Meningitis causes: Difference between revisions
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| '''Genetic''' | | '''Genetic''' | ||
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Common variable immunodeficiency]] | |bgcolor="Beige"| [[Common variable immunodeficiency]], [[X-linked agammaglobulinemia]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | ||
| '''Hematologic''' | | '''Hematologic''' | ||
|bgcolor="Beige"| | |bgcolor="Beige"| [[Kikuchi disease]], [[X-linked agammaglobulinemia]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | ||
| '''Iatrogenic''' | | '''Iatrogenic''' | ||
|bgcolor="Beige"| | |bgcolor="Beige"| [[Brain tumor surgery|Transsphenoidal surgery]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | ||
| '''Infectious Disease''' | | '''Infectious Disease''' | ||
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Acanthamoeba]], [[ | |bgcolor="Beige"| [[Acanthamoeba]], [[Actinomyces]], [[Acinetobacter]], [[adenovirus]], [[Angiostrongylus cantonensis]], [[anthrax]], [[arboviruses]], [[Aspergillus]], [[bacteremia]], [[Bacteroides]], [[Bartonellosis]], [[Blastomyces dermatitidis]], [[Borrelia burgdorferi]], [[Brucella]], [[Burkholderia pseudomallei]], [[California encephalitis virus]], [[campylobacter]], [[candida]], [[Chagas disease]], [[chicken pox]], [[Chlamydia]], [[staphylococci|coagulase-negative staphylococci]], [[Coccidioides immitis]], [[Colorado tick fever]], [[coxsackie A virus]], [[coxsackie B virus]], [[Cryptococcus|Cryptococcus neoforman]], [[cytomegalovirus]], [[eastern equine encephalitis virus]], [[echovirus]], [[Ehrlichiosis]], [[enteroviruses]], [[epidural abscess]], [[Epstein Barr virus]], [[Escherichia coli]], [[flavivirus]], [[gram-negative bacilli]], [[Haemophilus influenzae]], [[herpes simplex|herpes simplex type II]], [[herpes simplex|herpes simplex type I]], [[Histoplasma capsulatum]], [[human immunodeficiency virus]], [[influenza virus]], [[Klebsiella]], [[Leptospira]], [[Listeria monocytogenes]], [[Lyme disease]], [[lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus]], [[malaria]], [[measles]], [[mumps virus]], [[Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare]], [[Mycoplasma hominis]], [[Mycoplasma pneumoniae]], [[Naegleria fowleri]], [[neisseria meningitidis]], [[Nocardia]], [[Non-Group B streptococci]], [[otitis media]], [[parainfluenza]], [[Pasteurella multocida]], [[Pasteurella|Pasteurella stomatis]], [[poliovirus]], [[encephalitis|Powassan encephalitis]], [[Pseudomonas aeruginosa]], [[rabies virus]], [[Rat-bite fever]], [[relapsing fever]], [[Rickettsia]], [[rocky mountain spotted fever]], [[roseola]], [[rotavirus]], [[rubella]], [[Salmonella]], [[Schistosomiasis]], [[Serratia]], [[Serratia marcescens]], [[herpes virus|simian herpes B virus]], [[sinusitis]], [[Sporothrix schenckii]], [[St. Louis encephalitis|St. Louis encephalitis virus]], [[Staphylococcus aureus]], [[Streptococcus agalactiae]], [[Streptococcus pneumoniae]], [[Streptococcus suis]], [[subdural abscess]], [[syphilis]], [[Toxoplasma gondii]], [[Treponema pallidum]], [[Trichinosis]], [[Trypanosomiasis]], [[tuberculous meningitis]], [[typhoid fever]], [[varicella zoster virus]], [[Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus]], [[west nile virus]], [[western equine encephalitis virus]], [[Yersinia pestis]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | ||
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|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | ||
| '''Neurologic''' | | '''Neurologic''' | ||
|bgcolor="Beige"| | |bgcolor="Beige"| [[Epidural abscess]], [[metastasis|leptomeningeal metastasis]], [[meningeal carcinomatosis]], [[subdural abscess]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | ||
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|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | ||
| '''Oncologic''' | | '''Oncologic''' | ||
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[ | |bgcolor="Beige"| [[metastasis|Leptomeningeal metastasis]], [[meningeal carcinomatosis]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | ||
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*[[Allopurinol]] | *[[Allopurinol]] | ||
*[[Amoxicillin]] | *[[Amoxicillin]] | ||
*[[Angiostrongylus cantonensis]] | *[[Angiostrongylus cantonensis]]<ref name="pmid24862785">{{cite journal| author=Chi M, Kim HJ, Haug S, Vagefi R, Kersten RC| title=Acute eosinophilic meningitis and orbital inflammation from presumed angiostrongyliasis. | journal=Can J Ophthalmol | year= 2014 | volume= 49 | issue= 3 | pages= e65-7 | pmid=24862785 | doi=10.1016/j.jcjo.2014.02.011 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24862785 }} </ref> | ||
*[[Anthrax]] | *[[Anthrax]] | ||
*[[Antiepileptic drugs]] | *[[Antiepileptic drugs]] | ||
*[[Arboviruses]] | *[[Arboviruses]] | ||
*[[Aspergillus]] | *[[Aspergillus]]<ref name="pmid24870817">{{cite journal| author=Starkey J, Moritani T, Kirby P| title=MRI of CNS Fungal Infections: Review of Aspergillosis to Histoplasmosis and Everything in Between. | journal=Clin Neuroradiol | year= 2014 | volume= | issue= | pages= | pmid=24870817 | doi=10.1007/s00062-014-0305-7 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24870817 }} </ref> | ||
*[[Azathioprine]] | *[[Azathioprine]] | ||
*[[Bacteremia]] | *[[Bacteremia]] | ||
| Line 180: | Line 180: | ||
*[[Coxsackie A virus]] | *[[Coxsackie A virus]] | ||
*[[Coxsackie B virus]] | *[[Coxsackie B virus]] | ||
*[[Cryptococcus|Cryptococcus neoforman]] | *[[Cryptococcus|Cryptococcus neoforman]]<ref name="pmid24872723">{{cite journal| author=Sloan DJ, Parris V| title=Cryptococcal meningitis: epidemiology and therapeutic options. | journal=Clin Epidemiol | year= 2014 | volume= 6 | issue= | pages= 169-182 | pmid=24872723 | doi=10.2147/CLEP.S38850 | pmc=PMC4026566 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24872723 }} </ref> | ||
*[[Cytomegalovirus]] | *[[Cytomegalovirus]] | ||
*[[Eastern equine encephalitis virus]] | *[[Eastern equine encephalitis virus]] | ||
| Line 186: | Line 186: | ||
*[[Ehrlichiosis]] | *[[Ehrlichiosis]] | ||
*[[Enteroviruses]] | *[[Enteroviruses]] | ||
*[[Epidural abscess]] | *[[Epidural abscess]] | ||
*[[Epstein Barr virus]] | *[[Epstein Barr virus]] | ||
*[[Escherichia coli]] | *[[Escherichia coli]] | ||
{{col-break|width=33%}} | |||
*[[Flavivirus]]<ref name="pmid24880028">{{cite journal| author=Neal JW| title=Flaviviruses are neurotropic , but how do they invade the CNS ? | journal=J Infect | year= 2014 | volume= | issue= | pages= | pmid=24880028 | doi=10.1016/j.jinf.2014.05.010 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24880028 }} </ref> | |||
*[[Gram-negative bacilli]] | *[[Gram-negative bacilli]] | ||
*[[Haemophilus influenzae]] | *[[Haemophilus influenzae]] | ||
*[[Head injury]] | *[[Head injury]] | ||
*[[herpes simplex|Herpes simplex type | *[[herpes simplex|Herpes simplex type II]] | ||
*[[herpes simplex|Herpes simplex type I]] | *[[herpes simplex|Herpes simplex type I]] | ||
*[[Histoplasma capsulatum]] | *[[Histoplasma capsulatum]] | ||
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*[[Intravenous immunoglobulin]] | *[[Intravenous immunoglobulin]] | ||
*[[Isoniazid]] | *[[Isoniazid]] | ||
*[[JC virus]]<ref name="pmid24895208">{{cite journal| author=Agnihotri SP, Wuthrich C, Dang X, Nauen D, Karimi R, Viscidi R et al.| title=A fatal case of JC virus meningitis presenting with hydrocephalus in an HIV-seronegative patient. | journal=Ann Neurol | year= 2014 | volume= | issue= | pages= | pmid=24895208 | doi=10.1002/ana.24192 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24895208 }} </ref> | |||
*[[Kawasaki disease]] | *[[Kawasaki disease]] | ||
*[[Klebsiella]] | *[[Kikuchi disease]]<ref name="pmid24746858">{{cite journal| author=Khishfe BF, Krass LM, Nordquist EK| title=Kikuchi disease presenting with aseptic meningitis. | journal=Am J Emerg Med | year= 2014 | volume= | issue= | pages= | pmid=24746858 | doi=10.1016/j.ajem.2014.03.029 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24746858 }} </ref> | ||
*[[Klebsiella]]<ref name="pmid24863522">{{cite journal| author=Almeida SM, Nogueira Kda S, Palmeiro JK, Scheffer MC, Stier CJ, França JC et al.| title=Nosocomial meningitis caused by Klebsiella pneumoniae producing carbapenemase, with initial cerebrospinal fluid minimal inflammatory response. | journal=Arq Neuropsiquiatr | year= 2014 | volume= 72 | issue= 5 | pages= 398-9 | pmid=24863522 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24863522 }} </ref> | |||
*[[Lamotrigine]] | *[[Lamotrigine]] | ||
*[[Metastasis|Leptomeningeal metastasis]]<ref name="pmid24867803">{{cite journal| author=Chamberlain M, Soffietti R, Raizer J, Rudà R, Brandsma D, Boogerd W et al.| title=Leptomeningeal metastasis: a Response Assessment in Neuro-Oncology critical review of endpoints and response criteria of published randomized clinical trials. | journal=Neuro Oncol | year= 2014 | volume= | issue= | pages= | pmid=24867803 | doi=10.1093/neuonc/nou089 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24867803 }} </ref> | |||
*[[Leptospira]] | *[[Leptospira]] | ||
*[[Listeria monocytogenes]] | *[[Listeria monocytogenes]] | ||
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*[[Measles]] | *[[Measles]] | ||
*[[Meningeal carcinomatosis]] | *[[Meningeal carcinomatosis]] | ||
*[[Methotrexate]] | *[[Methotrexate]] | ||
*[[Mumps virus]] | *[[Mumps virus]] | ||
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*[[Parainfluenza]] | *[[Parainfluenza]] | ||
*[[Pasteurella multocida]] | *[[Pasteurella multocida]] | ||
*[[Pasteurella|Pasteurella stomatis]]<ref name="pmid24895000">{{cite journal| author=Foguem C| title=Rare Case of Catastrophic Diffuse Hemorrhage Complicating Sepsis and Meningitis Due to Pasteurella stomatis in an Elderly Woman Mimicking Hemorrhagic Septicemia. | journal=J Am Med Dir Assoc | year= 2014 | volume= | issue= | pages= | pmid=24895000 | doi=10.1016/j.jamda.2014.04.008 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24895000 }} </ref> | |||
*[[Phenazopyridine]] | *[[Phenazopyridine]] | ||
*[[Poliovirus]] | |||
*[[vaccination|Post-vaccination]]<ref name="pmid24832716">{{cite journal| author=Riedmann EM| title=Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics: news. | journal=Hum Vaccin Immunother | year= 2014 | volume= 10 | issue= 1 | pages= 3-6 | pmid=24832716 | doi=10.4161/hv.28052 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24832716 }} </ref> | |||
*[[encephalitis|Powassan encephalitis]] | |||
{{col-break|width=33%}} | {{col-break|width=33%}} | ||
*[[Pseudomonas aeruginosa]] | *[[Pseudomonas aeruginosa]] | ||
*[[Rabies virus]] | *[[Rabies virus]] | ||
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*[[Rocky Mountain spotted fever]] | *[[Rocky Mountain spotted fever]] | ||
*[[Rofecoxib]] | *[[Rofecoxib]] | ||
*[[Roseola]]<ref name="pmid24819578">{{cite journal| author=Schwartz KL, Richardson SE, Ward KN, Donaldson C, Macgregor D, Banwell B et al.| title=Delayed Primary HHV-7 Infection and Neurologic Disease. | journal=Pediatrics | year= 2014 | volume= | issue= | pages= | pmid=24819578 | doi=10.1542/peds.2013-3344 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24819578 }} </ref> | |||
*[[Rotavirus]] | *[[Rotavirus]] | ||
*[[Rubella]] | *[[Rubella]] | ||
*[[Salmonella]] | *[[Salmonella]] | ||
*[[Salmonella enterica]]<ref name="pmid24884674">{{cite journal| author=Lombardi D, Malaspina S, Strippoli A, Lucarelli C, Luzzi I, Ripabelli G| title=Salmonella enterica serovar Virchow meningitis in a young man in Italy: a case report. | journal=J Med Case Rep | year= 2014 | volume= 8 | issue= 1 | pages= 139 | pmid=24884674 | doi=10.1186/1752-1947-8-139 | pmc=PMC4031895 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24884674 }} </ref> | |||
*[[Sarcoidosis]] | *[[Sarcoidosis]] | ||
*[[Schistosomiasis]] | *[[Schistosomiasis]] | ||
*[[Serratia]] | *[[Serratia]] | ||
*[[Serratia marcescens]]<ref name="pmid24814159">{{cite journal| author=Ersoz G, Uguz M, Aslan G, Horasan ES, Kaya A| title=Outbreak of meningitis due to Serratia marcescens after spinal anaesthesia. | journal=J Hosp Infect | year= 2014 | volume= 87 | issue= 2 | pages= 122-5 | pmid=24814159 | doi=10.1016/j.jhin.2014.03.004 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24814159 }} </ref> | |||
*[[herpes virus|Simian herpes B virus]] | *[[herpes virus|Simian herpes B virus]] | ||
*[[Sinusitis]] | *[[Sinusitis]] | ||
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*[[St. Louis encephalitis|St. Louis encephalitis virus]] | *[[St. Louis encephalitis|St. Louis encephalitis virus]] | ||
*[[Staphylococcus aureus]] | *[[Staphylococcus aureus]] | ||
*[[Streptococcus agalactiae]] | |||
*[[Streptococcus pneumoniae]] | *[[Streptococcus pneumoniae]] | ||
*[[Streptococcus suis]]<ref name="pmid24856779">{{cite journal| author=Gómez-Zorrilla S, Ardanuy C, Lora-Tamayo J, Cámara J, García-Somoza D, Peña C et al.| title=Streptococcus suis Infection and Malignancy in Man, Spain. | journal=Emerg Infect Dis | year= 2014 | volume= 20 | issue= 6 | pages= | pmid=24856779 | doi=10.3201/eid2006.131167 | pmc=PMC4036790 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24856779 }} </ref> | |||
*[[Subdural abscess]] | *[[Subdural abscess]] | ||
*[[Syphilis]] | *[[Syphilis]] | ||
*[[Systemic lupus erythematosus]] | *[[Systemic lupus erythematosus]] | ||
*[[Toxoplasma gondii]] | *[[Toxoplasma gondii]] | ||
*[[Brain tumor surgery|Transsphenoidal surgery]]<ref name="pmid24851153">{{cite journal| author=Yoon KW, Cho CS, Lee SK| title=Large intracranial aneurysm after transsphenoidal surgery for pituitary macroadenoma. | journal=J Korean Neurosurg Soc | year= 2014 | volume= 55 | issue= 3 | pages= 160-3 | pmid=24851153 | doi=10.3340/jkns.2014.55.3.160 | pmc=PMC4024817 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24851153 }} </ref> | |||
*[[Treponema pallidum]] | *[[Treponema pallidum]] | ||
*[[Trichinosis]] | *[[Trichinosis]] | ||
| Line 268: | Line 279: | ||
*[[Western equine encephalitis virus]] | *[[Western equine encephalitis virus]] | ||
*[[Whipple's Disease]] | *[[Whipple's Disease]] | ||
*[[X-linked agammaglobulinemia]]<ref name="pmid24885015">{{cite journal| author=Van Vu Q, Wada T, Le HT, Le HT, Van Nguyen AT, Osamu O et al.| title=Clinical and mutational features of Vietnamese children with X-linked agammaglobulinemia. | journal=BMC Pediatr | year= 2014 | volume= 14 | issue= 1 | pages= 129 | pmid=24885015 | doi=10.1186/1471-2431-14-129 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24885015 }} </ref> | |||
*[[Yersinia pestis]] | *[[Yersinia pestis]] | ||
{{EndMultiCol}} | {{EndMultiCol}} | ||
Revision as of 19:02, 5 June 2014
|
Meningitis Main Page |
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-In-Chief: Cafer Zorkun, M.D., Ph.D. [2]; Mugilan Poongkunran M.B.B.S [3]
Overview
Most cases of meningitis are caused by microorganisms, such as viruses, bacteria, fungi, or parasite, that spread through blood and into the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).[1] Non-infectious causes include cancer, systemic lupus erythematosus and certain drugs. The most common cause of meningitis is viral, and often runs its course within a few days. Bacterial meningitis is the second most frequent type and can be serious and life-threatening. Numerous microorganisms may cause bacterial meningitis, but Neisseria meningitidis and Streptococcus pneumoniae are the most common pathogens in patients without immune deficiency, with meningococcal disease being more common in children. Staphylococcus aureus may complicate neurosurgical operations, and Listeria monocytogenes is associated with poor nutritional state and alcoholicism. Haemophilus influenzae (type B) incidence has been much reduced by immunization in many countries. Mycobacterium tuberculosis (the causative agent of tuberculosis) rarely causes meningitis in Western countries but is common and feared in countries where tuberculosis is endemic.
Causes
Life Threatening Causes
Life-threatening causes include conditions which may result in death or permanent disability within 24 hours if left untreated.
Common Causes
- Escherichia coli
- Gram-negative bacilli
- Group B streptococci
- Haemophilus influenzae
- Klebsiella pneumoniae
- Listeria monocytogenes
- Neisseria Meningitis
- Non-Group B streptococci
- Staphylococci
- Streptococcus agalactiae
- Streptococcus pneumoniae
Causes by Organ System
Causes in Alphabetical Order
References
- ↑ Ryan KJ, Ray CG (editors) (2004). Sherris Medical Microbiology (4th ed. ed.). McGraw Hill. pp. 876&ndash, 9. ISBN 0838585299.
- ↑ Chi M, Kim HJ, Haug S, Vagefi R, Kersten RC (2014). "Acute eosinophilic meningitis and orbital inflammation from presumed angiostrongyliasis". Can J Ophthalmol. 49 (3): e65–7. doi:10.1016/j.jcjo.2014.02.011. PMID 24862785.
- ↑ Starkey J, Moritani T, Kirby P (2014). "MRI of CNS Fungal Infections: Review of Aspergillosis to Histoplasmosis and Everything in Between". Clin Neuroradiol. doi:10.1007/s00062-014-0305-7. PMID 24870817.
- ↑ Sloan DJ, Parris V (2014). "Cryptococcal meningitis: epidemiology and therapeutic options". Clin Epidemiol. 6: 169–182. doi:10.2147/CLEP.S38850. PMC 4026566. PMID 24872723.
- ↑ Neal JW (2014). "Flaviviruses are neurotropic , but how do they invade the CNS ?". J Infect. doi:10.1016/j.jinf.2014.05.010. PMID 24880028.
- ↑ Agnihotri SP, Wuthrich C, Dang X, Nauen D, Karimi R, Viscidi R; et al. (2014). "A fatal case of JC virus meningitis presenting with hydrocephalus in an HIV-seronegative patient". Ann Neurol. doi:10.1002/ana.24192. PMID 24895208.
- ↑ Khishfe BF, Krass LM, Nordquist EK (2014). "Kikuchi disease presenting with aseptic meningitis". Am J Emerg Med. doi:10.1016/j.ajem.2014.03.029. PMID 24746858.
- ↑ Almeida SM, Nogueira Kda S, Palmeiro JK, Scheffer MC, Stier CJ, França JC; et al. (2014). "Nosocomial meningitis caused by Klebsiella pneumoniae producing carbapenemase, with initial cerebrospinal fluid minimal inflammatory response". Arq Neuropsiquiatr. 72 (5): 398–9. PMID 24863522.
- ↑ Chamberlain M, Soffietti R, Raizer J, Rudà R, Brandsma D, Boogerd W; et al. (2014). "Leptomeningeal metastasis: a Response Assessment in Neuro-Oncology critical review of endpoints and response criteria of published randomized clinical trials". Neuro Oncol. doi:10.1093/neuonc/nou089. PMID 24867803.
- ↑ Foguem C (2014). "Rare Case of Catastrophic Diffuse Hemorrhage Complicating Sepsis and Meningitis Due to Pasteurella stomatis in an Elderly Woman Mimicking Hemorrhagic Septicemia". J Am Med Dir Assoc. doi:10.1016/j.jamda.2014.04.008. PMID 24895000.
- ↑ Riedmann EM (2014). "Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics: news". Hum Vaccin Immunother. 10 (1): 3–6. doi:10.4161/hv.28052. PMID 24832716.
- ↑ Schwartz KL, Richardson SE, Ward KN, Donaldson C, Macgregor D, Banwell B; et al. (2014). "Delayed Primary HHV-7 Infection and Neurologic Disease". Pediatrics. doi:10.1542/peds.2013-3344. PMID 24819578.
- ↑ Lombardi D, Malaspina S, Strippoli A, Lucarelli C, Luzzi I, Ripabelli G (2014). "Salmonella enterica serovar Virchow meningitis in a young man in Italy: a case report". J Med Case Rep. 8 (1): 139. doi:10.1186/1752-1947-8-139. PMC 4031895. PMID 24884674.
- ↑ Ersoz G, Uguz M, Aslan G, Horasan ES, Kaya A (2014). "Outbreak of meningitis due to Serratia marcescens after spinal anaesthesia". J Hosp Infect. 87 (2): 122–5. doi:10.1016/j.jhin.2014.03.004. PMID 24814159.
- ↑ Gómez-Zorrilla S, Ardanuy C, Lora-Tamayo J, Cámara J, García-Somoza D, Peña C; et al. (2014). "Streptococcus suis Infection and Malignancy in Man, Spain". Emerg Infect Dis. 20 (6). doi:10.3201/eid2006.131167. PMC 4036790. PMID 24856779.
- ↑ Yoon KW, Cho CS, Lee SK (2014). "Large intracranial aneurysm after transsphenoidal surgery for pituitary macroadenoma". J Korean Neurosurg Soc. 55 (3): 160–3. doi:10.3340/jkns.2014.55.3.160. PMC 4024817. PMID 24851153.
- ↑ Van Vu Q, Wada T, Le HT, Le HT, Van Nguyen AT, Osamu O; et al. (2014). "Clinical and mutational features of Vietnamese children with X-linked agammaglobulinemia". BMC Pediatr. 14 (1): 129. doi:10.1186/1471-2431-14-129. PMID 24885015.