Supraventricular tachycardia causes: Difference between revisions

	Supraventricular tachycardia Microchapters
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Ongoing Management of Junctional Tachycardia
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Latest revision as of 23:02, 10 January 2020

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Ayokunle Olubaniyi, M.B,B.S [2] Ogheneochuko Ajari, MB.BS, MS [3]

Overview

Supraventricular tachycardia is a collective term used to describe all the tachycardias originating from the SA node, atrium and AV node. Therefore, the causes depend on the source of the pathology, and they are as follows:

Causes

Life Threatening Causes

Life-threatening causes include conditions which may result in death or permanent disability within 24 hours if left untreated.

2

Common Causes

2

Causes by Organ System

Cardiovascular	Air embolism, amyloidosis, aortic regurgitation, aortic stenosis, arteriovenous fistula, atrial ischemia, atrial myxoma, atrial septal defect, cardiac tamponade, cardiac tumors, cardiomyopathy, Chagas heart disease, congestive heart failure, constrictive pericarditis, coronary artery bypass graft surgery, coronary artery disease, dilated cardiomyopathy, Ebstein's anomaly, endocarditis, familial atrial fibrillation, familial atrioventricular nodal reentry tachycardia, heart bypass surgery, heart failure, hemochromatosis, holiday heart syndrome, hypertensive heart disease, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, hypokalemia, hypotension, hypoxia, ischemic heart disease, Kawasaki disease, left ventricular hypertrophy, Lown-Ganong-Levine syndrome, LQT type 4, Lutembacher syndrome, mahaim fiber tachycardia, mitral regurgitation, mitral valve stenosis, myocardial infarction, myocarditis, neonatal coxsackie myocarditis, open heart surgery, pericarditis, peripartum cardiomyopathy, post cardiac surgery, pulmonary embolism, pulmonary hypertension, rheumatic heart disease, shock, sick sinus syndrome, stroke, temporary cardiac pacing, tricuspid regurgitation, tricuspid stenosis, unstable angina, uremic pericarditis, valvular heart disease, Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome
Chemical/Poisoning	Breath spray, carbon monoxide poisoning, cyanide, grayanotoxin, mercury poisoning
Dental	No underlying causes
Dermatologic	Psoriatic arthritis
Drug Side Effect	Albuterol, alprazolam, amiodarone, amphetamines, amrinone, atomoxetine, atropine, beta blockers, caffeine, carbamazepine poisoning, cimetidine, clonidine, conivaptan, diazoxide, dicobalt edetate, diltiazem, disopyramide, dobutamine, docetaxel, dopexamine, doxapram, doxorubicin, ephedrine, epirubicin, fentanyl, flecainide, flumazenil, fluvoxamine, guanethidine, hexamethonium, hydralazine, ibutilide, isoprenaline, isoproterenol infusion, lithium, methamphetamines, methyldopa, methylphenidate, methysergide, minoxidil, nelarabine, nicotine, orlistat, palonosetron, paroxetine, phenoxybenzamine, phentolamine, porfimer sodium, pramipexole, procainamide, propafenone, quinidine, ramucirumab, reserpine, ritodrine, romidepsin, salbutamol, salmeterol, sargramostim, sibutramine, theophylline, trimethaphan, type Ia antiarrhythmic agents, type Ic antiarrhythmic agents, type III antiarrhythmic agents, verapamil
Ear Nose Throat	No underlying causes
Endocrine	Amyloidosis, diabetes mellitus, fatigue, hemochromatosis, hyperthyroidism, hypoglycemia, hypothyroidism, pheochromocytoma, thyrotoxicosis
Environmental	No underlying causes
Gastroenterologic	Crohn's disease, hemochromatosis, ulcerative colitis
Genetic	Channelopaties, Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy, hemochromatosis, LQT type 4, muscular dystrophy, myotonic dystrophy
Hematologic	Anemia, fat embolism, fatigue, hemochromatosis
Iatrogenic	Cardiac surgery, cardiac transplantation, incomplete ablation procedures, post cardiac surgery, postoperative complication, surgery
Infectious Disease	Amoebiasis, chagas heart disease, diphtheria, fever, leptospirosis, Lyme disease, myocarditis, myotonic dystrophy, neonatal coxsackie myocarditis, rheumatic fever, salmonella typhosa, sepsis, trichinosis, viral infections
Musculoskeletal/Orthopedic	Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy, fat embolism, hemochromatosis, muscular dystrophy
Neurologic	Diabetic autonomic neuropathy, fat embolism, fatigue, Guillain-Barré syndrome, obstructive sleep apnea, stroke, subarachnoid hemorrhage
Nutritional/Metabolic	Dehydration, hypercapnia, hypervitaminosis D, hypokalemia, hypomagnesemia
Obstetric/Gynecologic	nonimmune hydrops fetalis, peripartum cardiomyopathy, pregnancy
Oncologic	atrial myxoma, bronchogenic carcinoma, cardiac tumors, fatigue, lung cancer, pheochromocytoma
Ophthalmologic	No underlying causes
Overdose/Toxicity	Alcohol overdose, alcohol withdrawal, aminophylline toxicity, binge drinking, carbamazepine poisoning, cocaine overdose, digitalis toxicity, salicylate poisoning, tricyclic antidepressant overdose
Psychiatric	Anxiety, bulimia nervosa, fatigue, panic disorder, psychological stress
Pulmonary	Air embolism, bronchogenic carcinoma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, emphysema, fat embolism, hypoxia, lung cancer, pneumonia, sarcoidosis, tension pneumothorax
Renal/Electrolyte	Chronic kidney disease, chronic renal failure, dehydration, electrolyte disturbance, renal insufficiency
Rheumatology/Immunology/Allergy	Amyloidosis, ankylosing spondylitis, collagen vascular disease, juvenile idiopathic arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, reactive arthritis, rheumatic fever, rheumatic heart disease, sarcoidosis, scleroderma, spondyloarthritis
Sexual	No underlying causes
Trauma	Cardiac injury from blunt trauma, drowning, electric shock
Urologic	No underlying causes
Miscellaneous	Binge drinking, drowning, fever, hypothermia, malignant hyperthermia, pain, stress

Combined List of Causes in Alphabetical Order

Causes Based on Pathophysiologic Origin

SVTs from a Sinoatrial Source

Inappropriate Sinus Tachycardia

The cause of inappropriate sinus tachycardia is unknown. It is a diagnosis of exclusion after all the specific physiological and psychological triggers of sinus tachycardia have been excluded. The diagnosis of IST is based on the presence of a persistent and recurrent sinus tachycardia on EKG that is otherwise unexplainable.

Sinus Tachycardia

Sinoatrial Nodal Reentry Tachycardia

SVTs from an Atrial Source

Focal Atrial Tachycardia

Atrial Flutter

Atrial Fibrillation

Multifocal Atrial Tachycardia

2

SVTs from an Atrioventricular Source

AV Nodal Reentrant Tachycardia

AV Reentrant Tachycardia

Junctional Tachycardia

2

References

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 __NOTOC__
 {{Supraventricular tachycardia}}
-{{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{AO}}
+{{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{AO}} {{Ochuko}}
 ==Overview==
 Supraventricular tachycardia is a collective term used to describe all the [[Tachycardia|tachycardias]] originating from the [[SA node]], [[atrium]] and [[AV node]].  Therefore, the causes depend on the source of the pathology, and they are as follows:
+==Causes==
 ===Life Threatening Causes===
 Life-threatening causes include conditions which may result in death or permanent disability within 24 hours if left untreated.
+{{columns-list|2|
+*[[Air embolism]]
+*[[Alcoholism|Alcohol overdose]]
+*[[Alcohol withdrawal]]
+*[[Aminophylline|Aminophylline toxicity]]
+*[[Carbon monoxide poisoning#Symptoms|Carbon monoxide poisoning]]
+*[[Cardiac tamponade]]
+*[[Cocaine|Cocaine overdose]]
+*[[Cyanide poisoning]]
+*[[Dehydration]]
+*[[Digitalis toxicity]]
+*[[Drowning]]
+*[[Electric shock]]
+*[[Fat embolism]]
+*[[Hypoglycemia]]
+*[[Hypokalemia]]
+*[[Hypotension]]
+*[[Hypothermia]]
+*[[Lithium|Lithium toxicity]]
+*[[Malignant hyperthermia]]
+*[[Myocardial infarction]]
+*[[Pulmonary embolism]]
+*[[Salicylate poisoning]]
+*[[Shock]]
+*[[Subarachnoid hemorrhage]]
+*[[Tension pneumothorax]]
+*[[Tricyclic antidepressant overdose]]
+}}
 ===Common Causes===
+{{columns-list|2|
+*[[Alcoholism|Alcohol overdose]]
+*[[Alcohol withdrawal]]
+*[[Anemia]]
+*[[Anxiety]]
+*[[Beta blockers|Beta blockers toxicity]]
+*[[Caffeine]]
+*[[Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease]]
+*[[Cocaine|Cocaine overdose]]
+*[[Congenital heart disease]]
+*[[Dehydration]]
+*[[Digitalis toxicity]]
+*[[Fever]]
+*[[Heart failure]]
+*[[Hypertensive heart disease]]
+*[[Hyperthyroidism]]
+*[[Hypoglycemia]]
+*[[Hypokalemia]]
+*[[Hypoxia]]
+*[[Mitral valve prolapse]]
+*[[Myocardial infarction]]
+*[[Myocarditis]]
+*[[Nicotine]]
+*[[Pain]]
+*[[Pericarditis]]
+*[[Pregnancy]]
+*[[Salbutamol]]
+*[[Sepsis]]
+*[[Tricyclic antidepressant overdose]]
+}}
 ===Causes by Organ System===
 {|style="width:80%; height:100px" border="1"
 |style="height:100px"; style="width:25%" border="1" bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" |'''Cardiovascular'''
-|style="height:100px"; style="width:75%" border="1" bgcolor="Beige" |
+|style="height:100px"; style="width:75%" border="1" bgcolor="Beige" | [[Air embolism]], [[amyloidosis]], [[aortic regurgitation]], [[aortic stenosis]], [[arteriovenous fistula]], [[atrial infarction|atrial ischemia]], [[atrial myxoma]], [[atrial septal defect]], [[cardiac tamponade]], [[cardiac tumors]], [[cardiomyopathy]], [[The heart in Chagas' disease|Chagas heart disease]], [[congestive heart failure]], [[constrictive pericarditis]], [[coronary artery bypass graft surgery]], [[coronary artery disease]], [[dilated cardiomyopathy]], [[Ebstein's anomaly]], [[endocarditis]], [[familial atrial fibrillation]], [[familial atrioventricular nodal reentry tachycardia]], [[heart bypass surgery]], [[heart failure]], [[hemochromatosis]], [[holiday heart syndrome]], [[hypertensive heart disease]], [[hypertrophic cardiomyopathy]], [[hypokalemia]], [[hypotension]], [[hypoxia]], [[ischemic heart disease]], [[Kawasaki disease]], [[left ventricular hypertrophy]], [[Lown-Ganong-Levine syndrome]], [[Long QT Syndrome classification#LQT4|LQT type 4]], [[Lutembacher syndrome]], [[Mahaim fibers|mahaim fiber tachycardia]], [[mitral regurgitation]], [[mitral valve stenosis]], [[myocardial infarction]], [[myocarditis]], [[coxsackie A virus#Diseases|neonatal coxsackie myocarditis]], [[open heart surgery]], [[pericarditis]], [[peripartum cardiomyopathy]], [[cardiac surgery|post cardiac surgery]], [[pulmonary embolism]], [[pulmonary hypertension]], [[rheumatic heart disease]], [[shock]], [[sick sinus syndrome]], [[stroke]], [[temporary cardiac pacing]], [[tricuspid regurgitation]], [[tricuspid stenosis]], [[unstable angina]], [[uremic pericarditis]], [[valvular heart disease]], [[Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome]]
-[[Aortic regurgitation]],
-[[aortic stenosis]],
-[[arteriovenous fistula]],
-[[atrial infarction|atrial ischemia]],
-[[atrial myxoma]],
-[[atrial septal defect]],
-[[cardiac tamponade]],
-[[cardiac tumors]],
-[[congenital heart disease]],
-[[congestive heart failure]],
-[[constrictive  pericarditis]],
-[[coronary artery bypass graft surgery]],
-[[coronary artery disease]],
-[[dilated cardiomyopathy]],
-[[Ebstein anomaly]],
-[[endocarditis]],
-[[familial atrial fibrillation]],
-[[holiday heart syndrome]],
-[[hypertensive heart  disease]],
-[[hypertrophic  cardiomyopathy]],
-[[hypotension]],
-[[ischemic heart disease]],
-[[Lown-Ganong-Levine syndrome]],
-[[Lutembacher syndrome]],
-[[Mahaim fibers|Mahaim fiber tachycardia]],
-[[mitral regurgitation]],
-[[mitral stenosis]],
-[[mitral valve prolapse]],
-[[mitral valve stenosis]],
-[[myocardial  infarction]],
-[[myocarditis]],
-[[pericarditis]],
-[[peripartum  cardiomyopathy]],
-[[pulmonary  hypertension]],
-[[Rheumatic fever natural history#Complications|rheumatic fever]],
-[[shock]],
-[[sick sinus syndrome]],
-[[tricuspid  regurgitation]],
-[[tricuspid stenosis]],
-[[unstable angina]],
-[[uremic pericarditis]],
-[[valvular heart  disease]],
-[[Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome]]
 |-
 |bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"| '''Chemical/Poisoning'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Carbon monoxide poisoning#Symptoms|Carbon monoxide poisoning]], [[cyanide]], [[grayanotoxin]], [[mercury poisoning]]
+|bgcolor="Beige"|[[Breath spray]], [[carbon monoxide poisoning]], [[cyanide]], [[grayanotoxin]], [[mercury poisoning]]
 |-
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
@@ Line 68: / Line 85: @@
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 | '''Dermatologic'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
+|bgcolor="Beige"|[[Psoriatic arthritis]]
 |-
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 | '''Drug Side Effect'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"|
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Albuterol]], [[alprazolam]], [[amiodarone]], [[amphetamines]], [[amrinone]], [[atomoxetine]], [[atropine]], [[beta blockers]], [[caffeine]], [[carbamazepine#Adverse effects|carbamazepine poisoning]], [[cimetidine]], [[clonidine]], [[conivaptan]], [[diazoxide]], [[cyanide poisoning#Treatment of poisoning and antidotes|dicobalt edetate]], [[diltiazem]], [[disopyramide]], [[dobutamine]], [[docetaxel]], [[dopexamine]], [[doxapram]], [[doxorubicin]], [[ephedrine]], [[epirubicin]], [[fentanyl]], [[flecainide]], [[flumazenil]], [[fluvoxamine]], [[guanethidine]], [[hexamethonium]], [[hydralazine]], [[ibutilide]], [[isoprenaline]], [[isoproterenol infusion]], [[lithium]], [[methamphetamines]], [[methyldopa]], [[methylphenidate]], [[methysergide]], [[minoxidil]], [[nelarabine]], [[nicotine]], [[orlistat]], [[palonosetron]], [[paroxetine]], [[phenoxybenzamine]], [[phentolamine]], [[porfimer sodium]], [[pramipexole]], [[procainamide]], [[propafenone]], [[quinidine]], [[ramucirumab]], [[reserpine]], [[ritodrine]], [[romidepsin]], [[salbutamol]], [[salmeterol]], [[sargramostim]], [[sibutramine]], [[theophylline]], [[trimethaphan]], [[antiarrhythmic agent#Class Ia agents|type Ia antiarrhythmic agents]], [[antiarrhythmic agent#Class Ic agents|type Ic antiarrhythmic agents]], [[antiarrhythmic agent#Class III agents|type III antiarrhythmic agents]], [[verapamil]]
-[[Alprazolam]],
-[[aminophylline]],
-[[amiodarone]],
-[[amphetamines]],
-[[amrinone]],
-[[atomoxetine]],
-[[atropine]],
-[[beta blockers]],
-[[caffeine]],
-[[cimetidine]],
-[[clonidine]],
-[[cocaine]],
-[[diazoxide]],
-[[Cyanide poisoning#Treatment of poisoning and antidotes|dicobalt edetate]],
-[[diltiazem]],
-[[disopyramide]],
-[[dobutamine]],
-[[docetaxel]],
-[[dopexamine]],
-[[doxapram]],
-[[doxorubicin]],
-[[ephedrine]],
-[[epirubicin]],
-[[fentanyl]],
-[[flecainide]],
-[[flumazenil]],
-[[fluvoxamine]],
-[[guanethidine]],
-[[hexamethonium]],
-[[hydralazine]],
-[[ibutilide]],
-[[isoprenaline]],
-[[Isoproterenol|isoproterenol infusion]],
-[[lithium]],
-[[methyldopa]],
-[[methylphenidate]],
-[[methysergide]],
-[[minoxidil]],
-[[nelarabine]],
-[[nicotine]],
-[[orlistat]],
-[[palonosetron]],
-[[paroxetine]],
-[[porfimer sodium]],
-[[procainamide]],
-[[propafenone]],
-[[quinidine]],
-[[reserpine]],
-[[ritodrine]],
-[[salbutamol]],
-[[salmeterol]],
-[[sibutramine]],
-[[theophylline]],
-[[trimethaphan]],
-[[Antiarrhythmic agent#Class Ia agents|type IA antiarrhythmic agents]],
-[[Antiarrhythmic agent#Class Ic agents|type IC antiarrhythmic agents]],
-[[Antiarrhythmic agent#Class III agents|type III antiarrhythmic agents]],
-[[verapamil]]
 |-
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
@@ Line 138: / Line 97: @@
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 | '''Endocrine'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Diabetes mellitus]], [[hemochromatosis]], [[hyperthyroidism]], [[hypothyroidism]], [[pheochromocytoma]], [[thyrotoxicosis]]
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Amyloidosis]], [[diabetes mellitus]], [[fatigue]], [[hemochromatosis]], [[hyperthyroidism]], [[hypoglycemia]], [[hypothyroidism]], [[pheochromocytoma]], [[thyrotoxicosis]]
 |-
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 | '''Environmental'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Electric shock]], [[hypothermia]]
+|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
 |-
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 | '''Gastroenterologic'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
+|bgcolor="Beige"|[[Crohn's disease]], [[hemochromatosis]], [[ulcerative colitis]]
 |-
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 | '''Genetic'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Ebstein anomaly]], [[Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy]], [[familial atrioventricular nodal reentry tachycardia]], [[Long QT Syndrome classification#LQT4|LQT type 4]], [[malignant hyperthermia]], [[muscular dystrophy]], [[myotonic dystrophy]], [[Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome]]
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Channelopaties]], [[Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy]], [[hemochromatosis]], [[Long QT Syndrome classification#LQT4|LQT type 4]], [[muscular dystrophy]], [[myotonic dystrophy]]
 |-
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 | '''Hematologic'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Anemia]]
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Anemia]], [[fat embolism]], [[fatigue]], [[hemochromatosis]]
 |-
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 | '''Iatrogenic'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Cardiac transplantation]], [[heart bypass surgery]], [[Catheter ablation|incomplete ablation procedures]],  [[open heart surgery]],  [[temporary cardiac pacing]],
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Cardiac surgery]], [[cardiac transplantation]], [[catheter ablation|incomplete ablation procedures]], [[cardiac surgery|post cardiac surgery]], [[postoperative complication]], [[surgery]]
 |-
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 | '''Infectious Disease'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Amoebiasis]],  [[Chagas disease]], [[diphtheria]], [[Guillain-Barré syndrome]], [[leptospirosis]], [[Lyme disease]], [[Coxsackie A virus#Diseases|neonatal coxsackie myocarditis]],  [[pneumonia]][[rheumatic fever]], [[Salmonella|salmonella typhosa]],[[sepsis]],[[trichinosis]]
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Amoebiasis]], [[The heart in Chagas' disease|chagas heart disease]], [[diphtheria]], [[fever]], [[leptospirosis]], [[Lyme disease]], [[myocarditis]], [[myotonic dystrophy]], [[coxsackie A virus#Diseases|neonatal coxsackie myocarditis]], [[rheumatic fever]], [[salmonella|salmonella typhosa]], [[sepsis]], [[trichinosis]], [[viral infections]]
 |-
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 | '''Musculoskeletal/Orthopedic'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy]], [[fat embolism]], [[hemochromatosis]], [[muscular dystrophy]]
 |-
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 | '''Neurologic'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[diabetic neuropathy|Diabetic autonomic neuropathy]], [[fat embolism]], [[fatigue]], [[Guillain-Barré syndrome]], [[obstructive sleep apnea]], [[stroke]], [[subarachnoid hemorrhage]]
 |-
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 | '''Nutritional/Metabolic'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Dehydration]], [[hypercapnia]], [[hypervitaminosis D]], [[hypokalemia]], [[hypomagnesemia]]
 |-
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 | '''Obstetric/Gynecologic'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[hydrops fetalis|nonimmune hydrops fetalis]], [[peripartum cardiomyopathy]], [[pregnancy]]
 |-
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 | '''Oncologic'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[atrial myxoma]], [[bronchogenic carcinoma]], [[cardiac tumors]], [[fatigue]], [[lung cancer]], [[pheochromocytoma]]
 |-
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
@@ Line 190: / Line 149: @@
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 | '''Overdose/Toxicity'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[alcoholism|Alcohol overdose]], [[alcohol withdrawal]], [[aminophylline|aminophylline toxicity]], [[binge drinking]], [[carbamazepine#Adverse effects|carbamazepine poisoning]], [[cocaine|cocaine overdose]], [[digitalis toxicity]], [[salicylate poisoning]], [[tricyclic antidepressant overdose]]
 |-
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 | '''Psychiatric'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Anxiety]], [[bulimia nervosa]], [[fatigue]], [[panic disorder]], [[psychological stress]]
 |-
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 | '''Pulmonary'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Air embolism]], [[bronchogenic carcinoma]], [[chronic obstructive pulmonary disease]], [[emphysema]], [[fat embolism]], [[hypoxia]], [[lung cancer]], [[pneumonia]], [[sarcoidosis]], [[tension pneumothorax]]
 |-
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 | '''Renal/Electrolyte'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Chronic kidney disease]], [[chronic renal failure]], [[dehydration]], [[electrolyte disturbance]], [[renal insufficiency]]
 |-
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 | '''Rheumatology/Immunology/Allergy'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Amyloidosis]], [[ankylosing spondylitis]], [[collagen vascular disease]], [[juvenile idiopathic arthritis]], [[psoriatic arthritis]], [[reactive arthritis]], [[rheumatic fever]], [[rheumatic heart disease]], [[sarcoidosis]], [[scleroderma]], [[spondyloarthritis]]
 |-
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
@@ Line 214: / Line 173: @@
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 | '''Trauma'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[commotio cordis|Cardiac injury from blunt trauma]], [[drowning]], [[electric shock]]
 |-
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
@@ Line 222: / Line 181: @@
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 | '''Miscellaneous'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Binge drinking]], [[drowning]], [[fever]], [[hypothermia]], [[malignant hyperthermia]], [[pain]], [[stress]]
 |-
 |}
-===Causes in Alphabetical Order===
+===Combined List of Causes in Alphabetical Order===
-{{col-begin|width=80%}}
+{{columns-list|
-{{col-break|width=33%}}
 *[[Air embolism]]
 *[[Albuterol]]
@@ Line 300: / Line 258: @@
 *[[Electric shock]]
 *[[Electrolyte disturbance]]
-{{col-break|width=33%}}
 *[[Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy]]
 *[[Emphysema]]
@@ Line 371: / Line 328: @@
 *[[Obstructive sleep apnea]]
 *[[Open heart surgery]]
-{{col-break|width=33%}}
 *[[Orlistat]]
 *[[Pain]]
@@ Line 388: / Line 344: @@
 *[[Cardiac surgery|Post cardiac surgery]]
 *[[Postoperative complication]]
+*[[Pramipexole]]
 *[[Pregnancy]]
 *[[Procainamide]]
@@ Line 396: / Line 353: @@
 *[[Pulmonary hypertension]]
 *[[Quinidine]]
+*[[Ramucirumab]]
 *[[Reactive arthritis]]
 *[[Renal insufficiency]]
@@ Line 402: / Line 360: @@
 *[[Rheumatic heart disease]]
 *[[Ritodrine]]
+*[[Romidepsin]]
 *[[Salbutamol]]
 *[[Salicylate poisoning]]
@@ Line 407: / Line 366: @@
 *[[Salmonella|Salmonella typhosa]]
 *[[Sarcoidosis]]
+*[[Sargramostim]]
 *[[Scleroderma]]
 *[[Sepsis]]
@@ Line 436: / Line 396: @@
 *[[Viral infections]]
 *[[Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome]]
-{{col-end}}
+}}
+==Causes Based on Pathophysiologic Origin==
+===SVTs from a Sinoatrial Source===
+====Inappropriate Sinus Tachycardia====
+The cause of inappropriate sinus tachycardia is unknown.  It is a diagnosis of exclusion after all the specific physiological and psychological triggers of [[sinus tachycardia]] have been excluded.  The diagnosis of IST is based on the presence of a persistent and recurrent sinus tachycardia on EKG that is otherwise unexplainable.
+====Sinus Tachycardia====
+{{columns-list|
+*[[Air embolism]]
+*[[Alcoholism|Alcohol overdose]]
+*[[Alcohol withdrawal]]
+*[[Alprazolam]]
+*[[Aminophylline|Aminophylline toxicity]]
+*[[Amphetamines|Amphetamine toxicity]]
+*[[Amrinone]]
+*[[Anemia]]
+*[[Anxiety]]
+*[[Arteriovenous fistula]]
+*[[Atomoxetine]]
+*[[Atropine]]
+*[[Bulimia nervosa]]
+*[[Caffeine]]
+*[[Carbamazepine#Adverse effects|Carbamazepine poisoning]]
+*[[Commotio cordis|Cardiac injury from blunt trauma]]
+*[[Cardiac tamponade]]
+*[[The heart in Chagas' disease|Chagas heart disease]]
+*[[Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease]]
+*[[Cocaine|Cocaine overdose]]
+*[[Cyanide|Cyanide poisoning]]
+*[[Dehydration]]
+*[[Diabetic neuropathy|Diabetic autonomic neuropathy]]
+*[[Diazoxide]]
+*[[Cyanide poisoning#Treatment of poisoning and antidotes|Dicobalt edetate]]
+*[[Dobutamine]]
+*[[Docetaxel]]
+*[[Dopexamine]]
+*[[Doxapram]]
+*[[Doxorubicin]]
+*[[Drowning]]
+*[[Electric shock]]
+*[[Ephedrine]]
+*[[Epirubicin]]
+*[[Fat embolism]]
+*[[Fentanyl]]
+*[[Fever]]
+*[[Fluvoxamine]]
+*[[Guillain-Barré syndrome]]
+*[[Heart failure]]
+*[[Hexamethonium]]
+*[[Hydralazine]]
+*[[Hyperthyroidism]]
+*[[Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy]]
+*[[Hypervitaminosis D]]
+*[[Hypoglycemia]]
+*[[Hypotension]]
+*[[Hypoxia]]
+*[[Ibutilide]]
+*[[Isoprenaline]]
+*[[Kawasaki disease]]
+*[[Malignant hyperthermia]]
+*[[Mercury poisoning]]
+*[[Methylphenidate]]
+*[[Methysergide]]
+*[[Minoxidil]]
+*[[Myocardial infarction]]
+*[[Myocarditis]]
+*[[Nelarabine]]
+*[[Nicotine]]
+*[[Pain]]
+*[[Palonosetron]]
+*[[Panic disorder]]
+*[[Paroxetine]]
+*[[Peripartum cardiomyopathy]]
+*[[Phenoxybenzamine]]
+*[[Phentolamine]]
+*[[Pheochromocytoma]]
+*[[Pregnancy]]
+*[[Pulmonary embolism]]
+*[[Ritodrine]]
+*[[Salbutamol]]
+*[[Salicylate poisoning]]
+*[[Salmeterol]]
+*[[Sepsis]]
+*[[Shock]]
+*[[Sibutramine]]
+*[[Tension pneumothorax]]
+*[[Tricyclic antidepressant overdose]]
+*[[Trimethaphan]]
+*[[Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome]]
+}}
+====Sinoatrial Nodal Reentry Tachycardia====
+*[[Congenital heart disease]]
+*[[Ischemic heart disease]]
+*[[Cardiac surgery|Post cardiac surgery]]
+*[[Valvular heart disease]]
+===SVTs from an Atrial Source===
+====Focal Atrial Tachycardia====
+*[[Stroke|Acute stroke]]
+*[[Albuterol]]
+*[[Alcoholism|Alcohol overdose]]
+*[[Caffeine]]
+*[[Cardiomyopathy]]
+*[[Cocaine|Cocaine overdose]]
+*[[Digitalis toxicity]]
+*[[Hyperthyroidism]]
+*[[Hypokalemia]]
+*[[Hypomagnesemia]]
+*[[Hypoxia]]
+*[[Myocardial infarction]]
+*[[Theophylline]]
+====Atrial Flutter====
+{{columns-list|
+*[[Alcoholism|Alcohol overdose]]
+*[[Amoebiasis]]
+*[[Amphetamines|Amphetamine toxicity]]
+*[[Ankylosing spondylitis]]
+*[[Anxiety]]
+*[[Aortic regurgitation]]
+*[[Aortic stenosis]]
+*[[Atrial myxoma]]
+*[[Caffeine]]
+*[[Carbon monoxide poisoning]]
+*[[Cardiac surgery]]
+*[[Cardiac transplantation]]
+*[[Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease]]
+*[[Cocaine|Cocaine overdose]]
+*[[Congenital heart disease]]
+*[[Congestive heart failure]]
+*[[Coronary artery disease]]
+*[[Crohn's disease]]
+*[[Digitalis toxicity]]
+*[[Dilated cardiomyopathy]]
+*[[Disopyramide]]
+*[[Emphysema]]
+*[[Flecainide]]
+*[[Heart bypass surgery]]
+*[[Holiday heart syndrome]]
+*[[Hypertensive heart disease]]
+*[[Hyperthyroidism]]
+*[[Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy]]
+*[[Hypoxia]]
+*[[Catheter ablation|Incomplete ablation procedures]]
+*[[Ischemic heart disease]]
+*[[The heart in juvenile rheumatoid arthritis#3. Systemic onset of juvenile idiopathic arthritis|Juvenile idiopathic arthritis]]
+*[[Lithium|Lithium toxicity]]
+*[[Lown-Ganong-Levine syndrome]]
+*[[Lung cancer]]
+*[[Mitral regurgitation]]
+*[[Mitral valve prolapse]]
+*[[Mitral valve stenosis]]
+*[[Myocardial infarction]]
+*[[Myotonic dystrophy]]
+*[[Coxsackie A virus#Diseases|Neonatal coxsackie myocarditis]]
+*[[Hydrops fetalis|Nonimmune hydrops fetalis]]
+*[[Obstructive sleep apnea]]
+*[[Open heart surgery]]
+*[[Orlistat]]
+*[[Pericarditis]]
+*[[Pheochromocytoma]]
+*[[Pneumonia]]
+*[[Procainamide]]
+*[[Propafenone]]
+*[[Psoriatic arthritis]]
+*[[Pulmonary embolism]]
+*[[Quinidine]]
+*[[Reactive arthritis]]
+*[[Rheumatic fever]]
+*[[Rheumatic heart disease]]
+*[[Sarcoidosis]]
+*[[Sick sinus syndrome]]
+*[[Spondyloarthritis]]
+*[[Stress]]
+*[[Subarachnoid hemorrhage]]
+*[[Temporary cardiac pacing]]
+*[[Thyrotoxicosis]]
+*[[Antiarrhythmic agent#Class Ia agents|Type IA antiarrhythmic agents]]
+*[[Antiarrhythmic agent#Class Ic agents|Type IC antiarrhythmic agents]]
+*[[Antiarrhythmic agent#Class III agents|Type III antiarrhythmic agents]]
+*[[Ulcerative colitis]]
+*[[Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome]]
+}}
+====Atrial Fibrillation====
+{{columns-list|
+*[[Alcoholism|Alcohol overdose]]
+*[[Alcohol withdrawal]]
+*[[atrial infarction|Atrial ischemia]]
+*[[Atrial myxoma]]
+*[[Atrial septal defect]]
+*[[Breath spray]]
+*[[Bronchogenic carcinoma]]
+*[[Caffeine]]
+*[[Cardiac tumors]]
+*[[Channelopaties]]
+*[[Chronic kidney disease]]
+*[[Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease]]
+*[[Cocaine|Cocaine overdose]]
+*[[Collagen vascular disease]]
+*[[Congenital heart disease]]
+*[[Congestive heart failure]]
+*[[Conivaptan]]
+*[[Constrictive pericarditis]]
+*[[Coronary artery bypass graft surgery]]
+*[[Coronary artery disease]]
+*[[Dehydration]]
+*[[Diabetes]]
+*[[Dilated cardiomyopathy]]
+*[[Electrolyte disturbance]]
+*[[Endocarditis]]
+*[[Familial atrial fibrillation ]]
+*[[Fatigue]]
+*[[Hemochromatosis]]
+*[[Hypertensive heart disease]]
+*[[Hyperthyroidism]]
+*[[Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy]]
+*[[Hypothermia]]
+*[[Hypothyroidism]]
+*[[Hypoxia]]
+*[[Lutembacher syndrome]]
+*[[Methamphetamine|Methamphetamine toxicity]]
+*[[Mitral regurgitation]]
+*[[Mitral stenosis]]
+*[[Myocardial infarction]]
+*[[Myocarditis]]
+*[[Obstructive sleep apnea]]
+*[[Pericarditis]]
+*[[Peripartum cardiomyopathy]]
+*[[Pheochromocytoma]]
+*[[Pneumonia]]
+*[[Porfimer sodium]]
+*[[Psychological stress]]
+*[[Pulmonary embolism]]
+*[[Pulmonary hypertension]]
+*[[Rheumatic heart disease]]
+*[[Sarcoidosis]]
+*[[Stroke]]
+*[[Subarachnoid hemorrhage]]
+*[[Cardiac surgery|Post cardiac surgery]]
+*[[Tricuspid regurgitation]]
+*[[Tricuspid stenosis]]
+*[[Unstable angina]]
+*[[Uremic pericarditis]]
+*[[Valvular heart disease]]
+*[[Viral infections]]
+}}
+====Multifocal Atrial Tachycardia====
+{{columns-list|2|
+*[[Aminophylline|Aminophylline toxicity]]
+*[[Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease]]
+*[[Chronic renal failure]]
+*[[Congestive heart failure]]
+*[[Diabetes mellitus]]
+*[[Hypercapnia]]
+*[[Hypokalemia]]
+*[[Hypomagnesemia]]
+*[[Hypoxia]]
+*[[Isoproterenol|Isoproterenol infusion]]
+*[[Lung cancer]]
+*[[Myocardial infarction]]
+*[[Pneumonia]]
+*[[Postoperative complication]]
+*[[Pulmonary embolism]]
+*[[Sepsis]]
+*[[Valvular heart disease]]
+}}
+===SVTs from an Atrioventricular Source===
+====AV Nodal Reentrant Tachycardia====
+*[[Familial atrioventricular nodal reentry tachycardia]]
+*[[Lown-Ganong-Levine syndrome]]
+*[[Mahaim fibers|Mahaim fiber tachycardia]]
+*[[Mitral valve prolapse]]
+*[[Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome]]
+====AV Reentrant Tachycardia====
+*[[Ebstein anomaly]]
+*[[Lown-Ganong-Levine syndrome]]
+*[[Mahaim fibers|Mahaim fiber tachycardia]]
+*[[Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome]]
+====Junctional Tachycardia====
+{{columns-list|2|
+*[[Amiodarone]]
+*[[Amyloidosis]]
+*[[Beta blockers]]
+*[[Carbamazepine#Adverse effects|Carbamazepine poisoning]]
+*[[Cardiac surgery]]
+*[[Chagas disease]]
+*[[Cimetidine]]
+*[[Clonidine]]
+*[[Digitalis toxicity]]
+*[[Diltiazem]]
+*[[Diphtheria]]
+*[[Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy]]
+*[[Flumazenil]]
+*[[Grayanotoxin]]
+*[[Guanethidine]]
+*[[Hemochromatosis]]
+*[[Hypokalemia]]
+*[[Hypothermia]]
+*[[Hypothyroidism]]
+*[[Hypoxia]]
+*[[Isoproterenol|Isoproterenol infusion]]
+*[[Leptospirosis]]
+*[[Lithium|Lithium toxicity]]
+*[[Long QT Syndrome classification#LQT4|LQT type 4]]
+*[[Lyme disease]]
+*[[Methyldopa]]
+*[[Muscular dystrophy]]
+*[[Myocardial infarction]]
+*[[Pericarditis]]
+*[[Reserpine]]
+*[[Rheumatic fever]]
+*[[Salmonella|Salmonella typhosa]]
+*[[Scleroderma]]
+*[[Trichinosis ]]
+*[[Verapamil]]
+*[[Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome]]
+}}
 ==References==
 {{Reflist|2}}
+[[Category:Arrhythmia]]
+[[Category:Cardiology]]
 [[Category:Crowdiagnosis]]
-[[Category:Cardiology]]
+[[Category:Disease]]
+[[Category:Electrophysiology]]
 [[Category:Up-To-Date]]
 [[Category:Up-To-Date cardiology]]
-[[Category:Arrhythmia]]
-[[Category:Electrophysiology]]
-[[Category:Disease]]
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