ACHE
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Acetylcholinesterase (Yt blood group), also known as AChE, is a human enzyme coded for by a gene.
Acetylcholinesterase hydrolyzes the neurotransmitter acetylcholine at neuromuscular junctions and brain cholinergic synapses, and thus terminates signal transmission. It is also found on the red blood cell membranes, where it constitutes the Yt blood group antigen. Acetylcholinesterase exists in multiple molecular forms, which possess similar catalytic properties, but differ in their oligomeric assembly and mode of cell attachment to the cell surface. It is encoded by the single AChE gene; and the structural diversity in the gene products arises from alternative mRNA splicing and post-translational associations of catalytic and structural subunits. The major form of acetylcholinesterase found in brain, muscle, and other tissues is the hydrophilic species, which forms disulfide-linked oligomers with collagenous, or lipid-containing structural subunits. The other, alternatively-spliced form, expressed primarily in the erythroid tissues, differs at the C-terminal end, and contains a cleavable hydrophobic peptide with a GPI-anchor site. It associates with the membranes through the phosphoinositide (PI) moieties added post-translationally.[1]
Acetylcholinesterase is the target of nerve gases. The agents blocks the function of acetylcholinesterase and thus causes interminable muscle contraction throughout the body.
See also
References
Further reading
- Silman I, Futerman AH (1988). "Modes of attachment of acetylcholinesterase to the surface membrane.". Eur. J. Biochem. 170 (1-2): 11-22. PMID 3319614.
- Soreq H, Seidman S (2001). "Acetylcholinesterase--new roles for an old actor.". Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 2 (4): 294-302. doi:10.1038/35067589. PMID 11283752.
- Shen T, Tai K, Henchman RH, McCammon JA (2003). "Molecular dynamics of acetylcholinesterase.". Acc. Chem. Res. 35 (6): 332-40. PMID 12069617.
- Pakaski M, Kasa P (2003). "Role of acetylcholinesterase inhibitors in the metabolism of amyloid precursor protein.". Current drug targets. CNS and neurological disorders 2 (3): 163-71. PMID 12769797.
- Meshorer E, Soreq H (2006). "Virtues and woes of AChE alternative splicing in stress-related neuropathologies.". Trends Neurosci. 29 (4): 216-24. doi:10.1016/j.tins.2006.02.005. PMID 16516310.
- Ehrlich G, Viegas-Pequignot E, Ginzberg D, et al. (1992). "Mapping the human acetylcholinesterase gene to chromosome 7q22 by fluorescent in situ hybridization coupled with selective PCR amplification from a somatic hybrid cell panel and chromosome-sorted DNA libraries.". Genomics 13 (4): 1192-7. PMID 1380483.
- Spring FA, Gardner B, Anstee DJ (1992). "Evidence that the antigens of the Yt blood group system are located on human erythrocyte acetylcholinesterase.". Blood 80 (8): 2136-41. PMID 1391965.
- Shafferman A, Kronman C, Flashner Y, et al. (1992). "Mutagenesis of human acetylcholinesterase. Identification of residues involved in catalytic activity and in polypeptide folding.". J. Biol. Chem. 267 (25): 17640-8. PMID 1517212.
- Getman DK, Eubanks JH, Camp S, et al. (1992). "The human gene encoding acetylcholinesterase is located on the long arm of chromosome 7.". Am. J. Hum. Genet. 51 (1): 170-7. PMID 1609795.
- Li Y, Camp S, Rachinsky TL, et al. (1992). "Gene structure of mammalian acetylcholinesterase. Alternative exons dictate tissue-specific expression.". J. Biol. Chem. 266 (34): 23083-90. PMID 1744105.
- Velan B, Grosfeld H, Kronman C, et al. (1992). "The effect of elimination of intersubunit disulfide bonds on the activity, assembly, and secretion of recombinant human acetylcholinesterase. Expression of acetylcholinesterase Cys-580----Ala mutant.". J. Biol. Chem. 266 (35): 23977-84. PMID 1748670.
- Soreq H, Ben-Aziz R, Prody CA, et al. (1991). "Molecular cloning and construction of the coding region for human acetylcholinesterase reveals a G + C-rich attenuating structure.". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 87 (24): 9688-92. PMID 2263619.
- Chhajlani V, Derr D, Earles B, et al. (1989). "Purification and partial amino acid sequence analysis of human erythrocyte acetylcholinesterase.". FEBS Lett. 247 (2): 279-82. PMID 2714437.
- Lapidot-Lifson Y, Prody CA, Ginzberg D, et al. (1989). "Coamplification of human acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase genes in blood cells: correlation with various leukemias and abnormal megakaryocytopoiesis.". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 86 (12): 4715-9. PMID 2734315.
- Bazelyansky M, Robey E, Kirsch JF (1986). "Fractional diffusion-limited component of reactions catalyzed by acetylcholinesterase.". Biochemistry 25 (1): 125-30. PMID 3954986.
- Gaston SM, Marchase RB, Jakoi ER (1982). "Brain ligatin: a membrane lectin that binds acetylcholinesterase.". J. Cell. Biochem. 18 (4): 447-59. doi:10.1002/jcb.1982.240180406. PMID 7085778.
- Ordentlich A, Barak D, Kronman C, et al. (1995). "Contribution of aromatic moieties of tyrosine 133 and of the anionic subsite tryptophan 86 to catalytic efficiency and allosteric modulation of acetylcholinesterase.". J. Biol. Chem. 270 (5): 2082-91. PMID 7836436.
- Maruyama K, Sugano S (1994). "Oligo-capping: a simple method to replace the cap structure of eukaryotic mRNAs with oligoribonucleotides.". Gene 138 (1-2): 171-4. PMID 8125298.
- Ben Aziz-Aloya R, Sternfeld M, Soreq H (1994). "Promoter elements and alternative splicing in the human ACHE gene.". Prog. Brain Res. 98: 147-53. PMID 8248502.
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Acknowledgement and Attribution Regarding Sources of Content
Some of the initial content on this page may be incorporated in part from copyleft sources in the public domain including wikis such as Wikipedia and AskDrWiki. Drug information for patients came from the The National Library of Medicine. Infectious disease information may have come from the Centers for Disease Control (CDC). Differential Diagnoses are drawn from clinicians as well as an amalgamation of 3 sources: 1.The Disease Database; 2. Kahan, Scott, Smith, Ellen G. In A Page: Signs and Symptoms. Malden, Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishing, 2004:3; 3. Sailer, Christian, Wasner, Susanne. Differential Diagnosis Pocket. Hermosa Beach, CA: Borm Bruckmeir Publishing LLC, 2002:7 .
