Viral encephalitis causes: Difference between revisions

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__NOTOC__
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{{Encephalitis}}
{{Viral encephalitis}}
{{CMG}}; '''Associate Editors-In-Chief:''' {{Ochuko}} [[Priyamvada Singh|Priyamvada Singh, MBBS]] [mailto:psingh13579@gmail.com]
{{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{Ochuko}}; [[Priyamvada Singh|Priyamvada Singh, MBBS]] [mailto:psingh13579@gmail.com]; {{AG}}


==Overview==
==Overview==
 
Life-threatening causes of encephalitis include ''[[Balamuthia mandrillaris]]'' and [[Dengue fever]]. Common causes of encephalitis include infections with viruses such as [[arbovirus]]s, [[herpes simplex]], [[measles]], [[mumps]], [[polio]], and [[rabies]], which often lead to an autoimmune response. Less common causes of encephalitis include chronic autoimmune disorders and infections with [[bacteria]], [[fungi]], and [[parasites]].
Encephalitis is an [[Acute (medical)|acute]] [[inflammation]] of the [[brain]], commonly caused by a [[virus|viral]] [[infection]]. Sometimes, encephalitis can result from a [[bacteria]]l infection, such as bacterial [[meningitis]], or it may be a complication of other infectious diseases like [[rabies]] (viral) or [[syphilis]] (bacterial). Certain [[parasitic]] or [[protozoa]]l infestations, such as [[toxoplasmosis]], [[malaria]], or [[primary amoebic meningoencephalitis]], can also cause encephalitis in people with [[immune deficiency|compromised]] [[immune system]]s. Additionally, fungal, and autoimmune disorders can also produce encephalitis


==Causes==
==Causes==
===Life Threatening Causes===
===Life Threatening Causes===
Life-threatening causes include conditions which may result in death or permanent disability within 24 hours if left untreated.
Life-threatening causes include:<ref name="pmid24374438">{{cite journal| author=Matin A, Jung SY, Nawaz S| title=In vitro assessment of cytokines interactions with Balamuthia mandrillaris using human brain microvascular endothelial cells. | journal=Pak J Pharm Sci | year= 2014 | volume= 27 | issue= 1 | pages= 107-13 | pmid=24374438 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24374438  }} </ref>  
 
*[[Balamuthia mandrillaris]]
*[[Balamuthia mandrillaris]] <ref name="pmid24374438">{{cite journal| author=Matin A, Jung SY, Nawaz S| title=In vitro assessment of cytokines interactions with Balamuthia mandrillaris using human brain microvascular endothelial cells. | journal=Pak J Pharm Sci | year= 2014 | volume= 27 | issue= 1 | pages= 107-13 | pmid=24374438 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24374438  }} </ref>
*[[Dengue fever]]
*[[Dengue fever]]
If left untreated, these conditions may result in subsequent [[mortality]] or permanent disability within 24 hours.


===Common Causes===
===Common Causes===
* [[Arbovirus]]
*[[Arbovirus]]
* [[Herpes simplex virus]]
*[[Herpes simplex virus]]
* [[Measles (patient information)|Measles]]
*[[Measles]]
* [[Mumps (patient information)|Mumps]]
*[[Mumps]]
* [[Poliomyelitis (patient information)|Polio]]
*[[Poliomyelitis|Polio]]
* [[Rabies (patient information)|Rabies]]
*[[Rabies]]


==Causes by Organ System==
==Causes by Organ System==
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|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Infectious Disease'''
| '''Infectious Disease'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[alkhurma virus]], [[Borrelia burgdorferi]], [[botulism]], [[brome mosaic virus]], [[California encephalitis virus]], [[campylobacter fetus]], [[capnocytophaga canimorsus]], [[cardiovirus]], [[cat scratch disease]], [[cercopithecine herpesvirus 1]], [[Chagas disease]], [[chandipura virus]], [[chicken pox]], [[coccidioides spp]], [[Colorado tick fever]], [[congenital herpes simplex]], [[congenital rubella syndrome]], [[congenital syphilis]], [[coxiella burnetii ]], [[coxsackievirus]], [[Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease]], [[cryptococcosis]], [[cryptococcus neoformans]], [[cysticercosis]], [[cytomegalovirus]], [[dengue fever]], [[diphtheria]], [[duvenhage virus]], [[Eastern equine encephalitis virus]], [[Ebstein-Barr virus]], [[ehrlichia|ehrlichia chaffeensis]], [[ehrlichiosis]], [[elizabethkingia meningoseptica]], [[enterobacter sakazakii]], [[enterovirus 70]], [[enterovirus|enterovirus 71]], [[enteroviruses]], [[escherichia coli]], [[feline viral rhinotracheitis]], [[human parainfluenza viruses classification|fetal parainfluenza virus type 3]], [[flavivirus|flavivirus infections]], [[flu]], [[gnathostomiasis|gnathostoma hispidum infection]], [[gnathostoma spinigerum]], [[gnathostoma spinigerum|gnathostoma spinigerum infection]], [[gnathostomiasis]], [[group B streptococcal infection|streptococcus, group B]], [[haemophilus influenzae]], [[hand-foot-and-mouth disease]], [[hantavirosis ]], [[hemorrhagic fever]], [[hendra virus]], [[henipavirus]], [[hepatitis E virus]], [[herpes B virus]], [[herpes simplex virus]], [[histoplasma capsulatum]], [[HIV]], [[ehrlichiosis|human granulocytotrophic ehrlichiosis]], [[human herpesvirus 6]], [[ehrlichiosis|human monocytotrophic ehrlichiosis]], [[subacute sclerosing panencephalitis|immunosuppressive measles encephalitis]], [[infectious canine hepatitis]], [[influenza virus]], [[Japanese encephalitis]], [[JC virus]], [[klebsiella]], [[tick-borne encephalitis|kumlinge virus encephalitis]], [[kunjin virus]], [[La Crosse encephalitis]], [[labyrinthitis]], [[lassa fever]], [[listeria monocytogenes]], [[listeriosis ]], [[louping ill]], [[Lyme disease]], [[lymphocytic choriomeningitis]], [[lyssavirus]], [[malaria]], [[measles]], [[mokola virus]], [[mononucleosis ]], [[mumps ]], [[mumps virus]], [[Murray Valley encephalitis virus]], [[mycobacterium avium-intracellulare]], [[mycobacterium tuberculosis]], [[mycoplasma pneumoniae]], [[naegleria fowleri]], [[neisseria meningiditis]], [[neonatal herpes]], [[nipah virus]], [[nocardia]], [[pertussis]], [[phlebovirus]], [[pneumococcus]], [[poliomyelitis]], [[pontiac fever]], [[Powassan virus]], [[poxviridae disease]], [[primary amoebic meningoencephalitis ]], [[encephalitis classification|primary encephalitis]], [[progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy]], [[pseudomonas aeruginosa]], [[psittacosis]], [[Q fever]], [[rickettsia|Queensland tick typhus]], [[rabies]], [[Rasmussen's encephalitis ]], [[rickettsiae]], [[Rift Valley fever]], [[tropical disease|rocio encephalitis]], [[Rocky Mountain spotted fever]], [[rubella]], [[salmonella typhi]], [[schistosoma japonicum]], [[encephalitis classification|secondary encephalitis]], [[shingles]], [[polyomavirus|Simian B virus infection]], [[sinusitis]], [[St. Louis encephalitis]], [[staphylococcus aureus]], [[streptococcus pneumoniae]], [[streptococcus suis]], [[subacute sclerosing panencephalitis]], [[taenia solium]], [[tick-borne encephalitis]], [[togaviridae disease]], [[TORCH syndrome]], [[toxocariasis]], [[toxoplasma gondii]], [[toxoplasmosis]], [[trench fever]], [[treponema pallidum]], [[trichinella]], [[trichinosis]], [[tropheryma whipplei]], [[trypanosoma brucei gambiense]], [[trypanosomiasis]], [[typhoid fever]], [[vaccinia]], [[varicella zoster]], [[varicella zoster virus]], [[Venezuelan equine encephalitis]], [[viral encephalitis]], [[visna virus]], [[West Nile fever]], [[Western equine encephalitis]], [[Western equine encephalitis virus]], [[whooping cough]], [[yersinia pestis]]
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[alkhurma virus]], [[Borrelia burgdorferi]], [[botulism]], [[brome mosaic virus]], [[California encephalitis virus]], [[campylobacter fetus]], [[capnocytophaga canimorsus]], [[cardiovirus]], [[cat scratch disease]], [[cercopithecine herpesvirus 1]], [[Chagas disease]], [[chandipura virus]], [[chicken pox]], [[coccidioides spp]], [[Colorado tick fever]], [[congenital herpes simplex]], [[congenital rubella syndrome]], [[congenital syphilis]], [[coxiella burnetii ]], [[coxsackievirus]], [[Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease]], [[cryptococcosis]], [[cryptococcus neoformans]], [[cysticercosis]], [[cytomegalovirus]], [[dengue fever]], [[diphtheria]], [[duvenhage virus]], [[Eastern equine encephalitis virus]], [[Ebstein-Barr virus]], [[ehrlichia|ehrlichia chaffeensis]], [[ehrlichiosis]], [[elizabethkingia meningoseptica]], [[enterobacter sakazakii]], [[enterovirus 70]], [[enterovirus|enterovirus 71]], [[enteroviruses]], [[escherichia coli]], [[feline viral rhinotracheitis]], [[human parainfluenza viruses classification|fetal parainfluenza virus type 3]], [[flavivirus|flavivirus infections]], [[flu]], [[gnathostomiasis|gnathostoma hispidum infection]], [[gnathostoma spinigerum]], [[gnathostoma spinigerum|gnathostoma spinigerum infection]], [[gnathostomiasis]], [[group B streptococcal infection|streptococcus, group B]], [[haemophilus influenzae]], [[hand-foot-and-mouth disease]], [[hantavirosis ]], [[hemorrhagic fever]], [[hendra virus]], [[henipavirus]], [[hepatitis E virus]], [[herpes B virus]], [[herpes simplex virus]], [[histoplasma capsulatum]], [[HIV]], [[ehrlichiosis|human granulocytotrophic ehrlichiosis]], [[human herpesvirus 6]], [[ehrlichiosis|human monocytotrophic ehrlichiosis]], [[subacute sclerosing panencephalitis|immunosuppressive measles encephalitis]], [[infectious canine hepatitis]], [[influenza virus]], [[Japanese encephalitis]], [[JC virus]], [[klebsiella]], [[tick-borne encephalitis|kumlinge virus encephalitis]], [[kunjin virus]], [[La Crosse encephalitis]], [[labyrinthitis]], [[lassa fever]], [[listeria monocytogenes]], [[listeriosis ]], [[louping ill]], [[Lyme disease]], [[lymphocytic choriomeningitis]], [[lyssavirus]], [[malaria]], [[measles]], [[mokola virus]], [[mononucleosis ]], [[mumps ]], [[mumps virus]], [[Murray Valley encephalitis virus]], [[mycobacterium avium-intracellulare]], [[mycobacterium tuberculosis]], [[mycoplasma pneumoniae]], [[naegleria fowleri]], [[neisseria meningiditis]], [[neonatal herpes]], [[nipah virus]], [[nocardia]], [[pertussis]], [[phlebovirus]], [[pneumococcus]], [[poliomyelitis]], [[pontiac fever]], [[Powassan virus]], [[poxviridae disease]], [[primary amoebic meningoencephalitis ]], [[encephalitis classification|primary encephalitis]], [[progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy]], [[pseudomonas aeruginosa]], [[psittacosis]], [[Q fever]], [[rickettsia|Queensland tick typhus]], [[rabies]], [[Rasmussen's encephalitis]], [[rickettsiae]], [[Rift Valley fever]], [[tropical disease|rocio encephalitis]], [[Rocky Mountain spotted fever]], [[rubella]], [[salmonella typhi]], [[schistosoma japonicum]], [[encephalitis classification|secondary encephalitis]], [[shingles]], [[polyomavirus|Simian B virus infection]], [[sinusitis]], [[St. Louis encephalitis]], [[staphylococcus aureus]], [[streptococcus pneumoniae]], [[streptococcus suis]], [[subacute sclerosing panencephalitis]], [[taenia solium]], [[tick-borne encephalitis]], [[togaviridae disease]], [[TORCH syndrome]], [[toxocariasis]], [[toxoplasma gondii]], [[toxoplasmosis]], [[trench fever]], [[treponema pallidum]], [[trichinella]], [[trichinosis]], [[tropheryma whipplei]], [[trypanosoma brucei gambiense]], [[trypanosomiasis]], [[typhoid fever]], [[vaccinia]], [[varicella zoster]], [[varicella zoster virus]], [[Venezuelan equine encephalitis]], [[viral encephalitis]], [[visna virus]], [[West Nile fever]], [[Western equine encephalitis]], [[Western equine encephalitis virus]], [[whooping cough]], [[yersinia pestis]]
|-
|-
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|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Neurologic'''
| '''Neurologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Aicardi-Goutières syndrome]], [[amyotrophic lateral sclerosis]], [[aseptic meningitis]], [[cauda equina syndrome]], [[cerebral palsy]], [[chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy]], [[conus medullaris]], [[Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease]], [[Lennox-Gastaut syndrome]], [[multiple sclerosis]], [[opsoclonus myoclonus syndrome]], [[paraneoplastic syndrome|paraneoplastic neurologic disorders]], [[poliomyelitis]], [[progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy]], [[Rasmussen syndrome]], [[Schilder's disease]], [[St. Louis encephalitis ]], [[status epilepticus]], [[subacute sclerosing panencephalitis]], [[temporal lobe epilepsy]], [[Tourette syndrome]], [[tourettism]], [[Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada syndrome]]
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Aicardi-Goutières syndrome]], [[amyotrophic lateral sclerosis]], [[aseptic meningitis]], [[cauda equina syndrome]], [[cerebral palsy]], [[chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy]], [[conus medullaris]], [[Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease]], [[Lennox-Gastaut syndrome]], [[multiple sclerosis]], [[opsoclonus myoclonus syndrome]], [[paraneoplastic syndrome|paraneoplastic neurologic disorders]], [[poliomyelitis]], [[progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy]], [[Rasmussen syndrome]], [[Schilder's disease]], [[St. Louis encephalitis]], [[status epilepticus]], [[subacute sclerosing panencephalitis]], [[temporal lobe epilepsy]], [[Tourette syndrome]], [[tourettism]], [[Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada syndrome]]
|-
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===Causes in Alphabetical Order===
===Causes in Alphabetical Order===
{{columns-list|3|
{{columns-list|
*[[Acanthamoeba]]  
*[[Acanthamoeba]]  
*[[Actinomycosis]]
*[[Actinomycosis]]
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==References==
==References==
{{Reflist|2}}
{{Reflist|2}}
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[[Category:Neurological disorders]]
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[[Category:Infectious disease]]
[[Category:Inflammations]]
[[Category:Inflammations]]
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[[Category:Overview complete]]
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Latest revision as of 00:40, 30 July 2020

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Ogheneochuko Ajari, MB.BS, MS [2]; Priyamvada Singh, MBBS [3]; Anthony Gallo, B.S. [4]

Overview

Life-threatening causes of encephalitis include Balamuthia mandrillaris and Dengue fever. Common causes of encephalitis include infections with viruses such as arboviruss, herpes simplex, measles, mumps, polio, and rabies, which often lead to an autoimmune response. Less common causes of encephalitis include chronic autoimmune disorders and infections with bacteria, fungi, and parasites.

Causes

Life Threatening Causes

Life-threatening causes include:[1]

If left untreated, these conditions may result in subsequent mortality or permanent disability within 24 hours.

Common Causes

Causes by Organ System

Cardiovascular Kawasaki disease
Chemical / poisoning Arsenic, heavy metal toxicity, icaridin, organophosphate poisoning, poison hemlock, thallium
Dermatologic Behcet disease, systemic lupus erythematosus, Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada syndrome
Drug Side Effect Acyclovir, interferon, kynurenic acid, levodopa, methamphetamine, trimethobenzamide, zanamivir
Ear Nose Throat Cholesteatoma, labyrinthitis, sinusitis
Endocrine Myasthenia gravis
Environmental No underlying causes
Gastroenterologic Porphyria, Reye's syndrome
Genetic Aicardi-Goutières syndrome, biotinidase deficiency, familial histiocytic reticulosis, hemophagocytic reticulosis, ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency, porphyria, Smith disease, Tourette syndrome
Hematologic Familial histiocytic reticulosis, hemophagocytic reticulosis, lymphoproliferative syndrome, porphyria, x-linked agammaglobulinemia
Iatrogenic No underlying causes
Infectious Disease alkhurma virus, Borrelia burgdorferi, botulism, brome mosaic virus, California encephalitis virus, campylobacter fetus, capnocytophaga canimorsus, cardiovirus, cat scratch disease, cercopithecine herpesvirus 1, Chagas disease, chandipura virus, chicken pox, coccidioides spp, Colorado tick fever, congenital herpes simplex, congenital rubella syndrome, congenital syphilis, coxiella burnetii , coxsackievirus, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, cryptococcosis, cryptococcus neoformans, cysticercosis, cytomegalovirus, dengue fever, diphtheria, duvenhage virus, Eastern equine encephalitis virus, Ebstein-Barr virus, ehrlichia chaffeensis, ehrlichiosis, elizabethkingia meningoseptica, enterobacter sakazakii, enterovirus 70, enterovirus 71, enteroviruses, escherichia coli, feline viral rhinotracheitis, fetal parainfluenza virus type 3, flavivirus infections, flu, gnathostoma hispidum infection, gnathostoma spinigerum, gnathostoma spinigerum infection, gnathostomiasis, streptococcus, group B, haemophilus influenzae, hand-foot-and-mouth disease, hantavirosis , hemorrhagic fever, hendra virus, henipavirus, hepatitis E virus, herpes B virus, herpes simplex virus, histoplasma capsulatum, HIV, human granulocytotrophic ehrlichiosis, human herpesvirus 6, human monocytotrophic ehrlichiosis, immunosuppressive measles encephalitis, infectious canine hepatitis, influenza virus, Japanese encephalitis, JC virus, klebsiella, kumlinge virus encephalitis, kunjin virus, La Crosse encephalitis, labyrinthitis, lassa fever, listeria monocytogenes, listeriosis , louping ill, Lyme disease, lymphocytic choriomeningitis, lyssavirus, malaria, measles, mokola virus, mononucleosis , mumps , mumps virus, Murray Valley encephalitis virus, mycobacterium avium-intracellulare, mycobacterium tuberculosis, mycoplasma pneumoniae, naegleria fowleri, neisseria meningiditis, neonatal herpes, nipah virus, nocardia, pertussis, phlebovirus, pneumococcus, poliomyelitis, pontiac fever, Powassan virus, poxviridae disease, primary amoebic meningoencephalitis , primary encephalitis, progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy, pseudomonas aeruginosa, psittacosis, Q fever, Queensland tick typhus, rabies, Rasmussen's encephalitis, rickettsiae, Rift Valley fever, rocio encephalitis, Rocky Mountain spotted fever, rubella, salmonella typhi, schistosoma japonicum, secondary encephalitis, shingles, Simian B virus infection, sinusitis, St. Louis encephalitis, staphylococcus aureus, streptococcus pneumoniae, streptococcus suis, subacute sclerosing panencephalitis, taenia solium, tick-borne encephalitis, togaviridae disease, TORCH syndrome, toxocariasis, toxoplasma gondii, toxoplasmosis, trench fever, treponema pallidum, trichinella, trichinosis, tropheryma whipplei, trypanosoma brucei gambiense, trypanosomiasis, typhoid fever, vaccinia, varicella zoster, varicella zoster virus, Venezuelan equine encephalitis, viral encephalitis, visna virus, West Nile fever, Western equine encephalitis, Western equine encephalitis virus, whooping cough, yersinia pestis
Musculoskeletal / Ortho Metabolic myopathies, multiple sclerosis, skull fracture
Neurologic Aicardi-Goutières syndrome, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, aseptic meningitis, cauda equina syndrome, cerebral palsy, chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy, conus medullaris, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, Lennox-Gastaut syndrome, multiple sclerosis, opsoclonus myoclonus syndrome, paraneoplastic neurologic disorders, poliomyelitis, progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy, Rasmussen syndrome, Schilder's disease, St. Louis encephalitis, status epilepticus, subacute sclerosing panencephalitis, temporal lobe epilepsy, Tourette syndrome, tourettism, Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada syndrome
Nutritional / Metabolic Biotinidase deficiency, metabolic myopathies, ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency
Obstetric/Gynecologic TORCH syndrome
Oncologic Paraneoplastic neurologic disorders
Opthalmologic Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada syndrome
Overdose / Toxicity Heavy metal toxicity, Reye's syndrome
Psychiatric Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy, shaken baby syndrome, Tourette syndrome
Pulmonary Flu, pertussis, whooping cough
Renal / Electrolyte Systemic lupus erythematosus
Rheum / Immune / Allergy Behcet disease, chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy, multiple sclerosis, systemic lupus erythematosus, x-linked agammaglobulinemia
Sexual No underlying causes
Trauma Cauda equina syndrome, shaken baby syndrome, skull fracture
Urologic No underlying causes
Miscellaneous Porphyria

Causes in Alphabetical Order

Gallery

References

  1. ↑ Matin A, Jung SY, Nawaz S (2014). "In vitro assessment of cytokines interactions with Balamuthia mandrillaris using human brain microvascular endothelial cells". Pak J Pharm Sci. 27 (1): 107–13. PMID 24374438.
  2. ↑ Stephenson JB (2008). "Aicardi-Goutières syndrome (AGS)". Eur J Paediatr Neurol. 12 (5): 355–8. doi:10.1016/j.ejpn.2007.11.010. PMID 18343173.
  3. ↑ Pancer K, Szkoda MT, Gut W (2014). "Imported cases of dengue in Poland and their diagnosis". Przegl Epidemiol. 68 (4): 651–5. PMID 25848785.
  4. ↑ Paddock CD, Nicholson WL, Bhatnagar J, Goldsmith CS, Greer PW, Hayes EB; et al. (2006). "Fatal hemorrhagic fever caused by West Nile virus in the United States". Clin Infect Dis. 42 (11): 1527–35. doi:10.1086/503841. PMID 16652309.
  5. ↑ Wahlberg P, Saikku P, Brummer-Korvenkontio M (1989). "Tick-borne viral encephalitis in Finland. The clinical features of Kumlinge disease during 1959-1987". J Intern Med. 225 (3): 173–7. PMID 2703799.
  6. ↑ "Public Health Image Library (PHIL)".

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