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Revision as of 15:51, 20 June 2018

Differentiating Asymptomatic Bacteriuria From Other Diseases

Asymptomatic Bacteriuria must be differentiated from other diseases that might cause bacteriuria.^[1]^[2]^[3]^[4]

To review differential diagnosis of pyuria, click here.

To review differential diagnosis of sterile pyuria, click here.

Category	Disease			Clinical manifestations									Para−clinical findings								Gold standard for diagnosis	Associated findings
				Symptoms							Physical examination		Para−clinical findings
				Symptoms							Physical examination		Lab Findings							Imaging
				Pain	Fever	N/V	Urinary symptoms				BP	Other	CBC	Electrolytes	Urinalysis
				Pain	Fever	N/V	Dysuria	Frequency	Urgency	Gross hematuria	BP	Other	CBC	Electrolytes	Cell	Cast	Bacteriuria	Culture	Other
Infectious diseases	UTI^[5]	Bacterial	Asymptomatic bacteriuria^[6]^[7]	−	−	−	−	−	−	−	Nl	−	Nl	Nl	±	−	+	−	NA	NA	Urinalysis	Increased risk in pregnancy Must be treated prior to an invasive urologic procedure
			Cystitis^[8]	−	−	−	+	+	+	−	Nl	−	Nl	Nl	+	−	+	+	Nitrite + Leukocyte esterase +	NA	Urinalysis	NA
			Pyelonephritis^[9]	+	+	+	+	+	+	−	Nl	−	Leukocytosis	Nl	+	WBC cast	+	+	Nitrite + Leukocyte esterase +	NA	Clinical manifestation + urinalysis	NA
		Viral^[10]^[11]		−	−	+	+	+	+	±	Nl	−	Nl	Nl	+	−	−	−	NA	NA	PCR viral load	Increased risk in immunosuppressed kidney transplant patients CMV, EBV, BK virus, adenovirus might be seen
		Tuberculosis^[12]^[13]^[14]^[15]		−	±	−	+	+	+	+	Nl	−	Nl	Nl	±	−	−	Positive mycobacterial urine culture	Microscopic hematuria	Pulmonary TB on chest CT	Urine mycobacterial PCR	Past history of pulmonary TB
		Fungal^[16]^[17]		−	−	−	+	+	−	−	Nl	−	Nl	Nl	±	−	−	+ after several weeks of follow up	NA	Hydronephrosis on ultrasound	Urine culture	Increased risk in patients with long−term foley catheters Candida as the most prevalent fungus
		STD	Chlamydia^[18]^[19]	Chronic pelvic pain	−	−	+	+	−	−	Nl	Abdominal tenderness Adnexal motion tenderness	Nl	Nl	+	−	−	+	NA	NA	PCR	Females might have concurrent chlamydial cervicitis Must be considered in young, sexually active males
			Gonococcus^[20]^[21]^[22]	Chronic pelvic pain	−	−	+	+	−	−	Nl	Abdominal tenderness Adnexal motion tenderness	Nl	Nl	+	−	−	+ High false negative result	Intracellular gram−negative diplococci on gram stain	NA	Nucleic acid amplification testing (NAAT)	Females might have concurrent cervical gonococcal infection Must be considered in young, sexually active males
			Ureaplasma urealyticum^[23]	−	−	−	+	+	−	−	Nl	−	Nl	Nl	+	−	−	−	Gram stain −	NA	PCR	Associated with complications of pregnancy
			Herpes simplex virus^[24]	+	+	−	+	+	−	−	Nl	Painful genital ulcers Tender local inguinal lymphadenopathy Acute urinary retention Loss of sacral sensation	Nl	Nl	+	−	−	Viral culture +	NA	NA	Clinical manifestation + PCR	Associated with extragenital complications, like aseptic meningitis High risk of recurrence
			Herpes zoster^[25]	−	−	−	+	+	−	−	Nl	Rash Acute neuritis	Nl	Nl	+	−	−	−	Microscopic hematuria	NA	Clinical manifestation + PCR	Associated with lumbosacral dermatome involvement
			HPV^[26]	−	−	−	+	−	−	−	Nl	Genital wart Cancerous lesions of the genitalia	Nl	Nl	+	−	−	−	NA	NA	Clinical manifestation + PCR	Associated with bladder carcinoma Prevented by HPV vaccination
			HIV^[27]	−	+	+	+	+	−	−	Nl	Painful mucocutaneous ulceration Lymphadenopathy Aseptic meningitis Diarrhea Weight loss	Leukopenia	Nl	+	−	−	−	NA	NA	Combination antigen/antibody immunoassay + PCR HIV viral load test	Might be gone to chronic HIV infection with or without evidence of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) Associated with acute interstitial nephritis
		Prostatitis^[28]		Pelvic or perineal pain	+	+	+	+	+	−	Nl or ↑	Dribbling of urine Firm and tender prostate	Leukocytosis	Nl	+	−	±	+	Cloudy urine Positive gram stain	NA	Clinical manifestation + urinalysis	Increased risk of bacteremia, prostatic abscess, and metastatic infection Might be acute or chronic infection
	Balanitis^[29]			Penile pain	+	−	+	+	+	−	Nl	Pruritus Erythematous lesions on the glans and/or the foreskin	Nl	Nl	+	−	±	−	NA	NA	Clinical manifestation	Associated with reactive arthritis
	Appendicitis^[30]^[31]			Right lower abdominal pain	+	+	+	+	+	−	Nl	Right lower abdominal tenderness	Leukocytosis	Nl	+	−	−	−	Urine specific gravity >1.020	Enlarged appendiceal diameter on CT scan or ultrasound	Clinical manifestation	NA
Category	Disease			Pain	Fever	N/V	Dysuria	Frequency	Urgency	Gross hematuria	BP	Other PE	CBC	Electrolytes	Cell	Cast	Bacteriuria	Culture	Other UA findings	Imaging	Gold standard for diagnosis	Associated findings
Non−infectious diseases	Urinary tract disorders	Urinary catheterization^[32]		−	−	−	+	+	−	−	Nl	−	Leukocytosis ±	Nl	+	−	+	+	Leukocyte esterase ±	−	Clinical manifestation + urinalysis	Predicting UTI in children who required clean intermittent catheterization by routine urinalysis
		Urinary tract stone^[33]^[34]		Colicky pain	−	+	+	+	+	±	Nl	−	Nl	Nl	+	−	−	−	Microscopic hematuria	Visible stone on CT scan	Clinical manifestation	Might cause renal obstruction
		Urinary tract neoplasm^[35]		+	+	+	+	+	+	+	Nl	−	Nl	Nl	+	−	−	−	Microscopic hematuria	Visible tumor on CT scan	Cystoscopy + biopsy	Associated with non−muscle−invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC)
		Urinary fistula^[36]		−	−	−	+	+	−	−	Nl	Urinary incontinence	Nl	Nl	+	−	−	−	NA	Fistula on cystoscopy or IVP	Physical examination	History of recent surgery
		Interstitial cystitis^[37]		Chronic bladder pain	−	−	+	+	+	−	Nl	Abdominal tenderness	Nl	Nl	+	−	−	−	NA	NA	Clinical manifestation	Associated with other chronic pain syndromes
		Vesicoureteral reflux^[38]		+	−	−	+	−	−	−	Nl	Oliguria	Nl	Nl	+	−	−	−			Imaging
		Hydronephrosis^[39]		−	−	−	+	−	−	−	Nl	Oliguria	Nl	Nl	+	−	−	−			Imaging
	Renal diseases	Polycystic kidney disease^[40]		Flank or back pain	−	−	+	+	−	+	↑	Polyuria Nocturia	Nl	Nl	+	−	−	−	Hypocitraturia Hyperuricemia Hyperoxaluria Low urine pH Microscopic hematuria Proteinuria <1 g/day	Multiple cysts on ultrasound	Imaging
		Renal vein thrombosis^[41]		Flank pain	+	+	+	+	+	+	Nl or ↑	Might be asymptomatic Signs of acute renal failure	Leukocytosis	Hyperkalemia	+	−	−	−	Proteinuria Microscopic hematuria	Thrombosis on CT scan	Renal venography	Increased risk in nephrotic syndrome and hypercoagulable state
		Interstitial nephritis^[42]		Lower back pain	−	−	+	+	−	−	Nl or ↑	Rash Weight loss Oliguria	Eosinophilia	Hyperkalemia Isosthenuria	+	+	−	−	Proteinuria Eosinophiluria	Nl	Clinical manifestation + urinalysis	Associated with medications, particularly antibiotics
		IgA nephropathy^[43]		−	−	−	−	−	−	+	Nl or ↑	Might be asymptomatic	Nl	Nl	+	−	−	−	Proteinuria Microscopic hematuria	Nl	Biopsy	History of upper respiratory infection
		Renal transplant rejection^[44]		Flank pain	+	+	+	+	+	+	↑	Might be asymptomatic Oliguria	Leukocytosis	Nl	+	+	−	−	Proteinuria Microscopic hematuria	Increased graft size on ultrasound	Renal allograft biopsy	Acute rise in the serum creatinine History of transplant
	Disease			Pain	Fever	N/V	Dysuria	Frequency	Urgency	Gross hematuria	BP	Other PE	CBC	Electrolytes	Cell	Cast	Bacteriuria	Culture	Other UA findings	Imaging	Gold standard for diagnosis	Associated findings
	Systemic disease	Diabetic nephropathy^[45]		−	−	−	−	−	−	±	↑	Might be asymptomatic	Nl	Nl	+	−	−	−	Albuminuria Microscopic hematuria	Nl	Clinical manifestation + laboratory tests	History of retinopathy and neuropathy Slow and progressive renal failure
		Lupus nephritis^[46]		−	+	−	+	+	+	+	↑	Rash Oral ulcer Arthritis	Pancytopenia	Nl	+	+	−	−	Hematuria Proteinuria	Enlarged kidneys on CT scan	Biopsy	Abnormal results of specific serologic tests
		Sjögren’s syndrome^[47]		−	−	−	+	+	−	−	↑	Dryness of all mucous membranes	Pancytopenia	Nl	+	+	−	−	Hematuria Proteinuria	Abnormal diffuse fat tissue deposition and diffuse punctate calcification on parotid gland CT scan	Clinical manifestation + laboratory tests	Abnormal results of specific serologic tests
		Kawasaki's disease^[48]		−	+	−	+	+	+	−	Nl	Rash Irritability Desquamation of skin and mucous membranes	Normocytic normochromic anemia Thrombocytosis Leukocytosis	Hyponatremia	+	−	−	−	−	Vessels involvement on angiography	Clinical manifestation	Associated with multiple organ involvement including heart
	Medication/toxin	Analgesic nephropathy^[49]		Flank pain	+	+	+	+	+	+	↑	Chronic headache Low back pain	Eosinophilia	Hyperkalemia Isosthenuria	+	+	−	−	Proteinuria Eosinophiluria	Renal impairment on CT scan	Imaging	Characterized by papillary necrosis and chronic interstitial nephritis Caused by the chronic use of analgesic agents
	Medication/toxin	Contrast−induced nephropathy^[50]		+	−	+	+	−	−	−	Nl	Oliguria	Nl	Hyperkalemia Acidosis Hyperphosphatemia	+	+	−	−	Fractional sodium excretion (FENa) <1%	NA	Clinical manifestation + exclusion of other causes of AKI	Associated with reversible type of acute kidney injury Acute increase in the serum creatinine
Category	Disease			Pain	Fever	N/V	Dysuria	Frequency	Urgency	Gross hematuria	BP	Other PE	CBC	Electrolytes	Cell	Cast	Bacteriuria	Culture	Other UA findings	Imaging	Gold standard for diagnosis	Associated findings

↑ Wise, Gilbert J.; Longo, Dan L.; Schlegel, Peter N. (2015). "Sterile Pyuria". New England Journal of Medicine. 372 (11): 1048–1054. doi:10.1056/NEJMra1410052. ISSN 0028-4793.
↑ Stamm, Walter E. (1983). "Measurement of pyuria and its relation to bacteriuria". The American Journal of Medicine. 75 (1): 53–58. doi:10.1016/0002-9343(83)90073-6. ISSN 0002-9343.
↑ Groah, Suzanne; Perez-Losada, Marcos; Caldovic, Ljubica; Ljungberg, Inger; Sprague, Bruce; Castro-Nallar, Eduardo; Shah, Neel; Hsieh, Michael; Pohl, Hans (2015). "MP20-08 PYURIA AND ASYMPTOMATIC BACTERIURIA IS ASSOCIATED WITH NOVEL AND SPECIFIC URINE MICROBIOMES". The Journal of Urology. 193 (4): e226. doi:10.1016/j.juro.2015.02.980. ISSN 0022-5347.
↑ Shaikh, N.; Shope, T. R.; Hoberman, A.; Vigliotti, A.; Kurs-Lasky, M.; Martin, J. M. (2016). "Association Between Uropathogen and Pyuria". PEDIATRICS. 138 (1): e20160087–e20160087. doi:10.1542/peds.2016-0087. ISSN 0031-4005.
↑ Neal DE (February 2008). "Complicated urinary tract infections". Urol. Clin. North Am. 35 (1): 13–22, v. doi:10.1016/j.ucl.2007.09.010. PMID 18061020.
↑ Nicolle, Lindsay E. (2014). "Asymptomatic bacteriuria". Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases. 27 (1): 90–96. doi:10.1097/QCO.0000000000000019. ISSN 0951-7375.
↑ Nicolle, Lindsay E. (2015). "Asymptomatic Bacteriuria and Bacterial Interference". Microbiology Spectrum. 3 (5). doi:10.1128/microbiolspec.UTI-0001-2012. ISSN 2165-0497.
↑ Sabih A, Leslie SW. PMID 28613784. Missing or empty |title= (help)
↑ Pietrucha-Dilanchian P, Hooton TM (December 2016). "Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention of Urinary Tract Infection". Microbiol Spectr. 4 (6). doi:10.1128/microbiolspec.UTI-0021-2015. PMID 28087935.
↑ Aboumohamed A, Flechner SM, Chiesa-Vottero A, Srinivas TR, Mossad SB (November 2014). "Disseminated adenoviral infection masquerading as lower urinary tract voiding dysfunction in a kidney transplant recipient". Clin. Nephrol. 82 (5): 332–6. doi:10.5414/CN107977. PMID 23816478.
↑ Santiago-Rodriguez TM, Ly M, Bonilla N, Pride DT (2015). "The human urine virome in association with urinary tract infections". Front Microbiol. 6: 14. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2015.00014. PMC 4304238. PMID 25667584.
↑ Altiparmak MR, Trabulus S, Balkan II, Yalin SF, Denizli N, Aslan G, Doruk HE, Engin A, Tekin R, Birengel S, Cetin BD, Arslan F, Turhan V, Mert A (August 2015). "Urinary tuberculosis: a cohort of 79 adult cases". Ren Fail. 37 (7): 1157–63. doi:10.3109/0886022X.2015.1057460. PMID 26123266.
↑ Verma AK, Mishra AK, Kumar M, Kant S, Singh A, Singh A (July 2016). "Renal tuberculosis presenting as acute pyelonephritis - A rarity". Indian J Tuberc. 63 (3): 210–213. doi:10.1016/j.ijtb.2015.07.010. PMID 27865246.
↑ Daher Ede F, da Silva GB, Barros EJ (January 2013). "Renal tuberculosis in the modern era". Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 88 (1): 54–64. doi:10.4269/ajtmh.2013.12-0413. PMC 3541747. PMID 23303798.
↑ Czapka M, Shukla S, Slosar-Cheah M (August 2017). "Urine trouble: genitourinary tuberculosis and subsequent DRESS syndrome". BMJ Case Rep. 2017. doi:10.1136/bcr-2017-220440. PMID 28784884.
↑ Kim J, Kim DS, Lee YS, Choi NG (September 2011). "Fungal urinary tract infection in burn patients with long-term foley catheterization". Korean J Urol. 52 (9): 626–31. doi:10.4111/kju.2011.52.9.626. PMC 3198237. PMID 22025959.
↑ Carvalho M, Guimarães CM, Mayer JR, Bordignon GP, Queiroz-Telles F (December 2001). "Hospital-associated funguria: analysis of risk factors, clinical presentation and outcome". Braz J Infect Dis. 5 (6): 313–8. PMID 11980593.
↑ Matthews, R.S.; Bonigal, S.D.; Wise, R. (1990). "Sterile pyuria and Chlamydia trachomatis". The Lancet. 336 (8711): 385. doi:10.1016/0140-6736(90)91936-5. ISSN 0140-6736.
↑ Tayal SC, Pattman RS (1996). "Sterile pyuria: consider chlamydial infection". Br J Clin Pract. 50 (3): 166–7. PMID 8733337.
↑ Clarke M, Maskell R (December 1981). "Gonorrhoea presenting as "sterile" pyuria". Br Med J (Clin Res Ed). 283 (6305): 1546. PMC 1507898. PMID 6799059.
↑ Jephcott AE (August 1997). "Microbiological diagnosis of gonorrhoea". Genitourin Med. 73 (4): 245–52. PMC 1195851. PMID 9389943.
↑ Tomas ME, Getman D, Donskey CJ, Hecker MT (August 2015). "Overdiagnosis of Urinary Tract Infection and Underdiagnosis of Sexually Transmitted Infection in Adult Women Presenting to an Emergency Department". J. Clin. Microbiol. 53 (8): 2686–92. doi:10.1128/JCM.00670-15. PMC 4508438. PMID 26063863.
↑ Nassar FA, Abu-Elamreen FH, Shubair ME, Sharif FA (2008). "Detection of Chlamydia trachomatis and Mycoplasma hominis, genitalium and Ureaplasma urealyticum by polymerase chain reaction in patients with sterile pyuria". Adv Med Sci. 53 (1): 80–6. doi:10.2478/v10039-008-0020-1. PMID 18614434.
↑ Xu F, Sternberg MR, Kottiri BJ, McQuillan GM, Lee FK, Nahmias AJ, Berman SM, Markowitz LE (August 2006). "Trends in herpes simplex virus type 1 and type 2 seroprevalence in the United States". JAMA. 296 (8): 964–73. doi:10.1001/jama.296.8.964. PMID 16926356.
↑ Chen, Po-Hong; Hsueh, Hsiu-Fang; Hong, Chang-Zern (2002). "Herpes zoster–associated voiding dysfunction: A retrospective study and literature review". Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. 83 (11): 1624–1628. doi:10.1053/apmr.2002.34602. ISSN 0003-9993.
↑ Guo CC, Fine SW, Epstein JI (July 2006). "Noninvasive squamous lesions in the urinary bladder: a clinicopathologic analysis of 29 cases". Am. J. Surg. Pathol. 30 (7): 883–91. doi:10.1097/01.pas.0000213283.20166.5a. PMID 16819332.
↑ Parkhie SM, Fine DM, Lucas GM, Atta MG (May 2010). "Characteristics of patients with HIV and biopsy-proven acute interstitial nephritis". Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 5 (5): 798–804. doi:10.2215/CJN.08211109. PMC 2863972. PMID 20338962.
↑ Wagenlehner FM, Pilatz A, Bschleipfer T, Diemer T, Linn T, Meinhardt A, Schagdarsurengin U, Dansranjavin T, Schuppe HC, Weidner W (August 2013). "Bacterial prostatitis". World J Urol. 31 (4): 711–6. doi:10.1007/s00345-013-1055-x. PMID 23519458.
↑ Hsu CY, Lin CL, Kao CH (May 2015). "Balanitis is a risk factor for herpes zoster". Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 34 (5): 985–90. doi:10.1007/s10096-015-2314-0. PMID 25596845.
↑ Lee SL, Walsh AJ, Ho HS (May 2001). "Computed tomography and ultrasonography do not improve and may delay the diagnosis and treatment of acute appendicitis". Arch Surg. 136 (5): 556–62. PMID 11343547.
↑ Mahattanobon S, Samphao S, Pruekprasert P (August 2014). "Clinical features of complicated acute appendicitis". J Med Assoc Thai. 97 (8): 835–40. PMID 25345259.
↑ Forster, C.S.; Haslam, D.B.; Jackson, E.; Goldstein, S.L. (2017). "Utility of a routine urinalysis in children who require clean intermittent catheterization". Journal of Pediatric Urology. 13 (5): 488.e1–488.e5. doi:10.1016/j.jpurol.2017.01.016. ISSN 1477-5131.
↑ Fwu CW, Eggers PW, Kimmel PL, Kusek JW, Kirkali Z (March 2013). "Emergency department visits, use of imaging, and drugs for urolithiasis have increased in the United States". Kidney Int. 83 (3): 479–86. doi:10.1038/ki.2012.419. PMC 3587650. PMID 23283137.
↑ Singh P, Enders FT, Vaughan LE, Bergstralh EJ, Knoedler JJ, Krambeck AE, Lieske JC, Rule AD (October 2015). "Stone Composition Among First-Time Symptomatic Kidney Stone Formers in the Community". Mayo Clin. Proc. 90 (10): 1356–65. doi:10.1016/j.mayocp.2015.07.016. PMC 4593754. PMID 26349951.
↑ Azuma T, Nagase Y, Oshi M (September 2013). "Pyuria predicts poor prognosis in patients with non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer". Clin Genitourin Cancer. 11 (3): 331–6. doi:10.1016/j.clgc.2013.04.002. PMID 23664207.
↑ Hampton BS, Kay A, Pilzek A (January 2015). "Urinary fistula and incontinence". Semin. Reprod. Med. 33 (1): 47–52. doi:10.1055/s-0034-1395279. PMID 25565512.
↑ Konkle KS, Berry SH, Elliott MN, Hilton L, Suttorp MJ, Clauw DJ, Clemens JQ (February 2012). "Comparison of an interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome clinical cohort with symptomatic community women from the RAND Interstitial Cystitis Epidemiology study". J. Urol. 187 (2): 508–12. doi:10.1016/j.juro.2011.10.040. PMC 3894739. PMID 22177158.
↑ Hubert KC, Kokorowski PJ, Huang L, Prasad MM, Rosoklija I, Retik AB, Nelson CP (February 2014). "New contralateral vesicoureteral reflux after unilateral ureteral reimplantation: predictive factors and clinical outcomes". J. Urol. 191 (2): 451–7. doi:10.1016/j.juro.2013.08.076. PMC 4123205. PMID 24012582.
↑ Dancz CE, Walker D, Thomas D, Özel B (August 2015). "Prevalence of Hydronephrosis in Women With Advanced Pelvic Organ Prolapse". Urology. 86 (2): 250–4. doi:10.1016/j.urology.2015.05.005. PMID 26194290.
↑ Paul BM, Vanden Heuvel GB (2014). "Kidney: polycystic kidney disease". Wiley Interdiscip Rev Dev Biol. 3 (6): 465–87. doi:10.1002/wdev.152. PMC 4423807. PMID 25186187.
↑ Mahmoodi BK, ten Kate MK, Waanders F, Veeger NJ, Brouwer JL, Vogt L, Navis G, van der Meer J (January 2008). "High absolute risks and predictors of venous and arterial thromboembolic events in patients with nephrotic syndrome: results from a large retrospective cohort study". Circulation. 117 (2): 224–30. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.716951. PMID 18158362.
↑ Raghavan R, Eknoyan G (September 2014). "Acute interstitial nephritis - a reappraisal and update". Clin. Nephrol. 82 (3): 149–62. PMC 4928030. PMID 25079860.
↑ Roberts IS (August 2014). "Pathology of IgA nephropathy". Nat Rev Nephrol. 10 (8): 445–54. doi:10.1038/nrneph.2014.92. PMID 24861083.
↑ Martin-Moreno PL, Tripathi S, Chandraker A (May 2018). "Regulatory T Cells and Kidney Transplantation". Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. doi:10.2215/CJN.01750218. PMID 29789350.
↑ Bjornstad P, Cherney D, Maahs DM (August 2014). "Early diabetic nephropathy in type 1 diabetes: new insights". Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes. 21 (4): 279–86. doi:10.1097/MED.0000000000000074. PMC 4138314. PMID 24983394.
↑ Schwartz, Noa; Goilav, Beatrice; Putterman, Chaim (2014). "The pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment of lupus nephritis". Current Opinion in Rheumatology. 26 (5): 502–509. doi:10.1097/BOR.0000000000000089. ISSN 1040-8711.
↑ de Paiva, Cintia S.; Rocha, Eduardo Melani (2015). "Sjögren syndrome". Current Opinion in Ophthalmology. 26 (6): 517–525. doi:10.1097/ICU.0000000000000208. ISSN 1040-8738.
↑ Wirojanan J, Sopontammarak S, Vachvanichsanong P (March 2004). "Sterile pyuria in Kawasaki disease". Pediatr. Nephrol. 19 (3): 363. doi:10.1007/s00467-003-1394-8. PMID 14745638.
↑ Henderickx M, Brits T, De Baets K, Seghers M, Maes P, Trouet D, De Wachter S, De Win G (June 2017). "Renal papillary necrosis in patients with sickle cell disease: How to recognize this 'forgotten' diagnosis". J Pediatr Urol. 13 (3): 250–256. doi:10.1016/j.jpurol.2017.01.020. PMID 28341428. Vancouver style error: initials (help)
↑ Patschan, D.; Buschmann, I.; Ritter, O. (2018). "Contrast-Induced Nephropathy: Update on the Use of Crystalloids and Pharmacological Measures". International Journal of Nephrology. 2018: 1–8. doi:10.1155/2018/5727309. ISSN 2090-214X.

[WiseLongo2015-1] Wise, Gilbert J.; Longo, Dan L.; Schlegel, Peter N. (2015). "Sterile Pyuria". New England Journal of Medicine. 372 (11): 1048–1054. doi:10.1056/NEJMra1410052. ISSN 0028-4793.

[Stamm1983-2] Stamm, Walter E. (1983). "Measurement of pyuria and its relation to bacteriuria". The American Journal of Medicine. 75 (1): 53–58. doi:10.1016/0002-9343(83)90073-6. ISSN 0002-9343.

[GroahPerez-Losada2015-3] Groah, Suzanne; Perez-Losada, Marcos; Caldovic, Ljubica; Ljungberg, Inger; Sprague, Bruce; Castro-Nallar, Eduardo; Shah, Neel; Hsieh, Michael; Pohl, Hans (2015). "MP20-08 PYURIA AND ASYMPTOMATIC BACTERIURIA IS ASSOCIATED WITH NOVEL AND SPECIFIC URINE MICROBIOMES". The Journal of Urology. 193 (4): e226. doi:10.1016/j.juro.2015.02.980. ISSN 0022-5347.

[ShaikhShope2016-4] Shaikh, N.; Shope, T. R.; Hoberman, A.; Vigliotti, A.; Kurs-Lasky, M.; Martin, J. M. (2016). "Association Between Uropathogen and Pyuria". PEDIATRICS. 138 (1): e20160087–e20160087. doi:10.1542/peds.2016-0087. ISSN 0031-4005.

[pmid18061020-5] Neal DE (February 2008). "Complicated urinary tract infections". Urol. Clin. North Am. 35 (1): 13–22, v. doi:10.1016/j.ucl.2007.09.010. PMID 18061020.

[Nicolle2014-6] Nicolle, Lindsay E. (2014). "Asymptomatic bacteriuria". Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases. 27 (1): 90–96. doi:10.1097/QCO.0000000000000019. ISSN 0951-7375.

[Nicolle2015-7] Nicolle, Lindsay E. (2015). "Asymptomatic Bacteriuria and Bacterial Interference". Microbiology Spectrum. 3 (5). doi:10.1128/microbiolspec.UTI-0001-2012. ISSN 2165-0497.

[pmid28613784-8] Sabih A, Leslie SW. PMID 28613784. Missing or empty |title= (help)

[pmid28087935-9] Pietrucha-Dilanchian P, Hooton TM (December 2016). "Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention of Urinary Tract Infection". Microbiol Spectr. 4 (6). doi:10.1128/microbiolspec.UTI-0021-2015. PMID 28087935.

[pmid23816478-10] Aboumohamed A, Flechner SM, Chiesa-Vottero A, Srinivas TR, Mossad SB (November 2014). "Disseminated adenoviral infection masquerading as lower urinary tract voiding dysfunction in a kidney transplant recipient". Clin. Nephrol. 82 (5): 332–6. doi:10.5414/CN107977. PMID 23816478.

[pmid25667584-11] Santiago-Rodriguez TM, Ly M, Bonilla N, Pride DT (2015). "The human urine virome in association with urinary tract infections". Front Microbiol. 6: 14. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2015.00014. PMC 4304238. PMID 25667584.

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-== Pyuria Differential Diagnosis ==
+==Differentiating Asymptomatic Bacteriuria From Other Diseases==
-'''Differentiating the diseases that can cause pyuria:'''<ref name="WiseLongo2015">{{cite journal|last1=Wise|first1=Gilbert J.|last2=Longo|first2=Dan L.|last3=Schlegel|first3=Peter N.|title=Sterile Pyuria|journal=New England Journal of Medicine|volume=372|issue=11|year=2015|pages=1048–1054|issn=0028-4793|doi=10.1056/NEJMra1410052}}</ref><ref name="Stamm1983">{{cite journal|last1=Stamm|first1=Walter E.|title=Measurement of pyuria and its relation to bacteriuria|journal=The American Journal of Medicine|volume=75|issue=1|year=1983|pages=53–58|issn=00029343|doi=10.1016/0002-9343(83)90073-6}}</ref><ref name="GroahPerez-Losada2015">{{cite journal|last1=Groah|first1=Suzanne|last2=Perez-Losada|first2=Marcos|last3=Caldovic|first3=Ljubica|last4=Ljungberg|first4=Inger|last5=Sprague|first5=Bruce|last6=Castro-Nallar|first6=Eduardo|last7=Shah|first7=Neel|last8=Hsieh|first8=Michael|last9=Pohl|first9=Hans|title=MP20-08 PYURIA AND ASYMPTOMATIC BACTERIURIA IS ASSOCIATED WITH NOVEL AND SPECIFIC URINE MICROBIOMES|journal=The Journal of Urology|volume=193|issue=4|year=2015|pages=e226|issn=00225347|doi=10.1016/j.juro.2015.02.980}}</ref><ref name="ShaikhShope2016">{{cite journal|last1=Shaikh|first1=N.|last2=Shope|first2=T. R.|last3=Hoberman|first3=A.|last4=Vigliotti|first4=A.|last5=Kurs-Lasky|first5=M.|last6=Martin|first6=J. M.|title=Association Between Uropathogen and Pyuria|journal=PEDIATRICS|volume=138|issue=1|year=2016|pages=e20160087–e20160087|issn=0031-4005|doi=10.1542/peds.2016-0087}}</ref>
+Asymptomatic Bacteriuria must be differentiated from other diseases that might cause bacteriuria.<ref name="WiseLongo2015">{{cite journal|last1=Wise|first1=Gilbert J.|last2=Longo|first2=Dan L.|last3=Schlegel|first3=Peter N.|title=Sterile Pyuria|journal=New England Journal of Medicine|volume=372|issue=11|year=2015|pages=1048–1054|issn=0028-4793|doi=10.1056/NEJMra1410052}}</ref><ref name="Stamm1983">{{cite journal|last1=Stamm|first1=Walter E.|title=Measurement of pyuria and its relation to bacteriuria|journal=The American Journal of Medicine|volume=75|issue=1|year=1983|pages=53–58|issn=00029343|doi=10.1016/0002-9343(83)90073-6}}</ref><ref name="GroahPerez-Losada2015">{{cite journal|last1=Groah|first1=Suzanne|last2=Perez-Losada|first2=Marcos|last3=Caldovic|first3=Ljubica|last4=Ljungberg|first4=Inger|last5=Sprague|first5=Bruce|last6=Castro-Nallar|first6=Eduardo|last7=Shah|first7=Neel|last8=Hsieh|first8=Michael|last9=Pohl|first9=Hans|title=MP20-08 PYURIA AND ASYMPTOMATIC BACTERIURIA IS ASSOCIATED WITH NOVEL AND SPECIFIC URINE MICROBIOMES|journal=The Journal of Urology|volume=193|issue=4|year=2015|pages=e226|issn=00225347|doi=10.1016/j.juro.2015.02.980}}</ref><ref name="ShaikhShope2016">{{cite journal|last1=Shaikh|first1=N.|last2=Shope|first2=T. R.|last3=Hoberman|first3=A.|last4=Vigliotti|first4=A.|last5=Kurs-Lasky|first5=M.|last6=Martin|first6=J. M.|title=Association Between Uropathogen and Pyuria|journal=PEDIATRICS|volume=138|issue=1|year=2016|pages=e20160087–e20160087|issn=0031-4005|doi=10.1542/peds.2016-0087}}</ref>
+'''To review differential diagnosis of pyuria, click here.'''
+'''To review differential diagnosis of sterile pyuria, click here.'''
 {|
 |- style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;"
@@ Line 41: / Line 44: @@
 ! rowspan="3" align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |[[Bacteria|Bacterial]]
 ! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |[[Asymptomatic bacteriuria]]<ref name="Nicolle2014">{{cite journal|last1=Nicolle|first1=Lindsay E.|title=Asymptomatic bacteriuria|journal=Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases|volume=27|issue=1|year=2014|pages=90–96|issn=0951-7375|doi=10.1097/QCO.0000000000000019}}</ref><ref name="Nicolle2015">{{cite journal|last1=Nicolle|first1=Lindsay E.|title=Asymptomatic Bacteriuria and Bacterial Interference|journal=Microbiology Spectrum|volume=3|issue=5|year=2015|issn=2165-0497|doi=10.1128/microbiolspec.UTI-0001-2012}}</ref>
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | −
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | −
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | −
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | −
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | −
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | −
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | −
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | −
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |±
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | −
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | −
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |NA
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |NA
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |[[Urine|Urinalysis]]
 | align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* Increased risk in [[pregnancy]]
+*Increased risk in [[pregnancy]]
-* Must be treated prior to an invasive urologic procedure
+*Must be treated prior to an invasive urologic procedure
 |-
 ! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |[[Cystitis]]<ref name="pmid28613784">{{cite journal |vauthors=Sabih A, Leslie SW |title= |journal= |volume= |issue= |pages= |date= |pmid=28613784 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
@@ Line 80: / Line 83: @@
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
 | align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* [[Nitrite]] +
+*[[Nitrite]] +
-* [[Leukocyte esterase]] +
+*[[Leukocyte esterase]] +
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |NA
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |[[Urine|Urinalysis]]
@@ Line 97: / Line 100: @@
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* [[Leukocytosis]]
+*[[Leukocytosis]]
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
@@ Line 104: / Line 107: @@
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
 | align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* [[Nitrite]] +
+*[[Nitrite]] +
-* [[Leukocyte esterase]] +
+*[[Leukocyte esterase]] +
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |NA
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Clinical manifestation + [[Urine|urinalysis]]
@@ Line 111: / Line 114: @@
 |-
 ! colspan="2" align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |[[Virus|Viral]]<ref name="pmid23816478">{{cite journal |vauthors=Aboumohamed A, Flechner SM, Chiesa-Vottero A, Srinivas TR, Mossad SB |title=Disseminated adenoviral infection masquerading as lower urinary tract voiding dysfunction in a kidney transplant recipient |journal=Clin. Nephrol. |volume=82 |issue=5 |pages=332–6 |date=November 2014 |pmid=23816478 |doi=10.5414/CN107977 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid25667584">{{cite journal |vauthors=Santiago-Rodriguez TM, Ly M, Bonilla N, Pride DT |title=The human urine virome in association with urinary tract infections |journal=Front Microbiol |volume=6 |issue= |pages=14 |date=2015 |pmid=25667584 |pmc=4304238 |doi=10.3389/fmicb.2015.00014 |url=}}</ref>
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | −
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
@@ Line 123: / Line 126: @@
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | −
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | −
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | −
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |NA
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |NA
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |PCR viral load
 | align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-*  Increased risk in immunosuppressed [[Kidney transplantation|kidney transplant]] patients
+* Increased risk in immunosuppressed [[Kidney transplantation|kidney transplant]] patients
-* [[Cytomegalovirus infection|CMV]], [[Epstein Barr virus|EBV]], [[BK virus]], [[Adenoviridae|adenovirus]] might be seen
+*[[Cytomegalovirus infection|CMV]], [[Epstein Barr virus|EBV]], [[BK virus]], [[Adenoviridae|adenovirus]] might be seen
 |-
 ! colspan="2" align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |[[Tuberculosis]]<ref name="pmid26123266">{{cite journal |vauthors=Altiparmak MR, Trabulus S, Balkan II, Yalin SF, Denizli N, Aslan G, Doruk HE, Engin A, Tekin R, Birengel S, Cetin BD, Arslan F, Turhan V, Mert A |title=Urinary tuberculosis: a cohort of 79 adult cases |journal=Ren Fail |volume=37 |issue=7 |pages=1157–63 |date=August 2015 |pmid=26123266 |doi=10.3109/0886022X.2015.1057460 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid27865246">{{cite journal |vauthors=Verma AK, Mishra AK, Kumar M, Kant S, Singh A, Singh A |title=Renal tuberculosis presenting as acute pyelonephritis - A rarity |journal=Indian J Tuberc |volume=63 |issue=3 |pages=210–213 |date=July 2016 |pmid=27865246 |doi=10.1016/j.ijtb.2015.07.010 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid23303798">{{cite journal |vauthors=Daher Ede F, da Silva GB, Barros EJ |title=Renal tuberculosis in the modern era |journal=Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. |volume=88 |issue=1 |pages=54–64 |date=January 2013 |pmid=23303798 |pmc=3541747 |doi=10.4269/ajtmh.2013.12-0413 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid28784884">{{cite journal |vauthors=Czapka M, Shukla S, Slosar-Cheah M |title=Urine trouble: genitourinary tuberculosis and subsequent DRESS syndrome |journal=BMJ Case Rep |volume=2017 |issue= |pages= |date=August 2017 |pmid=28784884 |doi=10.1136/bcr-2017-220440 |url=}}</ref>
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | −
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |±
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | −
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
@@ Line 142: / Line 145: @@
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | −
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |±
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | −
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | −
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Positive mycobacterial urine culture
 | align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* [[Microscopic hematuria]]
+*[[Microscopic hematuria]]
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |[[Tuberculosis|Pulmonary TB]] on chest CT
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Urine mycobacterial [[Polymerase chain reaction|PCR]]
 | align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* Past history of [[Tuberculosis|pulmonary TB]]
+*Past history of [[Tuberculosis|pulmonary TB]]
 |-
 ! colspan="2" align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |[[Fungal]]<ref name="pmid22025959">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kim J, Kim DS, Lee YS, Choi NG |title=Fungal urinary tract infection in burn patients with long-term foley catheterization |journal=Korean J Urol |volume=52 |issue=9 |pages=626–31 |date=September 2011 |pmid=22025959 |pmc=3198237 |doi=10.4111/kju.2011.52.9.626 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid11980593">{{cite journal |vauthors=Carvalho M, Guimarães CM, Mayer JR, Bordignon GP, Queiroz-Telles F |title=Hospital-associated funguria: analysis of risk factors, clinical presentation and outcome |journal=Braz J Infect Dis |volume=5 |issue=6 |pages=313–8 |date=December 2001 |pmid=11980593 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
@@ Line 176: / Line 179: @@
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |[[Urine culture]]
 | align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* Increased risk in patients with long−term foley [[Catheter|catheters]]
+*Increased risk in patients with long−term foley [[Catheter|catheters]]
-* [[Candidiasis|Candida]] as the most prevalent fungus
+*[[Candidiasis|Candida]] as the most prevalent fungus
 |-
 ! rowspan="7" align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |[[Sexually transmitted disease|STD]]
@@ Line 190: / Line 193: @@
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
 | align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* [[Tenderness (medicine)|Abdominal tenderness]]
+*[[Tenderness (medicine)|Abdominal tenderness]]
-* [[Adnexa|Adnexal]] motion [[tenderness]]
+*[[Adnexa|Adnexal]] motion [[tenderness]]
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
@@ Line 202: / Line 205: @@
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |[[Polymerase chain reaction|PCR]]
 | align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* Females might have concurrent chlamydial [[cervicitis]]
+*Females might have concurrent chlamydial [[cervicitis]]
-* Must be considered in young, sexually active males
+*Must be considered in young, sexually active males
 |-
 ! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |[[Gonococcus]]<ref name="pmid6799059">{{cite journal |vauthors=Clarke M, Maskell R |title=Gonorrhoea presenting as "sterile" pyuria |journal=Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) |volume=283 |issue=6305 |pages=1546 |date=December 1981 |pmid=6799059 |pmc=1507898 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid9389943">{{cite journal |vauthors=Jephcott AE |title=Microbiological diagnosis of gonorrhoea |journal=Genitourin Med |volume=73 |issue=4 |pages=245–52 |date=August 1997 |pmid=9389943 |pmc=1195851 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid26063863">{{cite journal |vauthors=Tomas ME, Getman D, Donskey CJ, Hecker MT |title=Overdiagnosis of Urinary Tract Infection and Underdiagnosis of Sexually Transmitted Infection in Adult Women Presenting to an Emergency Department |journal=J. Clin. Microbiol. |volume=53 |issue=8 |pages=2686–92 |date=August 2015 |pmid=26063863 |pmc=4508438 |doi=10.1128/JCM.00670-15 |url=}}</ref>
@@ Line 215: / Line 218: @@
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
 | align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* [[Tenderness (medicine)|Abdominal tenderness]]
+*[[Tenderness (medicine)|Abdominal tenderness]]
-* [[Adnexa|Adnexal]] motion [[tenderness]]
+*[[Adnexa|Adnexal]] motion [[tenderness]]
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
@@ Line 225: / Line 228: @@
 High false negative result
 | align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* Intracellular gram−negative [[Diplococcus|diplococci]] on [[Gram staining|gram stain]]
+*Intracellular gram−negative [[Diplococcus|diplococci]] on [[Gram staining|gram stain]]
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |NA
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |[[Nucleic acid amplification technique|Nucleic acid amplification]] testing (NAAT)
 | align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* Females might have concurrent cervical [[Gonorrhea|gonococcal infection]]
+*Females might have concurrent cervical [[Gonorrhea|gonococcal infection]]
-* Must be considered in young, sexually active males
+*Must be considered in young, sexually active males
 |-
 ! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |[[Ureaplasma urealyticum]]<ref name="pmid18614434">{{cite journal |vauthors=Nassar FA, Abu-Elamreen FH, Shubair ME, Sharif FA |title=Detection of Chlamydia trachomatis and Mycoplasma hominis, genitalium and Ureaplasma urealyticum by polymerase chain reaction in patients with sterile pyuria |journal=Adv Med Sci |volume=53 |issue=1 |pages=80–6 |date=2008 |pmid=18614434 |doi=10.2478/v10039-008-0020-1 |url=}}</ref>
@@ Line 247: / Line 250: @@
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | −
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
 | align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* Gram stain −
+*Gram stain −
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |NA
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |[[Polymerase chain reaction|PCR]]
 | align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* Associated with complications of pregnancy
+*Associated with complications of pregnancy
 |-
 ! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |[[Herpes simplex virus]]<ref name="pmid16926356">{{cite journal |vauthors=Xu F, Sternberg MR, Kottiri BJ, McQuillan GM, Lee FK, Nahmias AJ, Berman SM, Markowitz LE |title=Trends in herpes simplex virus type 1 and type 2 seroprevalence in the United States |journal=JAMA |volume=296 |issue=8 |pages=964–73 |date=August 2006 |pmid=16926356 |doi=10.1001/jama.296.8.964 |url=}}</ref>
@@ Line 265: / Line 268: @@
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
 | align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* Painful [[Genital ulcer|genital ulcers]]
+*Painful [[Genital ulcer|genital ulcers]]
-* Tender local inguinal [[lymphadenopathy]]
+*Tender local inguinal [[lymphadenopathy]]
-* Acute [[urinary retention]]
+*Acute [[urinary retention]]
-* Loss of sacral sensation
+*Loss of sacral sensation
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
@@ Line 279: / Line 282: @@
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Clinical manifestation + [[Polymerase chain reaction|PCR]]
 | align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* Associated with extragenital complications, like [[Meningitis|aseptic meningitis]]
+*Associated with extragenital complications, like [[Meningitis|aseptic meningitis]]
-* High risk of recurrence
+*High risk of recurrence
 |-
 ! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |[[Herpes zoster]]<ref name="ChenHsueh2002">{{cite journal|last1=Chen|first1=Po-Hong|last2=Hsueh|first2=Hsiu-Fang|last3=Hong|first3=Chang-Zern|title=Herpes zoster–associated voiding dysfunction: A retrospective study and literature review|journal=Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation|volume=83|issue=11|year=2002|pages=1624–1628|issn=00039993|doi=10.1053/apmr.2002.34602}}</ref>
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | −
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
@@ Line 292: / Line 295: @@
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
 | align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* [[Rash]]
+*[[Rash]]
-* Acute [[neuritis]]
+*Acute [[neuritis]]
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
@@ Line 301: / Line 304: @@
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
 | align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-*  [[Microscopic hematuria]]
+* [[Microscopic hematuria]]
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |NA
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Clinical manifestation + [[Polymerase chain reaction|PCR]]
 | align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* Associated with lumbosacral [[dermatome]] involvement
+*Associated with lumbosacral [[dermatome]] involvement
 |-
 ! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |[[Human papillomavirus|HPV]]<ref name="pmid16819332">{{cite journal |vauthors=Guo CC, Fine SW, Epstein JI |title=Noninvasive squamous lesions in the urinary bladder: a clinicopathologic analysis of 29 cases |journal=Am. J. Surg. Pathol. |volume=30 |issue=7 |pages=883–91 |date=July 2006 |pmid=16819332 |doi=10.1097/01.pas.0000213283.20166.5a |url=}}</ref>
@@ Line 317: / Line 320: @@
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* [[Genital warts|Genital wart]]
+*[[Genital warts|Genital wart]]
-* [[Cancer|Cancerous]] lesions of the [[Sex organ|genitalia]]
+*[[Cancer|Cancerous]] lesions of the [[Sex organ|genitalia]]
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
@@ Line 329: / Line 332: @@
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Clinical manifestation + [[Polymerase chain reaction|PCR]]
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* Associated with [[Bladder cancer|bladder carcinoma]]
+*Associated with [[Bladder cancer|bladder carcinoma]]
-* Prevented by [[HPV Vaccine|HPV vaccination]]
+*Prevented by [[HPV Vaccine|HPV vaccination]]
 |-
 ! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |[[Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)|HIV]]<ref name="pmid20338962">{{cite journal |vauthors=Parkhie SM, Fine DM, Lucas GM, Atta MG |title=Characteristics of patients with HIV and biopsy-proven acute interstitial nephritis |journal=Clin J Am Soc Nephrol |volume=5 |issue=5 |pages=798–804 |date=May 2010 |pmid=20338962 |pmc=2863972 |doi=10.2215/CJN.08211109 |url=}}</ref>
@@ Line 342: / Line 345: @@
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* Painful mucocutaneous ulceration
+*Painful mucocutaneous ulceration
-* [[Lymphadenopathy]]
+*[[Lymphadenopathy]]
-* [[Meningitis|Aseptic meningitis]]
+*[[Meningitis|Aseptic meningitis]]
-* [[Diarrhea]]
+*[[Diarrhea]]
-* [[Weight loss]]
+*[[Weight loss]]
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* [[Leukopenia]]
+*[[Leukopenia]]
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
@@ Line 358: / Line 361: @@
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Combination antigen/antibody immunoassay + PCR [[Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)|HIV]] viral load test
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* Might be gone to chronic [[Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)|HIV]] infection with or without evidence of the [[Immunodeficiency|acquired immunodeficiency syndrome]] ([[HIV AIDS|AIDS]])
+*Might be gone to chronic [[Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)|HIV]] infection with or without evidence of the [[Immunodeficiency|acquired immunodeficiency syndrome]] ([[HIV AIDS|AIDS]])
-* Associated with acute [[interstitial nephritis]]
+*Associated with acute [[interstitial nephritis]]
 |-
 ! colspan="2" align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |[[Prostatitis]]<ref name="pmid23519458">{{cite journal |vauthors=Wagenlehner FM, Pilatz A, Bschleipfer T, Diemer T, Linn T, Meinhardt A, Schagdarsurengin U, Dansranjavin T, Schuppe HC, Weidner W |title=Bacterial prostatitis |journal=World J Urol |volume=31 |issue=4 |pages=711–6 |date=August 2013 |pmid=23519458 |doi=10.1007/s00345-013-1055-x |url=}}</ref>
@@ Line 371: / Line 374: @@
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl or ↑
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* Dribbling of urine
+*Dribbling of urine
-* Firm and tender [[prostate]]
+*Firm and tender [[prostate]]
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* [[Leukocytosis]]
+*[[Leukocytosis]]
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
@@ Line 381: / Line 384: @@
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* Cloudy urine
+*Cloudy urine
-* Positive [[Gram staining|gram stain]]
+*Positive [[Gram staining|gram stain]]
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |NA
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Clinical manifestation + [[Urine|urinalysis]]
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* Increased risk of [[bacteremia]], prostatic abscess, and metastatic infection
+*Increased risk of [[bacteremia]], prostatic abscess, and metastatic infection
-* Might be acute or chronic infection
+*Might be acute or chronic infection
 |-
 ! colspan="3" align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |[[Balanitis]]<ref name="pmid25596845">{{cite journal |vauthors=Hsu CY, Lin CL, Kao CH |title=Balanitis is a risk factor for herpes zoster |journal=Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. |volume=34 |issue=5 |pages=985–90 |date=May 2015 |pmid=25596845 |doi=10.1007/s10096-015-2314-0 |url=}}</ref>
@@ Line 399: / Line 402: @@
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* [[Pruritus]]
+*[[Pruritus]]
-* Erythematous lesions on the glans and/or the foreskin
+*Erythematous lesions on the glans and/or the foreskin
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
@@ Line 411: / Line 414: @@
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Clinical manifestation
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* Associated with [[reactive arthritis]]
+*Associated with [[reactive arthritis]]
 |-
 ! colspan="3" align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |[[Appendicitis]]<ref name="pmid11343547">{{cite journal |vauthors=Lee SL, Walsh AJ, Ho HS |title=Computed tomography and ultrasonography do not improve and may delay the diagnosis and treatment of acute appendicitis |journal=Arch Surg |volume=136 |issue=5 |pages=556–62 |date=May 2001 |pmid=11343547 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid25345259">{{cite journal |vauthors=Mahattanobon S, Samphao S, Pruekprasert P |title=Clinical features of complicated acute appendicitis |journal=J Med Assoc Thai |volume=97 |issue=8 |pages=835–40 |date=August 2014 |pmid=25345259 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
@@ Line 420: / Line 423: @@
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | −
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* Right lower [[Tenderness (medicine)|abdominal tenderness]]
+*Right lower [[Tenderness (medicine)|abdominal tenderness]]
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* [[Leukocytosis]]
+*[[Leukocytosis]]
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | −
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | −
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | −
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* Urine [[specific gravity]] >1.020
+*Urine [[specific gravity]] >1.020
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Enlarged appendiceal diameter on CT scan or ultrasound
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Clinical manifestation
@@ Line 472: / Line 475: @@
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
 | align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* [[Leukocytosis]] ±
+*[[Leukocytosis]] ±
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
@@ Line 479: / Line 482: @@
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
 | align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-*  [[Leukocyte esterase]] ±
+* [[Leukocyte esterase]] ±
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Clinical manifestation + [[Urine|urinalysis]]
 | align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* Predicting [[Urinary tract infection|UTI]] in children who required clean intermittent [[Catheter|catheterization]] by routine [[Urine|urinalysis]]
+*Predicting [[Urinary tract infection|UTI]] in children who required clean intermittent [[Catheter|catheterization]] by routine [[Urine|urinalysis]]
 |-
 ! colspan="2" align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |[[Urinary stone|Urinary tract stone]]<ref name="pmid23283137">{{cite journal |vauthors=Fwu CW, Eggers PW, Kimmel PL, Kusek JW, Kirkali Z |title=Emergency department visits, use of imaging, and drugs for urolithiasis have increased in the United States |journal=Kidney Int. |volume=83 |issue=3 |pages=479–86 |date=March 2013 |pmid=23283137 |pmc=3587650 |doi=10.1038/ki.2012.419 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid26349951">{{cite journal |vauthors=Singh P, Enders FT, Vaughan LE, Bergstralh EJ, Knoedler JJ, Krambeck AE, Lieske JC, Rule AD |title=Stone Composition Among First-Time Symptomatic Kidney Stone Formers in the Community |journal=Mayo Clin. Proc. |volume=90 |issue=10 |pages=1356–65 |date=October 2015 |pmid=26349951 |pmc=4593754 |doi=10.1016/j.mayocp.2015.07.016 |url=}}</ref>
@@ Line 502: / Line 505: @@
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-*  [[Microscopic hematuria]]
+* [[Microscopic hematuria]]
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Visible stone on [[Computed tomography|CT scan]]
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Clinical manifestation
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* Might cause renal obstruction
+*Might cause renal obstruction
 |-
 ! colspan="2" align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |[[Urinary tract neoplasm]]<ref name="pmid23664207">{{cite journal |vauthors=Azuma T, Nagase Y, Oshi M |title=Pyuria predicts poor prognosis in patients with non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer |journal=Clin Genitourin Cancer |volume=11 |issue=3 |pages=331–6 |date=September 2013 |pmid=23664207 |doi=10.1016/j.clgc.2013.04.002 |url=}}</ref>
@@ Line 525: / Line 528: @@
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-*  [[Microscopic hematuria]]
+* [[Microscopic hematuria]]
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Visible [[tumor]] on [[Computed tomography|CT scan]]
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |[[Cystoscopy]]  + [[biopsy]]
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* Associated with non−muscle−invasive [[bladder cancer]] (NMIBC)
+*Associated with non−muscle−invasive [[bladder cancer]] (NMIBC)
 |-
 ! colspan="2" align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |[[Fistulae|Urinary fistula]]<ref name="pmid25565512">{{cite journal |vauthors=Hampton BS, Kay A, Pilzek A |title=Urinary fistula and incontinence |journal=Semin. Reprod. Med. |volume=33 |issue=1 |pages=47–52 |date=January 2015 |pmid=25565512 |doi=10.1055/s-0034-1395279 |url=}}</ref>
@@ Line 541: / Line 544: @@
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* [[Urinary incontinence]]
+*[[Urinary incontinence]]
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
@@ Line 552: / Line 555: @@
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Physical examination
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* History of recent surgery
+*History of recent surgery
 |-
 ! colspan="2" align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |[[Interstitial cystitis]]<ref name="pmid22177158">{{cite journal |vauthors=Konkle KS, Berry SH, Elliott MN, Hilton L, Suttorp MJ, Clauw DJ, Clemens JQ |title=Comparison of an interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome clinical cohort with symptomatic community women from the RAND Interstitial Cystitis Epidemiology study |journal=J. Urol. |volume=187 |issue=2 |pages=508–12 |date=February 2012 |pmid=22177158 |pmc=3894739 |doi=10.1016/j.juro.2011.10.040 |url=}}</ref>
@@ Line 564: / Line 567: @@
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* [[Tenderness (medicine)|Abdominal tenderness]]
+*[[Tenderness (medicine)|Abdominal tenderness]]
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | −
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | −
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |NA
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |NA
@@ Line 578: / Line 581: @@
 ! colspan="2" align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |[[Vesicoureteral reflux]]<ref name="pmid24012582">{{cite journal |vauthors=Hubert KC, Kokorowski PJ, Huang L, Prasad MM, Rosoklija I, Retik AB, Nelson CP |title=New contralateral vesicoureteral reflux after unilateral ureteral reimplantation: predictive factors and clinical outcomes |journal=J. Urol. |volume=191 |issue=2 |pages=451–7 |date=February 2014 |pmid=24012582 |pmc=4123205 |doi=10.1016/j.juro.2013.08.076 |url=}}</ref>
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | −
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | −
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | −
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | −
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | −
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* [[Oliguria]]
+*[[Oliguria]]
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | −
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | −
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
@@ Line 599: / Line 602: @@
 |-
 ! colspan="2" align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |[[Hydronephrosis]]<ref name="pmid26194290">{{cite journal |vauthors=Dancz CE, Walker D, Thomas D, Özel B |title=Prevalence of Hydronephrosis in Women With Advanced Pelvic Organ Prolapse |journal=Urology |volume=86 |issue=2 |pages=250–4 |date=August 2015 |pmid=26194290 |doi=10.1016/j.urology.2015.05.005 |url=}}</ref>
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | −
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | −
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | −
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | −
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | −
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | −
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* [[Oliguria]]
+*[[Oliguria]]
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | −
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | −
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
@@ Line 631: / Line 634: @@
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* [[Polyuria]]
+*[[Polyuria]]
-* [[Nocturia]]
+*[[Nocturia]]
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
@@ Line 640: / Line 643: @@
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* [[Hypocitraturia]]
+*[[Hypocitraturia]]
-* [[Hyperuricemia]]
+*[[Hyperuricemia]]
-* [[Hyperoxaluria]]
+*[[Hyperoxaluria]]
-* [[Urine|Low urine pH]]
+*[[Urine|Low urine pH]]
-* [[Microscopic hematuria]]
+*[[Microscopic hematuria]]
-* [[Proteinuria]] <1 g/day
+*[[Proteinuria]] <1 g/day
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Multiple cysts on [[ultrasound]]
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Imaging
@@ Line 660: / Line 663: @@
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl or ↑
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* Might be asymptomatic
+*Might be asymptomatic
-* Signs of [[Acute kidney injury|acute renal failure]]
+*Signs of [[Acute kidney injury|acute renal failure]]
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* [[Leukocytosis]]
+*[[Leukocytosis]]
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* [[Hyperkalemia]]
+*[[Hyperkalemia]]
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
@@ Line 671: / Line 674: @@
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* [[Proteinuria]]
+*[[Proteinuria]]
-* [[Microscopic hematuria]]
+*[[Microscopic hematuria]]
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |[[Thrombosis]] on CT scan
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Renal [[venography]]
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* Increased risk in [[nephrotic syndrome]] and [[Thrombophilia|hypercoagulable state]]
+*Increased risk in [[nephrotic syndrome]] and [[Thrombophilia|hypercoagulable state]]
 |-
 ! colspan="2" align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |[[Interstitial nephritis]]<ref name="pmid25079860">{{cite journal |vauthors=Raghavan R, Eknoyan G |title=Acute interstitial nephritis - a reappraisal and update |journal=Clin. Nephrol. |volume=82 |issue=3 |pages=149–62 |date=September 2014 |pmid=25079860 |pmc=4928030 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |[[Low back pain|Lower back pain]]
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | −
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
@@ Line 688: / Line 691: @@
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl or ↑
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* [[Rash]]
+*[[Rash]]
-* [[Weight loss]]
+*[[Weight loss]]
-* [[Oliguria]]
+*[[Oliguria]]
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* [[Eosinophilia]]
+*[[Eosinophilia]]
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* [[Hyperkalemia]]
+*[[Hyperkalemia]]
-* [[Isosthenuria]]
+*[[Isosthenuria]]
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
@@ Line 701: / Line 704: @@
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* [[Proteinuria]]
+*[[Proteinuria]]
-* [[Eosinophiluria]]
+*[[Eosinophiluria]]
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Clinical manifestation + [[Urine|urinalysis]]
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* Associated with [[medications]], particularly [[Antibiotic|antibiotics]]
+*Associated with [[medications]], particularly [[Antibiotic|antibiotics]]
 |-
 ! colspan="2" align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |[[IgA nephropathy]]<ref name="pmid24861083">{{cite journal |vauthors=Roberts IS |title=Pathology of IgA nephropathy |journal=Nat Rev Nephrol |volume=10 |issue=8 |pages=445–54 |date=August 2014 |pmid=24861083 |doi=10.1038/nrneph.2014.92 |url=}}</ref>
@@ Line 718: / Line 721: @@
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl or ↑
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* Might be asymptomatic
+*Might be asymptomatic
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
@@ Line 726: / Line 729: @@
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* [[Proteinuria]]
+*[[Proteinuria]]
-* [[Microscopic hematuria]]
+*[[Microscopic hematuria]]
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |[[Biopsy]]
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* History of [[Acute viral nasopharyngitis (common cold)|upper respiratory infection]]
+*History of [[Acute viral nasopharyngitis (common cold)|upper respiratory infection]]
 |-
 ! colspan="2" align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |[[Kidney transplantation|Renal transplant rejection]]<ref name="pmid29789350">{{cite journal |vauthors=Martin-Moreno PL, Tripathi S, Chandraker A |title=Regulatory T Cells and Kidney Transplantation |journal=Clin J Am Soc Nephrol |volume= |issue= |pages= |date=May 2018 |pmid=29789350 |doi=10.2215/CJN.01750218 |url=}}</ref>
@@ Line 743: / Line 746: @@
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* Might be asymptomatic
+*Might be asymptomatic
-* [[Oliguria]]
+*[[Oliguria]]
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* [[Leukocytosis]]
+*[[Leukocytosis]]
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
@@ Line 753: / Line 756: @@
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* [[Proteinuria]]
+*[[Proteinuria]]
-* [[Microscopic hematuria]]
+*[[Microscopic hematuria]]
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Increased graft size on ultrasound
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Renal allograft [[biopsy]]
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* Acute rise in the [[Creatinine|serum creatinine]]
+*Acute rise in the [[Creatinine|serum creatinine]]
-* History of [[Organ transplant|transplant]]
+*History of [[Organ transplant|transplant]]
 |-
 ! colspan="3" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Disease
@@ Line 793: / Line 796: @@
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* Might be asymptomatic
+*Might be asymptomatic
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
@@ Line 801: / Line 804: @@
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* [[Albuminuria]]
+*[[Albuminuria]]
-* [[Microscopic hematuria]]
+*[[Microscopic hematuria]]
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Clinical manifestation + laboratory tests
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* History of [[retinopathy]] and [[neuropathy]]
+*History of [[retinopathy]] and [[neuropathy]]
-* Slow and progressive [[Renal insufficiency|renal failure]]
+*Slow and progressive [[Renal insufficiency|renal failure]]
 |-
 ! colspan="2" align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |[[Lupus nephritis]]<ref name="SchwartzGoilav2014">{{cite journal|last1=Schwartz|first1=Noa|last2=Goilav|first2=Beatrice|last3=Putterman|first3=Chaim|title=The pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment of lupus nephritis|journal=Current Opinion in Rheumatology|volume=26|issue=5|year=2014|pages=502–509|issn=1040-8711|doi=10.1097/BOR.0000000000000089}}</ref>
@@ Line 819: / Line 822: @@
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* [[Rash]]
+*[[Rash]]
-* [[Oral ulcer]]
+*[[Oral ulcer]]
-* [[Arthritis]]
+*[[Arthritis]]
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* [[Pancytopenia]]
+*[[Pancytopenia]]
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
@@ Line 830: / Line 833: @@
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* [[Hematuria]]
+*[[Hematuria]]
-* [[Proteinuria]]
+*[[Proteinuria]]
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Enlarged kidneys on CT scan
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |[[Biopsy]]
@@ Line 839: / Line 842: @@
 ! colspan="2" align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |[[Sjögren's syndrome|Sjögren’s syndrome]]<ref name="de PaivaRocha2015">{{cite journal|last1=de Paiva|first1=Cintia S.|last2=Rocha|first2=Eduardo Melani|title=Sjögren syndrome|journal=Current Opinion in Ophthalmology|volume=26|issue=6|year=2015|pages=517–525|issn=1040-8738|doi=10.1097/ICU.0000000000000208}}</ref>
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | −
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | −
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | −
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* Dryness of all [[mucous membranes]]
+*Dryness of all [[mucous membranes]]
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* [[Pancytopenia]]
+*[[Pancytopenia]]
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
@@ Line 856: / Line 859: @@
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* [[Hematuria]]
+*[[Hematuria]]
-* [[Proteinuria]]
+*[[Proteinuria]]
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Abnormal diffuse [[Adipose tissue|fat tissue]] deposition and diffuse punctate [[calcification]] on parotid gland CT scan
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Clinical manifestation + laboratory tests
@@ Line 873: / Line 876: @@
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* [[Rash]]
+*[[Rash]]
-* [[Irritability]]
+*[[Irritability]]
-* [[Desquamation]] of skin and mucous membranes
+*[[Desquamation]] of skin and mucous membranes
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* [[Normocytic normochromic anemia]]
+*[[Normocytic normochromic anemia]]
-* [[Thrombocytosis]]
+*[[Thrombocytosis]]
-* [[Leukocytosis]]
+*[[Leukocytosis]]
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* [[Hyponatremia]]
+*[[Hyponatremia]]
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
@@ Line 902: / Line 905: @@
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* Chronic [[headache]]
+*Chronic [[headache]]
-* [[Low back pain]]
+*[[Low back pain]]
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* [[Eosinophilia]]
+*[[Eosinophilia]]
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* [[Hyperkalemia]]
+*[[Hyperkalemia]]
-* [[Isosthenuria]]
+*[[Isosthenuria]]
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
@@ Line 914: / Line 917: @@
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* [[Proteinuria]]
+*[[Proteinuria]]
-* [[Eosinophiluria]]
+*[[Eosinophiluria]]
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Renal impairment on CT scan
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Imaging
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* Characterized by [[Renal papillary necrosis|papillary necrosis]] and chronic [[interstitial nephritis]]
+*Characterized by [[Renal papillary necrosis|papillary necrosis]] and chronic [[interstitial nephritis]]
-* Caused by the chronic use of [[analgesic]] agents
+*Caused by the chronic use of [[analgesic]] agents
 |-
 ! colspan="2" align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |[[Contrast induced nephropathy|Contrast−induced nephropathy]]<ref name="PatschanBuschmann2018">{{cite journal|last1=Patschan|first1=D.|last2=Buschmann|first2=I.|last3=Ritter|first3=O.|title=Contrast-Induced Nephropathy: Update on the Use of Crystalloids and Pharmacological Measures|journal=International Journal of Nephrology|volume=2018|year=2018|pages=1–8|issn=2090-214X|doi=10.1155/2018/5727309}}</ref>
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |+
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |+
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
@@ Line 932: / Line 935: @@
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* [[Oliguria]]
+*[[Oliguria]]
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* [[Hyperkalemia]]
+*[[Hyperkalemia]]
-* [[Acidosis]]
+*[[Acidosis]]
-* [[Hyperphosphatemia]]
+*[[Hyperphosphatemia]]
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |+
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-*  [[Fractional sodium excretion]] (FENa) <1%
+* [[Fractional sodium excretion]] (FENa) <1%
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |NA
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Clinical manifestation + exclusion of other causes of AKI
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* Associated with reversible type of [[acute kidney injury]]
+*Associated with reversible type of [[acute kidney injury]]
-* Acute increase in the [[Creatinine|serum creatinine]]
+*Acute increase in the [[Creatinine|serum creatinine]]
 |-
 ! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Category
@@ Line 972: / Line 975: @@
 ! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Associated findings
 |}
-<references />

Sandbox: sadaf: Difference between revisions

Revision as of 15:51, 20 June 2018

Differentiating Asymptomatic Bacteriuria From Other Diseases

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