Hydrolase
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Overview
In biochemistry, a hydrolase is an enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of a chemical bond. For example, an enzyme that catalyzed the following reaction is a hydrolase:
- A–B + H2O → A–OH + B–H
Nomenclature
Systematic names of hydrolases are formed as "substrate hydrolase." However, common names are typically in the form "substratease." For example, a nuclease is a hydrolase that cleaves nucleic acids.
Classification
Hydrolases are classified as EC 3 in the EC number classification of enzymes. Hydrolases can be further classified into several subclasses, based upon the bonds they act upon:
- EC 3.1: ester bonds (esterases: nucleases, phosphodiesterases, lipase, phosphatase)
- EC 3.2: sugars (glycosylases/DNA glycosylases, glycoside hydrolase)
- EC 3.3: ether bonds
- EC 3.4: peptide bonds (Proteases/peptidases)
- EC 3.5: carbon-nitrogen bonds, other than peptide bonds
- EC 3.6: acid anhydrides (acid anhydride hydrolases, including helicases and GTPase)
- EC 3.7: carbon-carbon bonds
- EC 3.8: halide bonds
- EC 3.9: phosphorus-nitrogen bonds
- EC 3.10: sulfur-nitrogen bonds
- EC 3.11: carbon-phosphorus bonds
- EC 3.12: sulfur-sulfur bonds
- EC 3.13: carbon-sulfur bonds
References
- EC 3 Introduction from the Department of Chemistry at Queen Mary, University of London, only covers 3.1-3.4
- More detailed taxonomy
Proteins: enzymes | |
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| Topics | Active site - Allosteric regulation - Binding site - Catalytically perfect enzyme - Coenzyme - Cofactor - Cooperativity - EC number Enzyme catalysis - Enzyme inhibitor - Enzyme kinetics - Lineweaver-Burk plot - Michaelis-Menten kinetics - List of enzymes |
| Types | EC1 Oxidoreductases/list - EC2 Transferases/list - EC3 Hydrolases/list - EC4 Lyases/list - EC5 Isomerases/list - EC6 Ligases/list |
Hydrolase: sugar hydrolases (EC 3.2) | |
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| 3.2.1: Glycoside hydrolases | Amylase (Alpha-Amylase) - Chitinase - Lysozyme - Neuraminidase - Galactosidases (Alpha, Beta) - alpha-Mannosidase - Glucuronidase - Hyaluronidase - Pullulanase - Glucocerebrosidase - Galactosylceramidase - Alpha-N-acetylglucosaminidase - Fucosidase - Hexosaminidase - Iduronidase - Disaccharidase (Sucrase/Sucrase-isomaltase/Invertase, Maltase, Trehalase, Lactase) - Glucosidases (Cellulase, Alpha-glucosidase, Beta-glucosidase, Debranching enzyme) |
| 3.2.2: Hydrolysing N-Glycosyl compounds | DNA glycosylases: Oxoguanine glycosylase |
Ether bond hydrolases (EC 3.3) |
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| Adenosylhomocysteinase - Epoxide hydrolase - Leukotriene A4 hydrolase |
Hydrolase: proteases (EC 3.4) | |
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| Exopeptidase 3.4.11-19 | Angiotensin-converting enzyme - Dipeptidase - Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 - DD-transpeptidase Metalloexopeptidases: Aminopeptidase (Alanine, Cystinyl, Leucyl, Glutamyl) - Carboxypeptidase (A, B, C, E, Glutamate II) |
| Endopeptidase 3.4.21-24 | Serine proteases - Cysteine protease - Aspartic acid protease - Metalloendopeptidases |
| Cathepsin 3.4.18,21,22,23 | A - B - C - K |
Carbon-nitrogen non-peptide hydrolases (EC 3.5) | |
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| 3.5.1 - Amidohydrolases | Asparaginase - Glutaminase - Urease - Biotinidase - Aspartoacylase - Ceramidase -Aspartylglucosaminidase - Fatty acid amide hydrolase - Histone deacetylase (Sirtuin) |
| 3.5.2 | Barbiturase - Beta-lactamase |
| 3.5.3 | Arginase |
| 3.5.4 - Aminohydrolases | Guanine deaminase - Adenosine deaminase - AMP deaminase - Inosine monophosphate synthase - DCMP deaminase - GTP cyclohydrolase I |
| Other | Nitrilase - Thiaminase II |
Hydrolases: acid anhydride hydrolases (EC 3.6) | |
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| 3.6.1 | Pyrophosphatase (Inorganic, Thiamine) - Apyrase - Thiamine triphosphatase |
| 3.6.3-4 | ATPase |
| 3.6.5 | GTPase |
Carbon-carbon hydrolases (EC 3.7) |
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| Fumarylacetoacetate hydrolase - Kynureninase |
Acknowledgement and Attribution Regarding Sources of Content
Some of the initial content on this page may be incorporated in part from copyleft sources in the public domain including wikis such as Wikipedia and AskDrWiki. Drug information for patients came from the The National Library of Medicine. Infectious disease information may have come from the Centers for Disease Control (CDC). Differential Diagnoses are drawn from clinicians as well as an amalgamation of 3 sources: 1.The Disease Database; 2. Kahan, Scott, Smith, Ellen G. In A Page: Signs and Symptoms. Malden, Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishing, 2004:3; 3. Sailer, Christian, Wasner, Susanne. Differential Diagnosis Pocket. Hermosa Beach, CA: Borm Bruckmeir Publishing LLC, 2002:7 .
