The WikiDoc Living Textbook of Endocrinology

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Click Here For A Complete Listing Of All Chapters In The WikiDoc Living Textbook Of Endocrinology In Alphabetical Order

Anatomy and Physiology

v • d • e Endocrine system > Adrenal glands
Medulla	Chromaffin cells
Cortex	Zona glomerulosa • Zona fasciculata • Zona reticularis

v • d • e Human anatomy, endocrine system: endocrine glands
Hypothalamic/pituitary axes	Adrenal axis: Adrenal gland Thyroid axis: Thyroid gland (Parafollicular cell, Thyroid epithelial cell, Thyroid isthmus, Lobes of thyroid gland, Pyramid of thyroid) - Parathyroid gland (Oxyphil cell, Chief cell) Gonadal axis: Testes - Ovaries - Corpus luteum
Other	Pineal gland • Islets of pancreas

v • d • e Endocrine system: hormones/endocrine glands (Peptide hormones, Steroid hormones)
Hypothalamic-pituitary	Hypothalamus: TRH, CRH , GnRH, GHRH, somatostatin, dopamine - Posterior pituitary: vasopressin, oxytocin - Anterior pituitary: α (FSH, LH, TSH), GH, prolactin, POMC (ACTH, MSH, endorphins, lipotropin)
Adrenal axis	Adrenal medulla: epinephrine, norepinephrine - Adrenal cortex: aldosterone, cortisol, DHEA
Thyroid axis	Thyroid: thyroid hormone (T₃ and T₄) - calcitonin - Parathyroid: PTH
Gonadal axis	Testis: testosterone, AMH, inhibin - Ovary: estradiol, progesterone, inhibin/activin, relaxin (pregnancy)
Other end. glands	Pancreas: glucagon, insulin, somatostatin - Pineal gland: melatonin
Non-end. glands	Placenta: hCG, HPL, estrogen, progesterone - Kidney: renin, EPO, calcitriol, prostaglandin - Heart atrium: ANP - Stomach: gastrin, ghrelin - Duodenum: CCK, GIP, secretin, motilin, VIP - Ileum: enteroglucagon - Adipose tissue: leptin, adiponectin, resistin - Thymus: Thymosin - Thymopoietin - Thymulin - Skeleton: Osteocalcin - Liver/other: Insulin-like growth factor (IGF-1, IGF-2)
Target-derived	NGF, BDNF, NT-3

v • d • e Endocrine system > Pancreas - Islets of Langerhans
A/B	alpha cell (glucagon) • beta cell (insulin)
Other	delta cell (somatostatin) • PP cell (pancreatic polypeptide) • epsilon cell (ghrelin)

v • d • e Glands (Endocrine, Exocrine)
Classification	mechanism (Merocrine, Apocrine, Holocrine) shape (Tubular gland, Alveolar gland) secretion (Serous glands, Mucous glands, Serous demilune)
Ducts	Interlobar duct, Interlobular duct, Intralobular duct (Striated duct, Intercalated duct), Acinus

v • d • e Endocrine system > Pituitary gland
Posterior pituitary	Pars nervosa - Median eminence - Infundibular stalk
Anterior pituitary	Pars intermedia - Pars tuberalis - Pars distalis - Acidophils (Somatotropes, Lactotropes) - Basophils (Corticotropes, Gonadotropes, Thyrotropes)

v • d • e Human physiology and endocrinology of reproduction
Anatomy and physiology	Reproductive system (male, female)
Menstrual/Estrous cycle	Menstruation - Follicular phase - Ovulation - Luteal phase
Gametogenesis	Spermatogenesis (spermatogonium, spermatocyte, spermatid, sperm) - Oogenesis (oogonium, oocyte, ootid, ovum) - Germ cell (gonocyte, gamete)
Sexuality	Human sexual behavior - Sexual intercourse - Erection - Ejaculation - Orgasm - Insemination - Fertilisation/Fertility - Masturbation - Pregnancy - Postpartum period
Lifespan	Prenatal development - Sexual dimorphism - Sexual differentiation - Puberty (Menarche, Adrenarche) - Maternal age/Paternal age - Climacteric (Menopause, Andropause)
Eggs	Ovum - Oviposition - Oviparity - Ovoviviparity - Viviparity
Reproductive endocrinology	Hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis - Andrology - Hormone

Disease States

v • d • e Endocrine pathology: endocrine diseases (E00-35, 240-259)
Thyroid	Hypothyroidism (Iodine deficiency, Cretinism, Congenital hypothyroidism, Goitre, Myxedema) - Hyperthyroidism (Graves disease, Toxic multinodular goitre, Teratoma with thyroid tissue or Struma ovarii) - Thyroiditis (De Quervain's thyroiditis, Hashimoto's thyroiditis, Riedel's thyroiditis) - Euthyroid sick syndrome
Pancreas	Diabetes mellitus (type 1, type 2, coma, angiopathy, ketoacidosis, nephropathy, neuropathy, retinopathy) - Hypoglycemia - Hyperinsulinism - Zollinger-Ellison syndrome - insulin receptor (Rabson-Mendenhall syndrome)
Parathyroid	Hypoparathyroidism (Pseudohypoparathyroidism) - Hyperparathyroidism (Primary, Secondary, Tertiary)
Pituitary	Hyperpituitarism (Acromegaly, Hyperprolactinaemia, SIADH) - Hypopituitarism (Simmonds' disease/Sheehan's syndrome, Kallmann syndrome, Growth hormone deficiency, Diabetes insipidus) - Adiposogenital dystrophy - Empty sella syndrome
Adrenal	Cushing's syndrome (Nelson's syndrome, Pseudo-Cushing's syndrome) - CAH (Lipoid, 3β, 11β, 17α, 21α) - Hyperaldosteronism (Conn syndrome, Bartter syndrome) - Adrenal insufficiency (Addison's disease) - Hypoaldosteronism
Gonads	ovarian dysfunction (Polycystic ovary syndrome, Premature ovarian failure) - testicular dysfunction (5-alpha-reductase deficiency) - testosterone biosynthesis (17-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase deficiency) - general (Hypogonadism, Delayed puberty, Precocious puberty)
Other	Androgen insensitivity syndrome - Autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome - Carcinoid syndrome - Gigantism - Short stature (Laron syndrome, Psychogenic dwarfism) - Multiple endocrine neoplasia (1, 2) - Progeria - Woodhouse-Sakati syndrome

v • d • e Metabolic pathology / Inborn error of metabolism (E70-90, 270-279)
Amino acid	Aromatic (Phenylketonuria, Alkaptonuria, Ochronosis, Tyrosinemia, Albinism, Histidinemia) - Branched chain (Maple syrup urine disease, Propionic acidemia, Methylmalonic acidemia, Isovaleric acidemia, 3-Methylcrotonyl-CoA carboxylase deficiency) - Transport (Cystinuria, Cystinosis, Hartnup disease, Fanconi syndrome, Oculocerebrorenal syndrome) - Sulfur (Homocystinuria, Cystathioninuria) - Urea cycle disorder (N-Acetylglutamate synthase deficiency, Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase I deficiency, Ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency, Citrullinemia, Argininosuccinic aciduria, Hyperammonemia) - Glutaric acidemia type 1 - Sarcosinemia
Carbohydrate	Lactose intolerance - Glycogen storage disease (type I, type II, type III, type IV, type V, type VI, type VII) - fructose metabolism (Fructose intolerance, Fructose bisphosphatase deficiency, Essential fructosuria) - galactose metabolism (Galactosemia, Galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase galactosemia, Galactokinase deficiency) - other intestinal carbohydrate absorption (Glucose-galactose malabsorption, Sucrose intolerance) - pyruvate metabolism and gluconeogenesis (PCD, PDHA) - Pentosuria - Renal glycosuria
Lipid storage	Sphingolipidoses/Gangliosidoses: GM2 gangliosidoses (Sandhoff disease, Tay-Sachs disease) - GM1 gangliosidoses - Mucolipidosis type IV - Gaucher's disease - Niemann-Pick disease - Farber disease - Fabry's disease - Metachromatic leukodystrophy - Krabbe disease Neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis (Batten disease) - Cerebrotendineous xanthomatosis - Cholesteryl ester storage disease (Wolman disease)
Other lipid	Lipoprotein/lipidemias: Hyperlipidemia - Hypercholesterolemia - Familial hypercholesterolemia - Xanthoma - Combined hyperlipidemia - Lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase deficiency - Tangier disease - Abetalipoproteinemia Fatty acid: Adrenoleukodystrophy - Carnitine (Primary, I, II)
Mineral	Cu Wilson's disease/Menkes disease - Fe Haemochromatosis - Zn Acrodermatitis enteropathica - PO₄³⁻ Hypophosphatemia/Hypophosphatasia - Mg²⁺ Hypermagnesemia/Hypomagnesemia - Ca²⁺ Hypercalcaemia/Hypocalcaemia/Disorders of calcium metabolism
Fluid, electrolyte and acid-base balance	Electrolyte disturbance - Na⁺ Hypernatremia/Hyponatremia - Acidosis (Metabolic, Respiratory, Lactic) - Alkalosis (Metabolic, Respiratory) - Mixed disorder of acid-base balance - H₂O Dehydration/Hypervolemia - K⁺ Hypokalemia/Hyperkalemia - Cl⁻ Hyperchloremia/Hypochloremia
Purine and pyrimidine	Hyperuricemia - Lesch-Nyhan syndrome - Xanthinuria
Porphyrin	Acute intermittent, Gunther's, Cutanea tarda, Erythropoietic, Hepatoerythropoietic, Hereditary copro-, Variegate
Bilirubin	Unconjugated (Gilbert's syndrome, Crigler-Najjar syndrome) - Conjugated (Dubin-Johnson syndrome, Rotor syndrome)
Glycosaminoglycan	Mucopolysaccharidosis - 1:Hurler/Hunter - 3:Sanfilippo - 4:Morquio - 6:Maroteaux-Lamy - 7:Sly
Glycoprotein	Mucolipidosis - I-cell disease - Pseudo-Hurler polydystrophy - Aspartylglucosaminuria - Fucosidosis - Alpha-mannosidosis - Sialidosis
Other	Alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency - Cystic fibrosis - Amyloidosis (Familial Mediterranean fever) - Acatalasia

Pharmacotherapy

v • d • e

Anabolic steroids (A14) (trademark names in brackets)

Androstan (carbon 19 present)

Androstadienone • Boldenone undecylenate (Equipoise) • 4-Chlordehydromethyltestosterone (Turinabol) • Clostebol • Desoxymethyltestosterone (Madol) • DHEA • DHT • Drostanolone (Masteron) • Fluoxymesterone (Halotestin) • Furazabol (Miotolan) • Methandrostenolone (Dianabol) • Methenolone • Mesterolone (Proviron) • Methenolone enanthate (Primobolan) • Mestanolone • Norethandrolone • Oxandrolone (Anavar) • Oxymetholone (Anadrol) • Oxymetholone (Anadrol-50) • Quinbolone (Anabolicum Vister) • Stanozolol (Winstrol) • Testosterone

Estren (carbon 19 absent)

Ethylestrenol • Mibolerone (Cheque Drops) • Nandrolone (Deca Durabolin) • Norbolethone (Genabol) • Oxabolone cipionate • Tetrahydrogestrinone (The Clear) • Trenbolone (Fina)

v • d • e Antiobesity preparations (A08)
Centrally acting	Phentermine - Fenfluramine - Amfepramone - Dexfenfluramine - Mazindol - Cathine - Clobenzorex - Sibutramine - Rimonabant - Taranabant
Peripherally acting	Orlistat

v • d • e Calcium homeostasis (H05)
Parathyroid hormones and analogues	Teriparatide
Calcitonin preparations	Elcatonin - Cinacalcet

v • d • e Drugs for treatment of bone diseases (M05)
Bisphosphonates	Nitrogenous (Pamidronic acid, Alendronic acid, Ibandronic acid, Risedronic acid, Zoledronic acid) - Non-nitrogenous (Etidronic acid, Clodronic acid, Tiludronic acid)
Bone morphogenetic proteins	Dibotermin alfa - Eptotermin alfa
Other	Ipriflavone - Aluminium chlorohydrate - Strontium ranelate

v • d • e Mineral supplements (A12)
Calcium	Calcium phosphate - Calcium glubionate - Calcium gluconate - Calcium carbonate - Calcium lactate - Calcium lactate gluconate - Calcium chloride - Calcium glycerylphosphate - Calcium citrate lysine complex - Calcium glucoheptonate - Calcium pangamate
Potassium	Potassium chloride - Potassium citrate - Potassium hydrogentartrate - Potassium hydrogencarbonate - Potassium gluconate
Sodium	Sodium chloride - Sodium sulfate
Zinc	Zinc sulfate - Zinc gluconate
Magnesium	Magnesium chloride - Magnesium sulfate - Magnesium gluconate - Magnesium citrate - Magnesium aspartate - Magnesium lactate - Magnesium levulinate - Magnesium pidolate - Magnesium orotate - Magnesium oxide
Fluoride	Sodium fluoride - Sodium monofluorophosphate
Selenium	Sodium selenate - Sodium selenite

v • d • e Oral antidiabetic drugs and Insulin analogs (A10)
Biguanides	Metformin
Sulfonylureas	Chlorpropamide, Glibenclamide (Glyburide), Gliclazide, Glimepiride, Glipizide, Gliquidone, Tolazamide, Tolbutamide
Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors	Acarbose, Miglitol, Voglibose
Thiazolidinediones (TZD)	Pioglitazone, Rivoglitazone^†, Rosiglitazone, Troglitazone^‡
Meglitinides	Nateglinide, Repaglinide, Mitiglinide
Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors	Alogliptin^†, Saxagliptin^†, Sitagliptin, Vildagliptin, Linagliptin^†
Glucagon-like peptide-1 analog	Exenatide, Liraglutide^†, Albiglutide^†
Amylin analog	Pramlintide
Insulin analogs	fast acting (Insulin lispro, Insulin aspart, Insulin glulisine), long acting (Insulin glargine, Insulin detemir)
Dual PPAR agonists	Aleglitazar^†, Muraglitazar^§, Tesaglitazar^§
SGLT2 inhibitor	Dapagliflozin^†, Remogliflozin^†
^†Undergoing clinical trials. ^‡ Withdrawn from market. ^§Development halted.

v • d • e Pituitary and hypothalamic hormones and analogues (H01)
Anterior pituitary	Adrenocorticotropic hormone (Corticotropin, Tetracosactide) - Thyrotropin - Somatropin/agonists (Somatrem, Mecasermin, Sermorelin) - other (Pegvisomant)
Posterior pituitary	Vasopressin (Desmopressin, Lypressin, Terlipressin, Ornipressin, Argipressin) - Oxytocin (Demoxytocin, Carbetocin)
Hypothalamic	gonadotropin-releasing hormones (Gonadorelin, Nafarelin, Histrelin) - antigrowth hormone (Somatostatin, Octreotide, Lanreotide) - anti-gonadotropin-releasing hormones (Ganirelix, Cetrorelix)

v • d • e Sex hormones and related agents (primarily G03, also L02, H01C) - human endogenous in CAPS
Progestogens: (receptor)	PROGESTERONE,Dienogest, Desogestrel, Drospirenone, Dydrogesterone, Ethisterone, Etonogestrel, Ethynodiol diacetate, Gestodene, Gestonorone, Levonorgestrel, Lynestrenol, Medroxyprogesterone, Megestrol, Norelgestromin, Norethisterone, Norethynodrel, Norgestimate, Norgestrel, Norgestrienone, Tibolone Selective progesterone receptor modulator: Asoprisnil, CDB-4124 Antiprogestogen: Mifepristone
Androgens: (receptor)	TESTOSTERONE, Androstanolone, Fluoxymesterone, Mesterolone, Methyltestosterone, (see also anabolic steroids) Antiandrogens: Bicalutamide, Cyproterone, Dienogest, Flutamide, Nilutamide, Spironolactone
Estrogens: (receptor)	ESTRADIOL, ESTRIOL, ESTRONE, Chlorotrianisene, Dienestrol, Diethylstilbestrol, Ethinylestradiol, Fosfestrol, Mestranol, Polyestradiol phosphate Selective estrogen receptor modulator: Afimoxifene, Arzoxifene, Bazedoxifene, Clomifene, Fulvestrant, Lasofoxifene, Raloxifene, Tamoxifen, Toremifene Aromatase inhibitor: Aminogluthetimide, Anastrozole, Atamestane, Exemestane, Formestane, Letrozole, Vorozole
Gonadotropins: (FSHR/LHCGR)	ovulation stim.: Clomifene, Urofollitropin Antigonadotropins: Danazol, Gestrinone
GnRH: (receptor)	agonist: Buserelin, Goserelin, Histrelin, Leuprorelin, Nafarelin, Triptorelin antagonist: Abarelix, Cetrorelix, Ganirelix

v • d • e Thyroid therapy (H03)
Thyroid hormones	Levothyroxine sodium - Liothyronine sodium - Tiratricol - Thyroid gland preparations
Antithyroid preparations	Thiouracils (Methylthiouracil, Propylthiouracil, Benzylthiouracil) - Sulfur-containing imidazole derivatives (Carbimazole, Thiamazole) - Perchlorates (Potassium perchlorate) - Other (Diiodotyrosine, Dibromotyrosine)

Surgery

v • d • e Endocrine system intervention
Operations, surgeries	Thyroidectomy - Parathyroidectomy - Adrenalectomy - Hypophysectomy - Thymectomy
Hormone therapy	in oncology - sex reassignment (female-to-male, male-to-female)
Other medication	Replacement therapy

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