Delirium causes: Difference between revisions

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| '''Infectious Disease'''
| '''Infectious Disease'''
|bgcolor="Beige"|[[Viral hemorrhagic fever]], [[Vancomycin resistant enterococcal bacteremia]], [[Urinary tract infection]], [[Typhoid fever]], [[Systemic inflammatory response syndrome]], [[Systemic infection]], [[Wound#infection|Surgical wound infection]], [[Subdural empyema]], [[Sleeping sickness (West African)]], [[Sleeping sickness (East African)]], [[Sepsis]], [[Rickettsiae]], [[Rabies ]], [[Pyelonephritis, acute]], [[Plague]], [[Neurocysticercosis]], [[Malaria]], [[Central nervous system infection|Intraspinal abscess / granuloma, Intracranial abscess / granuloma]], [[Gangrene]], [[Lower respiratory tract infection classification|Chest infection]], [[Cerebral malaria]], [[Central nervous system infection|Brain or epidural abscess]], [[Brain infection]]  
|bgcolor="Beige"|[[Viral hemorrhagic fever]], [[Vancomycin resistant enterococcal bacteremia]], [[Urinary tract infection]], [[Typhoid fever]], [[Systemic inflammatory response syndrome]], [[Systemic infection]], [[Wound#Infection|Surgical wound infection]], [[Subdural empyema]], [[Sleeping sickness (West African)]], [[Sleeping sickness (East African)]], [[Sepsis]], [[Rickettsiae]], [[Rabies ]], [[Pyelonephritis, acute]], [[Plague]], [[Neurocysticercosis]], [[Malaria]], [[Central nervous system infection|Intraspinal abscess / granuloma, Intracranial abscess / granuloma]], [[Gangrene]], [[Lower respiratory tract infection classification|Chest infection]], [[Cerebral malaria]], [[Central nervous system infection|Brain or epidural abscess]], [[Brain infection]]  
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*[[Sleeping sickness (West African)]]
*[[Sleeping sickness (West African)]]
*[[Subdural empyema]]
*[[Subdural empyema]]
*[[Wound#infection|Surgical wound infection]]
*[[Wound#Infection|Surgical wound infection]]
*[[Systemic infection]]
*[[Systemic infection]]
*[[systemic inflammatory response syndrome]]
*[[systemic inflammatory response syndrome]]

Revision as of 22:54, 4 March 2014

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Vishal Khurana, M.B.B.S., M.D. [2]; Pratik Bahekar, MBBS [3]

Overview

Delirium may be caused by severe physical or mental illness, or any process which interferes with the normal metabolism or function of the brain e.g.fever, pain, poison (including toxic drug reactions), brain injury, surgery, traumatic shock, severe lack of food or water or sleep, and even withdrawal symptoms of certain drug and alcohol dependent states, are all known to cause delirium. In addition, there is an interaction between acute and chronic symptoms of brain dysfunction; delirious states are more easily produced in people already suffering with underlying chronic brain dysfunction.

A very common cause of delirium in elderly people is a urinary tract infection, which is easily treatable with antibiotics, reversing the delirium. Delirium, like mental confusion, is a very general and nonspecific symptom of organ dysfunction, where the organ in question is the brain. In addition to many organic causes relating to a structural defect or a metabolic problem in the brain (analogous to hardware problems in a computer), there are also some psychiatric causes, which may also include a component of mental or emotional stress, mental disease, or other "programming" problems (analogous to software problems in a computer).

Life Threatening Causes

Life-threatening causes include conditions which may result in death or permanent disability within 24 hours if left untreated.

Common Causes of Delirium

A mnemonic for the myriad causes of Delirium: IWATCHDEATH

Causes by Organ System

Cardiovascular Malignant hypertension, Heart failure
Chemical/Poisoning Withdrawal states from Ethanol, Benzodiazepines, Water hemlock poisoning , Monomethylhydrazine , Toluene, Texas Mescalbean poisoning, Poison hemlock, Organic solvent, Methanol, Marijuana, Lead, Jimson weed, Hyperbaric sickness, Hydrogen sulfide , Heroin, Hallucinogens, Ethylene glycol, Ethanol, Daphne poisoning , Cyanide, Carbon tetrachloride, Carbon monoxide toxicity, Alcohol withdrawal, Thallium Sulfate poisoning, Phencyclidine poisoning, Nickel, Carbonyl poisoning
Dental No underlying causes
Dermatologic No underlying causes
Drug Side Effect Valproic acid, Muscle relaxants, Serotonin syndrome, Quinolones, Lithium, Drug withdrawal, Drug overdose, Cabergoline, Antipsychotics, Antihistamines
Ear Nose Throat No underlying causes
Endocrine Pituitary apoplexy, Phaeochromocytoma, Hypothyroidism, Hypopituitarism, Hypoglycemia, Hyperthyroidism, Hyperosmolar non-ketotic diabetic coma, Hyperglycemia, Hyperthyroidism, Elevated or depressed pituitary function ,Elevated or Depressed adrenal function, Diabetic ketoacidosis, Diabetic hypoglycemia, Cushing syndrome, Adrenal cortex insufficiency
Environmental Hypothermia, Hyperthermia, Heat stroke, Electric shock, Decompression sickness, Acute Altitude sickness
Gastroenterologic Elevated or depressed pancreas function, Chronic Liver failure, Acute liver failure
Genetic No underlying causes
Hematologic Thrombocytosis, Polycythemia, Leukemic blast cell crisis, Hypereosinophilia
Iatrogenic Postoperative stress
Infectious Disease Viral hemorrhagic fever, Vancomycin resistant enterococcal bacteremia, Urinary tract infection, Typhoid fever, Systemic inflammatory response syndrome, Systemic infection, Surgical wound infection, Subdural empyema, Sleeping sickness (West African), Sleeping sickness (East African), Sepsis, Rickettsiae, Rabies , Pyelonephritis, acute, Plague, Neurocysticercosis, Malaria, Intraspinal abscess / granuloma, Intracranial abscess / granuloma, Gangrene, Chest infection, Cerebral malaria, Brain or epidural abscess, Brain infection
Musculoskeletal/Orthopedic No underlying causes
Neurologic Venous sinus thrombosis, Raised intracranial pressure, Postictal state, Nonconvulsive status epilepticus, Meningoencephalitis, Meningitis, Intracranial bleeding, Hypertensive encephalopathy, Epileptic seizures, Epidural haemorrhage, Encephalitis, Encephalitis, Cerebrovascular accident, Cerebral oedema, Cerebral infarction, Brain tumor, Brain abscess
Nutritional/Metabolic Wilson's disease, Wernicke's encephalopathy, Vitamin B12 deficiency, Thiamine (Vitamin B1) deficiency, Niacin deficiencies, Folate deficiency, Acute intermittent porphyria
Obstetric/Gynecologic No underlying causes
Oncologic No underlying causes
Ophthalmologic No underlying causes
Overdose/Toxicity No underlying causes
Psychiatric Schizoaffective disorder
Pulmonary Respiratory failure, Hypoxemia, Hypercarbia
Renal/Electrolyte Hypophosphatemia, Hypoosmolar states, Hyponatremia, Hypocalcemia, Hyperosmolar states, Hypernatremia,

Hypermagnesemia, Hypercalcemia, Hypomagnesemia, Hyperphosphatemia, Chronic Renal failure, Acute Renal failure

Rheumatology/Immunology/Allergy Vasculitis
Sexual No underlying causes
Trauma Trauma, Skull fracture, Head injury
Urologic No underlying causes
Miscellaneous Coproporphyria, Burns

Causes in Alphabetical Order

References

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