Meningitis causes

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Meningitis Main Page

Patient Information

Overview

Causes

Classification

Viral Meningitis
Bacterial Meningitis
Fungal Meningitis

Differential Diagnosis

Diagnosis

Treatment

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-In-Chief: Cafer Zorkun, M.D., Ph.D. [2]; Mugilan Poongkunran M.B.B.S [3]

Overview

Most cases of meningitis are caused by microorganisms, such as viruses, bacteria, fungi, or parasite, that spread through blood and into the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).[1] Non-infectious causes include cancer, systemic lupus erythematosus and certain drugs. The most common cause of meningitis is viral, and often runs its course within a few days. Bacterial meningitis is the second most frequent type and can be serious and life-threatening. Numerous microorganisms may cause bacterial meningitis, but Neisseria meningitidis and Streptococcus pneumoniae are the most common pathogens in patients without immune deficiency, with meningococcal disease being more common in children. Staphylococcus aureus may complicate neurosurgical operations, and Listeria monocytogenes is associated with poor nutritional state and alcoholicism. Haemophilus influenzae (type B) incidence has been much reduced by immunization in many countries. Mycobacterium tuberculosis (the causative agent of tuberculosis) rarely causes meningitis in Western countries but is common and feared in countries where tuberculosis is endemic.

Causes

Life Threatening Causes

Life-threatening causes include conditions which may result in death or permanent disability within 24 hours if left untreated.

Common Causes

Causes by Organ System

Cardiovascular No underlying causes
Chemical/Poisoning No underlying causes
Dental No underlying causes
Dermatologic Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada syndrome
Drug Side Effect Allopurinol, amoxicillin, antiepileptic drugs, azathioprine, cetuximab, ibuprofen, intravenous immunoglobulin, isoniazid, lamotrigine, methotrexate, NSAIDs, OKT3 antibodies, phenazopyridine, rofecoxib, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole
Ear Nose Throat Cholesteatoma, otitis media, sinusitis
Endocrine No underlying causes
Environmental No underlying causes
Gastroenterologic Whipple's Disease
Genetic Common variable immunodeficiency, X-linked agammaglobulinemia
Hematologic Kikuchi disease, X-linked agammaglobulinemia
Iatrogenic Transsphenoidal surgery
Infectious Disease Acanthamoeba, Actinomyces, Acinetobacter, adenovirus, Angiostrongylus cantonensis, anthrax, arboviruses, Aspergillus, bacteremia, Bacteroides, Bartonellosis, Blastomyces dermatitidis, Borrelia burgdorferi, Brucella, Burkholderia pseudomallei, California encephalitis virus, campylobacter, candida, Chagas disease, chicken pox, Chlamydia, coagulase-negative staphylococci, Coccidioides immitis, Colorado tick fever, coxsackie A virus, coxsackie B virus, Cryptococcus neoforman, cytomegalovirus, eastern equine encephalitis virus, echovirus, Ehrlichiosis, enteroviruses, epidural abscess, Epstein Barr virus, Escherichia coli, flavivirus, gram-negative bacilli, Haemophilus influenzae, herpes simplex type II, herpes simplex type I, Histoplasma capsulatum, human immunodeficiency virus, influenza virus, Klebsiella, Leptospira, Listeria monocytogenes, Lyme disease, lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus, malaria, measles, mumps virus, Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare, Mycoplasma hominis, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Naegleria fowleri, neisseria meningitidis, Nocardia, Non-Group B streptococci, otitis media, parainfluenza, Pasteurella multocida, Pasteurella stomatis, poliovirus, Powassan encephalitis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, rabies virus, Rat-bite fever, relapsing fever, Rickettsia, rocky mountain spotted fever, roseola, rotavirus, rubella, Salmonella, Schistosomiasis, Serratia, Serratia marcescens, simian herpes B virus, sinusitis, Sporothrix schenckii, St. Louis encephalitis virus, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Streptococcus suis, subdural abscess, syphilis, Toxoplasma gondii, Treponema pallidum, Trichinosis, Trypanosomiasis, tuberculous meningitis, typhoid fever, varicella zoster virus, Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus, west nile virus, western equine encephalitis virus, Yersinia pestis
Musculoskeletal/Orthopedic No underlying causes
Neurologic Epidural abscess, leptomeningeal metastasis, meningeal carcinomatosis, subdural abscess
Nutritional/Metabolic No underlying causes
Obstetric/Gynecologic No underlying causes
Oncologic Leptomeningeal metastasis, meningeal carcinomatosis
Ophthalmologic No underlying causes
Overdose/Toxicity No underlying causes
Psychiatric No underlying causes
Pulmonary No underlying causes
Renal/Electrolyte No underlying causes
Rheumatology/Immunology/Allergy Behcet's disease, complement deficiency, Kawasaki disease, sarcoidosis, systemic lupus erythematosus
Sexual No underlying causes
Trauma Head injury, skull fracture
Urologic No underlying causes
Miscellaneous Post-vaccination

Causes in Alphabetical Order


References

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  3. Starkey J, Moritani T, Kirby P (2014). "MRI of CNS Fungal Infections: Review of Aspergillosis to Histoplasmosis and Everything in Between". Clin Neuroradiol. doi:10.1007/s00062-014-0305-7. PMID 24870817.
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  13. Lombardi D, Malaspina S, Strippoli A, Lucarelli C, Luzzi I, Ripabelli G (2014). "Salmonella enterica serovar Virchow meningitis in a young man in Italy: a case report". J Med Case Rep. 8 (1): 139. doi:10.1186/1752-1947-8-139. PMC 4031895. PMID 24884674.
  14. Ersoz G, Uguz M, Aslan G, Horasan ES, Kaya A (2014). "Outbreak of meningitis due to Serratia marcescens after spinal anaesthesia". J Hosp Infect. 87 (2): 122–5. doi:10.1016/j.jhin.2014.03.004. PMID 24814159.
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