initial content on this page may be incorporated in part from copyleft sources in the public domain including wikis such as Wikipedia and AskDrWiki. Drug information for patients came from the The National Library of Medicine. Infectious disease information may have come from the Centers for Disease Control (CDC). Differential Diagnoses are drawn from clinicians as well as an amalgamation of 3 sources: 1.The Disease Database; 2. Kahan, Scott, Smith, Ellen G. In A Page: Signs and Symptoms. Malden, Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishing, 2004:3; 3. Sailer, Christian, Wasner, Susanne. Differential Diagnosis Pocket. Hermosa Beach, CA: Borm Bruckmeir Publishing LLC, 2002:7 .
