Arteriovenous fistula

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Sabawoon Mirwais, M.B.B.S, M.D.[2]

Overview

An arteriovenous fistula (AVF) is an abnormal connection or passageway between an artery and a vein. It may be congenital, surgically created for hemodialysis treatment, or acquired due to a pathologic process, such as trauma or erosion of an arterial aneurysm. These communications can occur at any point in the vascular system; varying in size, length, location, and number.

Historical Perspective

Classification

Pathophysiology

Clinical Features

Differentiating Arteriovenous Fistula (AVF) from other Conditions

Epidemiology and Demographics

  • From 1965-1992, the incidence was estimated to be 1.84 cases per 100,000 individuals.
  • From 1985-1992, the incidence was estimated to be 2.75 cases per 100,000 individuals.
  • On January 1, 1990, the prevalence of identified cases was 19.0 per 100,000 individuals.[31]

Age

Gender

Race

Risk Factors

Natural History, Complications and Prognosis

Diagnosis

Diagnostic Criteria

Symptoms

Physical Examination

Laboratory Findings

Imaging Findings

Other Diagnostic Studies

Treatment

Medical Therapy

Surgery

Prevention

References

  1. ↑ Khodadad G (January 1973). "Arteriovenous malformations of the scalp". Ann. Surg. 177 (1): 79–85. PMC 1355509. PMID 4682507.
  2. ↑ Liu J, Shimada Y (2014). "A Case of Intractable Left Forearm Congenital Arteriovenous Fistula Ending with Amputation: Importance of New Medical Information Obtained via the Internet". J Rural Med. 9 (1): 37–9. doi:10.2185/jrm.2878. PMC 4310049. PMID 25650050.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Yater WM (January 1928). "ACQUIRED ARTERIOVENOUS FISTULA". Ann. Surg. 87 (1): 19–31. PMC 1398373. PMID 17865813.
  4. ↑ Olivecrona, Herbert (1957). Congenital arteriovenous aneurysms of the carotid and vertebral arterial systems. Berlin: Springer. ISBN 9783540022046.
  5. ↑ Albeyoglu S, Aldag M, Ciloglu U, Sargin M, Oz TK, Kutlu H, Dagsali S (2017). "Coronary Arteriovenous Fistulas in Adult Patients: Surgical Management and Outcomes". Braz J Cardiovasc Surg. 32 (1): 15–21. doi:10.21470/1678-9741-2017-0005. PMC 5382904. PMID 28423125.
  6. ↑ Lim WH, Kang SH, Jeon K, Cho I, Kim KH, Hwang SW, Kim HK, Sohn DW (September 2009). "Asymptomatic Right Coronary Artery-to-Pulmonary Artery Fistula Incidentally Detected by Transthoracic Echocardiography". J Cardiovasc Ultrasound. 17 (3): 106–9. doi:10.4250/jcu.2009.17.3.106. PMC 2889379. PMID 20661326.
  7. ↑ Jang SN, Her SH, Do KR, Kim JS, Yoon HJ, Lee JM, Jin SW (December 2008). "A case of congenital bilateral coronary-to-right ventricle fistula coexisting with variant angina". Korean J. Intern. Med. 23 (4): 216–8. doi:10.3904/kjim.2008.23.4.216. PMC 2687685. PMID 19119260.
  8. ↑ Robbs JV, Carrim AA, Kadwa AM, Mars M (September 1994). "Traumatic arteriovenous fistula: experience with 202 patients". Br J Surg. 81 (9): 1296–9. PMID 7953391.
  9. ↑ Nagpal K, Ahmed K, Cuschieri R (2008). "Diagnosis and management of acute traumatic arteriovenous fistula". Int. J. Angiol. 17 (4): 214–6. PMC 2728918. PMID 22477453.
  10. ↑ Laberge JM (December 2004). "Interventional management of renal transplant arteriovenous fistula". Semin Intervent Radiol. 21 (4): 239–46. doi:10.1055/s-2004-861558. PMC 3036239. PMID 21331135.
  11. ↑ Abassi ZA, Winaver J, Hoffman A (October 2003). "Large A-V fistula: pathophysiological consequences and therapeutic perspectives". Curr Vasc Pharmacol. 1 (3): 347–54. PMID 15320481.
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 Soumer K, Benomrane S, Derbel B, Laribi J, Benmrad M, Elleuch N, Kalfat T, Khayati A (February 2015). "Popliteal pseudoaneurysm and arteriovenous fistula after acupuncture". J Mal Vasc. 40 (1): 58–62. doi:10.1016/j.jmv.2014.11.001. PMID 25623503.
  13. ↑ Spetzler RF, Hargraves RW, McCormick PW, Zabramski JM, Flom RA, Zimmerman RS (June 1992). "Relationship of perfusion pressure and size to risk of hemorrhage from arteriovenous malformations". J. Neurosurg. 76 (6): 918–23. doi:10.3171/jns.1992.76.6.0918. PMID 1588424.
  14. ↑ Zamani H, Meragi M, Arabi Moghadam MY, Alizadeh B, Babazadeh K, Mokhtari-Esbuie F (2015). "Clinical presentation of coronary arteriovenous fistula according to age and anatomic orientation". Caspian J Intern Med. 6 (2): 108–12. PMC 4478461. PMID 26221510.
  15. ↑ Sapin P, Frantz E, Jain A, Nichols TC, Dehmer GJ (March 1990). "Coronary artery fistula: an abnormality affecting all age groups". Medicine (Baltimore). 69 (2): 101–13. PMID 2319939.
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 Mise N, Uchida L, Tanaka M, Tanaka S, Nakajima H, Sugimoto T (October 2011). "Acute systemic hypotension after arteriovenous fistula construction in a patient with severe aortic stenosis". Clin. Exp. Nephrol. 15 (5): 788–790. doi:10.1007/s10157-011-0484-3. PMID 21725657.
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 17.2 Asada D, Itoi T, Hamaoka K (December 2015). "Asymptomatic spinal arteriovenous fistula presenting only as continuous murmur". Pediatr Int. 57 (6): 1208–10. doi:10.1111/ped.12716. PMID 26711922.
  18. ↑ Leb DE, Sharma JK (July 1978). "Clubbing secondary to an arteriovenous fistula used for hemodialysis". JAMA. 240 (2): 142–3. PMID 660832.
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 Hwang SM, Lee SH, Ahn SK (December 1999). "Pincer nail deformity and pseudo-Kaposi's sarcoma: complications of an artificial arteriovenous fistula for haemodialysis". Br. J. Dermatol. 141 (6): 1129–32. PMID 10606867.
  20. ↑ Scruggs J, Bennett DD (June 2011). "Cutaneous manifestations of abdominal arteriovenous fistulas". Cutis. 87 (6): 284–6. PMID 21838084.
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 Li Y, Fu Q, Liu A, Zheng Z, Fan W, Zhu Z, Chen L, Dai W (November 2014). "[A case of iatrogenic ilio-iliac arteriovenous fistula initially misdiagnosed as deep venous thrombosis]". Zhong Nan Da Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban (in Chinese). 39 (11): 1217–20. doi:10.11817/j.issn.1672-7347.2014.11.019. PMID 25432380.
  22. ↑ Lu X, Qin X, Ni L, Chen J, Xu F (November 2013). "Tentorial dural arteriovenous fistula manifesting as contralateral trigeminal neuralgia: resolution after transarterial Onyx embolization". BMJ Case Rep. 2013. doi:10.1136/bcr-2013-010984. PMC 3847479. PMID 24285803.
  23. ↑ Fernández-Rodriguez CM, Prieto J, Zozaya JM, Quiroga J, Guitián R (April 1993). "Arteriovenous shunting, hemodynamic changes, and renal sodium retention in liver cirrhosis". Gastroenterology. 104 (4): 1139–45. PMID 8462804.
  24. ↑ Celik O, Buyuktas D, Islak C, Sarici AM, Gundogdu AS (July 2013). "The association of carotid cavernous fistula with Graves' ophthalmopathy". Indian J Ophthalmol. 61 (7): 349–51. doi:10.4103/0301-4738.109533. PMC 3759106. PMID 23571267.
  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 Oskrochi Y, Razi K, Stebbing J, Crane J (January 2016). "Angiosarcoma and Dialysis-related Arteriovenous Fistulae: A Comprehensive Review". Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 51 (1): 127–33. doi:10.1016/j.ejvs.2015.08.016. PMID 26482509.
  26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 Weinreb W, Steinfeld A, Rodil J, Esparza A, Trebbin W (July 1983). "Leiomyosarcoma arising in an arteriovenous fistula". Cancer. 52 (2): 390–2. PMID 6861080.
  27. ↑ Putschar WG (October 1972). "Circulation in Paget's disease of bone". N. Engl. J. Med. 287 (14): 717–8. doi:10.1056/NEJM197210052871410. PMID 5055421.
  28. ↑ STORSTEEN KA, JANES JM (February 1954). "Arteriography and vascular studies in Paget's disease of bone". J Am Med Assoc. 154 (6): 472–4. PMID 13117640.
  29. ↑ Elhammady MS, Ambekar S, Heros RC (2017). "Epidemiology, clinical presentation, diagnostic evaluation, and prognosis of cerebral dural arteriovenous fistulas". Handb Clin Neurol. 143: 99–105. doi:10.1016/B978-0-444-63640-9.00009-6. PMID 28552162.
  30. ↑ Newton TH, Cronqvist S (November 1969). "Involvement of dural arteries in intracranial arteriovenous malformations". Radiology. 93 (5): 1071–8. doi:10.1148/93.5.1071. PMID 5350675.
  31. ↑ Brown RD, Wiebers DO, Torner JC, O'Fallon WM (April 1996). "Incidence and prevalence of intracranial vascular malformations in Olmsted County, Minnesota, 1965 to 1992". Neurology. 46 (4): 949–52. PMID 8780070.
  32. ↑ Altin RS, Flicker S, Naidech HJ (March 1989). "Pseudoaneurysm and arteriovenous fistula after femoral artery catheterization: association with low femoral punctures". AJR Am J Roentgenol. 152 (3): 629–31. doi:10.2214/ajr.152.3.629. PMID 2783816.
  33. ↑ Sugahara T, Azuma M, Nakashima K, Ito K, Suzuki R, Hagio K, Uetani H, Yanaga Y, Baba Y (July 2013). "Postcatheterization radial arteriovenous fistula: balloon-assisted direct percutaneous embolization with N-butyl cyanoacrylate and 50 % glucose solution in two sessions". Jpn J Radiol. 31 (7): 505–10. doi:10.1007/s11604-013-0206-8. PMID 23609100.
  34. ↑ Perings SM, Kelm M, Jax T, Strauer BE (April 2003). "A prospective study on incidence and risk factors of arteriovenous fistulae following transfemoral cardiac catheterization". Int. J. Cardiol. 88 (2–3): 223–8. PMID 12714202.
  35. ↑ Kron J, Sutherland D, Rosch J, Morton MJ, McAnulty JH (May 1985). "Arteriovenous fistula: a rare complication of arterial puncture for cardiac catheterization". Am. J. Cardiol. 55 (11): 1445–6. PMID 3993595.
  36. ↑ Glaser RL, McKellar D, Scher KS (November 1989). "Arteriovenous fistulas after cardiac catheterization". Arch Surg. 124 (11): 1313–5. PMID 2818187.
  37. ↑ Sidawy AN, Neville RF, Adib H, Curry KM (April 1993). "Femoral arteriovenous fistula following cardiac catheterization: an anatomic explanation". Cardiovasc Surg. 1 (2): 134–7. PMID 8076015.
  38. ↑ Kim D, Orron DE, Skillman JJ, Kent KC, Porter DH, Schlam BW, Carrozza J, Reis GJ, Baim DS (February 1992). "Role of superficial femoral artery puncture in the development of pseudoaneurysm and arteriovenous fistula complicating percutaneous transfemoral cardiac catheterization". Cathet Cardiovasc Diagn. 25 (2): 91–7. PMID 1544161.
  39. ↑ Groth KA, Erik Nielsen-Kudsk J, Nørgaard BL, Andersen NH (August 2013). "Internal mammary arteriovenous fistula found late after aortic root replacement". Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging. 14 (8): 831. doi:10.1093/ehjci/jet025. PMID 23847386.
  40. ↑ Kawano Y, Tamura A, Kadota J (June 2007). "An unusual femoral arteriovenous fistula following cardiac catheterization". Int. J. Cardiol. 119 (1): e17–8. doi:10.1016/j.ijcard.2007.01.080. PMID 17449120.
  41. ↑ Nagata T, Johno H (December 2017). "Radial arteriovenous fistula following coronary angiography". J Card Surg. 32 (12): 805–806. doi:10.1111/jocs.13257. PMID 29235152.
  42. ↑ Ricolfi F, Valiente E, Bodson F, Poquet E, Chiras J, Gaston A (December 1995). "Arteriovenous fistulae complicating central venous catheterization: value of endovascular treatment based on a series of seven cases". Intensive Care Med. 21 (12): 1043–7. PMID 8750133.
  43. ↑ Tran HS, Burrows BJ, Zang WA, Han DC (September 2006). "Brachial arteriovenous fistula as a complication of placement of a peripherally inserted central venous catheter: a case report and review of the literature". Am Surg. 72 (9): 833–6. PMID 16986396.
  44. ↑ Thadani U, Pratt AE (September 1971). "Profunda femoral arteriovenous fistula after percutaneous arterial and venous catheterization". Br Heart J. 33 (5): 803–5. PMC 487256. PMID 5115025.
  45. ↑ Chan CC, Lee V, Chu W, Tam YH, Li CK, Shing MM (December 2012). "Carotid jugular arteriovenous fistula: an unusual complication of internal jugular vein catheterization in children". Pediatr Blood Cancer. 59 (7): 1302–4. doi:10.1002/pbc.24137. PMID 22415906.
  46. ↑ Melo NC, Mundim JS, Costalonga EC, Lucon AM, Santello JL, Praxedes JN (May 2009). "Three cases of hypertension and renal arteriovenous fistula with a de novo fistula". Arq. Bras. Cardiol. 92 (5): e36–8, e63–5. PMID 19629281.
  47. ↑ McAlhany JC, Black HC, Hanback LD, Yarbrough DR (July 1971). "Renal arteriovenous fistula as a cause of hypertension". Am. J. Surg. 122 (1): 117–20. PMID 5091842.
  48. ↑ Goldberg A, Tsipis A, Rosenfeld I (June 2013). "Arteriovenous fistula after cardiac catheterization from a radial approach". Isr. Med. Assoc. J. 15 (6): 313–4. PMID 23882900.
  49. ↑ Doblas, M.; Cuesta, M. A.; Garcia, L. Garcia; Diaz, E. Garcia; Bengoechea, E. (2016). "Distal Venous Hypertension in Side-to-Side Arteriovenous Fistulae". Phlebology: The Journal of Venous Disease. 3 (2): 135–138. doi:10.1177/026835558800300211. ISSN 0268-3555.
  50. ↑ 50.0 50.1 Jonasson SA, Jøssang DE, Haaverstad R, Wendelbo Ø, Pedersen G (February 2016). "Arteriovenous fistula of the groin in a drug abuser with endocarditis". J Surg Case Rep. 2016 (2). doi:10.1093/jscr/rjw001. PMC 5654361. PMID 26829963.
  51. ↑ Gabow P, de Torrente A, Holt S, Kelly GL (May 1976). "Arteriovenous fistula from drug abuse. Implications for hemodialysis". JAMA. 235 (20): 2220–1. PMID 946848.
  52. ↑ Du Toit DF, Van der Merwe DM, Groenewald JH, De Roubaix JA (February 1983). "High-output cardiac failure associated with an iliac artery aneurysm and arteriovenous fistula. A case report". S. Afr. Med. J. 63 (8): 293–4. PMID 6823650.
  53. ↑ Rehman S, Sinclair H, Rodway A, Kovalic A, Webb-Peploe K, Yusuf SW (November 2017). "Same features, different diagnosis: A case of ilio-iliac arteriovenous fistula presenting as decompensated heart failure". JRSM Open. 8 (11): 2054270417739778. doi:10.1177/2054270417739778. PMC 5682584. PMID 29163978.
  54. ↑ Stern AB, Klemmer PJ (January 2011). "High-output heart failure secondary to arteriovenous fistula". Hemodial Int. 15 (1): 104–7. doi:10.1111/j.1542-4758.2010.00518.x. PMID 21223485.
  55. ↑ Malhotra K, Dhawan V, Dalal P, Ariyamuthu V, Bichu P, Botdorf J, Khanna R (October 2012). "Decompensated high-output congestive heart failure in a patient with AVF and the role of right heart catheterization: a case study". Hemodial Int. 16 Suppl 1: S58–61. doi:10.1111/j.1542-4758.2012.00749.x. PMID 23036039.
  56. ↑ 56.0 56.1 56.2 56.3 Jariwala U, Hasan RK, Thorn EM, Zakaria S (March 2015). "An unusual case of infective endocarditis involving a right coronary artery to superior vena cava fistula". Catheter Cardiovasc Interv. 85 (4): 620–4. doi:10.1002/ccd.25597. PMID 25044393.
  57. ↑ Sasaki Y, Oda S, Fujikata S, Tanimoto S, Kan M (July 2014). "[Renal arteriovenous fistula with a vein aneurysm: a case report]". Hinyokika Kiyo (in Japanese). 60 (7): 333–6. PMID 25142960.
  58. ↑ Hastaoglu IO, Tokoz H, Ozgen A, Bilgen F (May 2017). "An unusual complication following surgical banding procedure for steal syndrome: band migration and sudden arteriovenous fistula aneurysm formation". J Vasc Access. 18 (3): e31–e32. doi:10.5301/jva.5000650. PMID 28165573.
  59. ↑ Lai LF, Chen M, Chen JX, Zheng K, He XY, Li XF, Zhang X, Wang QJ, Duan CZ (April 2016). "Fistula and Infratentorial Location, Characteristics That Contribute to Cerebral Arteriovenous Malformations, Lead to the Formation of Associated Aneurysms in Patients". World Neurosurg. 88: 510–8. doi:10.1016/j.wneu.2015.10.036. PMID 26520431.
  60. ↑ Muramatsu M, Mizutani T, Sakurabayashi K, Maeda M, Yonekura T, Nihei H, Hyodo Y, Shinoda K, Shishido S, Sakai K (October 2018). "Novel technique for repair of arteriovenous fistula with aneurysm". J Vasc Access: 1129729818804992. doi:10.1177/1129729818804992. PMID 30324852.
  61. ↑ Yilmaz MB, Donmez H, Tonge M, Senol S, Tekiner A (2015). "Vertebrojugular arteriovenous fistula and pseudoaneurysm formation due to penetrating vertebral artery injury: case report and review of the literature". Turk Neurosurg. 25 (1): 141–5. doi:10.5137/1019-5149.JTN.8247-13.1. PMID 25640560.
  62. ↑ Serra R, Butrico L, Grande R, Placida GD, Rubino P, Settimio UF, Quarto G, Amato M, Furino E, Compagna R, Amato B, Gallelli L, de Franciscis S (2015). "Venous aneurysm complicating arteriovenous fistula access and matrix metalloproteinases". Open Med (Wars). 10 (1): 519–522. doi:10.1515/med-2015-0088. PMC 5368876. PMID 28352747.
  63. ↑ Al-Thani H, El-Menyar A, Al-Thani N, Asim M, Hussein A, Sadek A, Sharaf A, Fares A (May 2017). "Characteristics, Management, and Outcomes of Surgically Treated Arteriovenous Fistula Aneurysm in Patients on Regular Hemodialysis". Ann Vasc Surg. 41: 46–55. doi:10.1016/j.avsg.2016.08.046. PMID 28238919.
  64. ↑ 64.0 64.1 Liu YR, Huang B, Yuan D, Wu ZP, Zhao JC (January 2015). "Unusual case of digestive hemorrhage: celiac axis-portal vein arteriovenous fistula". World J. Gastroenterol. 21 (4): 1362–4. doi:10.3748/wjg.v21.i4.1362. PMC 4306185. PMID 25632214.
  65. ↑ Yen CP, Schlesinger D, Sheehan JP (2013). "Natural history of cerebral arteriovenous malformations and the risk of hemorrhage after radiosurgery". Prog Neurol Surg. 27: 5–21. doi:10.1159/000341616. PMID 23258505.
  66. ↑ Lin F, Mei J, Liu C, Liu L (September 2015). "A ruptured pulmonary arteriovenous fistula". J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg. 150 (3): 716–7. doi:10.1016/j.jtcvs.2015.05.029. PMID 26048269.
  67. ↑ Yamamoto N, Koga K, Akahane M, Wada-Hiraike O, Fujii T, Osuga Y (February 2015). "Temporary balloon occlusion of the uterine arteries to control hemorrhage during hysterectomy in a case of uterine arteriovenous fistula". J. Obstet. Gynaecol. Res. 41 (2): 314–8. doi:10.1111/jog.12515. PMID 25227922.
  68. ↑ Noguchi N, Matsunaga N, Mori K, Sakaida I (December 2015). "[A case of gastric arteriovenous fistula causing intraperitoneal hemorrhage]". Nihon Shokakibyo Gakkai Zasshi (in Japanese). 112 (12): 2152–9. doi:10.11405/nisshoshi.112.2152. PMID 26638787.
  69. ↑ Gonzalez LF, Chalouhi N, Jabbour P, Teufack S, Albuquerque FC, Spetzler RF (December 2013). "Rapid and progressive venous thrombosis after occlusion of high-flow arteriovenous fistula". World Neurosurg. 80 (6): e359–65. doi:10.1016/j.wneu.2012.10.043. PMID 23103261.
  70. ↑ Isoda H, Shimauchi T, Ogaki T, Nagano I, Baba H, Toshima Y, Tokura Y (May 2006). "Stasis ulcer and dermatitis caused by artificial arteriovenous fistula created 33 years previously for the treatment of poliomyelitis". Clin. Exp. Dermatol. 31 (3): 470–2. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2230.2006.02107.x. PMID 16681613.
  71. ↑ Ji W, Liu A, Lv X, Li Y, Yang X, Jiang C, Wu Z (February 2016). "A case of two pial arteriovenous fistulas with giant venous pouches treated by endovascular coil embolization: Therapy with and without anticoagulation". Interv Neuroradiol. 22 (1): 97–100. doi:10.1177/1591019915617322. PMC 4757377. PMID 26647228.
  72. ↑ Kusaba A, Makino J, Kamori M, Moriyama M, Furuyama M, Inokuchi K (June 1980). "Venous reconstruction by endvenectomy with temporary arteriovenous fistula for stasis syndrome of lower extremity: experimental and clinical studies". Jpn J Surg. 10 (2): 121–9. PMID 7431685.
  73. ↑ Ilonzo N, Goss S, Yang C, Dudkiewicz M (2017). "A Case of Superficial Femoral Arteriovenous Fistula and Severe Venous Stasis Ulceration, Managed with an Iliac Extender Prosthesis". Case Rep Vasc Med. 2017: 9460958. doi:10.1155/2017/9460958. PMC 5541807. PMID 28808595.
  74. ↑ Bilen N, Apaydin R, Harova G, Anadolu RY, Doğan N, Paksoy N (September 1998). "Stasis dermatitis of the hand associated with an iatrogenic arteriovenous fistula". Clin. Exp. Dermatol. 23 (5): 208–10. PMID 10233602.
  75. ↑ Gorman JF, Estrada A, Douglass FM (November 1965). "Arteriovenous fistula and stasis ulceration". Vasc Dis. 2 (6): 329–33. PMID 5858500.
  76. ↑ Cheung AK, Imrey PB, Alpers CE, Robbin ML, Radeva M, Larive B, Shiu YT, Allon M, Dember LM, Greene T, Himmelfarb J, Roy-Chaudhury P, Terry CM, Vazquez MA, Kusek JW, Feldman HI (October 2017). "Intimal Hyperplasia, Stenosis, and Arteriovenous Fistula Maturation Failure in the Hemodialysis Fistula Maturation Study". J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 28 (10): 3005–3013. doi:10.1681/ASN.2016121355. PMC 5619966. PMID 28710091.
  77. ↑ Shi Y, Zhu M, Cheng J, Zhang J, Ni Z (February 2016). "Venous stenosis in chronic dialysis patients with a well-functioning arteriovenous fistula". Vascular. 24 (1): 25–30. doi:10.1177/1708538115575649. PMID 25725216.
  78. ↑ Allon M, Robbin ML, Young CJ, Deierhoi MH, Goodman J, Hanaway M, Lockhart ME, Litovsky S (October 2013). "Preoperative venous intimal hyperplasia, postoperative arteriovenous fistula stenosis, and clinical fistula outcomes". Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 8 (10): 1750–5. doi:10.2215/CJN.02740313. PMC 3789340. PMID 23813559.
  79. ↑ Guo WY, Lee CJ, Lin CJ, Yang HC, Wu HM, Wu CC, Chung WY, Liu KD (January 2017). "Quantifying the Cerebral Hemodynamics of Dural Arteriovenous Fistula in Transverse Sigmoid Sinus Complicated by Sinus Stenosis: A Retrospective Cohort Study". AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 38 (1): 132–138. doi:10.3174/ajnr.A4960. PMID 27765737.
  80. ↑ Bharat A, Jaenicke M, Shenoy S (January 2012). "A novel technique of vascular anastomosis to prevent juxta-anastomotic stenosis following arteriovenous fistula creation". J. Vasc. Surg. 55 (1): 274–80. doi:10.1016/j.jvs.2011.07.090. PMID 22116048.
  81. ↑ Cognard C, Casasco A, Toevi M, Houdart E, Chiras J, Merland JJ (September 1998). "Dural arteriovenous fistulas as a cause of intracranial hypertension due to impairment of cranial venous outflow". J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry. 65 (3): 308–16. PMC 2170225. PMID 9728941.
  82. ↑ Pülhorn H, Chandran A, Nahser H, Wilby MJ, McMahon C (2018). "Intracranial Hypertension Secondary to Cervical Dural Arteriovenous Fistula". Asian J Neurosurg. 13 (3): 854–857. doi:10.4103/ajns.AJNS_328_16. PMC 6159076. PMID 30283565.
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  102. ↑ Takahashi F, Hiraiwa S, Takahashi G, Kondo Y, Tasaki G, Sugiyama T, Tajiri T, Sakamaki F (November 2018). "An Autopsy Case of Paradoxical Pulmonary Thromboembolism by Arteriovenous Fistula from Right Common Iliac Artery to Common Iliac Vein: A Rare Cause of Pulmonary Embolism". Am J Case Rep. 19: 1301–1305. doi:10.12659/AJCR.910982. PMID 30381754.
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  104. ↑ Heining D, Senior J, Prasad A, Thomas M, Bentall A, Yates PJ (October 2018). "Multi-system bleeding risk with a cutaneous angiosarcoma at an arteriovenous fistula site". Oxf Med Case Reports. 2018 (10): omy063. doi:10.1093/omcr/omy063. PMC 6142712. PMID 30250745.
  105. ↑ Costa B, Rivera CF, Rodríguez MC, Romero TH, Muñiz AL, Hermida TF, Lista FS, Díaz PI, Hernández ÁA (2017). "Angiosarcoma Developing in an Arteriovenous Fistula after Kidney Transplantation". Case Rep Transplant. 2017: 2426859. doi:10.1155/2017/2426859. PMC 5563407. PMID 28845318. Vancouver style error: initials (help)
  106. ↑ Gale AL, Marco R, Liberman SR, Zavlin D, Echo A (September 2017). "Case Report: Angiosarcoma in the Upper Extremity Related to a Nonfunctioning Arteriovenous Fistula". Hand (N Y). 12 (5): NP132–NP135. doi:10.1177/1558944717702466. PMC 5684947. PMID 28387163. Vancouver style error: initials (help)
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  114. ↑ Goldblum OM, Kraus E, Bronner AK (August 1985). "Pseudo-Kaposi's sarcoma of the hand associated with an acquired, iatrogenic arteriovenous fistula". Arch Dermatol. 121 (8): 1038–40. PMID 4026342.
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  124. ↑ Linder F (1985). "Acquired arterio-venous fistulas. Report of 223 operated cases". Ann Chir Gynaecol. 74 (1): 1–5. PMID 3160298.
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  171. ↑ 171.0 171.1 Miyatake K, Okamoto M, Kinoshita N, Fusejima K, Sakakibara H, Nimura Y (May 1984). "Doppler echocardiographic features of coronary arteriovenous fistula. Complementary roles of cross sectional echocardiography and the Doppler technique". Br Heart J. 51 (5): 508–18. PMC 481541. PMID 6721946.
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  173. ↑ Paul AR, Colby GP, Huang J, Tamargo RJ, Coon AL (January 2012). "Selection of treatment modalities or observation of dural arteriovenous fistulas". Neurosurg. Clin. N. Am. 23 (1): 77–85. doi:10.1016/j.nec.2011.09.004. PMID 22107860.
  174. ↑ Niimi Y (March 2017). "Endovascular treatment of pediatric intracranial arteriovenous shunt". Pediatr Int. 59 (3): 247–257. doi:10.1111/ped.13159. PMID 27601322.
  175. ↑ Yokoyama R, Iihoshi S, Miyata K, Toyama K, Komatsu K, Wanibuchi M, Mikuni N (October 2016). "[Pediatric Iatrogenic Vertebral Arteriovenous Fistula Successfully Treated with Endovascular Treatment:A Case Report]". No Shinkei Geka (in Japanese). 44 (10): 857–861. doi:10.11477/mf.1436203390. PMID 27729606.
  176. ↑ Varghese K, Adhyapak SM (May 2017). "Stent Migration during Endovascular Treatment of Traumatic Arteriovenous Fistula following Lumbar Spine Surgery". Ann Vasc Surg. 41: 281.e1–281.e5. doi:10.1016/j.avsg.2016.09.032. PMID 28242409.
  177. ↑ Chaudhary N, Pandey AS, Gemmete JJ (November 2013). "Endovascular treatment of adult spinal arteriovenous lesions". Neuroimaging Clin. N. Am. 23 (4): 729–47. doi:10.1016/j.nic.2013.03.017. PMID 24156861.
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  179. ↑ Teramoto S, Oishi H, Yoshida K, Yamamoto M, Ohara Y, Arai H (2012). "Paravertebral arteriovenous fistula treated by endovascular coil embolization". Neurol. Med. Chir. (Tokyo). 52 (7): 510–2. PMID 22850502.
  180. ↑ Brown PA, Zomorodi AR, Gonzalez LF (2017). "Endovascular management of spinal dural arteriovenous fistulas". Handb Clin Neurol. 143: 199–213. doi:10.1016/B978-0-444-63640-9.00019-9. PMID 28552142.
  181. ↑ Li J, Li G, Bian L, Hong T, Yu J, Zhang H, Ling F (September 2017). "Concomitant Lumbosacral Perimedullary Arteriovenous Fistula and Spinal Dural Arteriovenous Fistula". World Neurosurg. 105: 1041.e7–1041.e14. doi:10.1016/j.wneu.2017.06.149. PMID 28684369.
  182. ↑ Caplan JM, Groves M, Jusue-Torres I, Kim JE, Liauw J, Bydon A, Tamargo RJ (September 2014). "Microsurgical obliteration of a thoracic spinal perimedullary arteriovenous fistula". Neurosurg Focus. 37 Suppl 2: Video 13. doi:10.3171/2014.V3.FOCUS14376. PMID 25175574.
  183. ↑ 183.0 183.1 Yen CP, Lanzino G, Sheehan JP (October 2013). "Stereotactic radiosurgery of intracranial dural arteriovenous fistulas". Neurosurg. Clin. N. Am. 24 (4): 591–6. doi:10.1016/j.nec.2013.05.008. PMID 24093576.
  184. ↑ Chen CJ, Lee CC, Ding D, Starke RM, Chivukula S, Yen CP, Moosa S, Xu Z, Pan DH, Sheehan JP (February 2015). "Stereotactic radiosurgery for intracranial dural arteriovenous fistulas: a systematic review". J. Neurosurg. 122 (2): 353–62. doi:10.3171/2014.10.JNS14871. PMID 25479123.
  185. ↑ Park SH, Park KS, Kang DH, Hwang JH, Hwang SK (October 2017). "Stereotactic Radiosurgery for Dural Carotid Cavernous Sinus Fistulas". World Neurosurg. 106: 836–843. doi:10.1016/j.wneu.2017.04.143. PMID 28465265.
  186. ↑ Sung KS, Song YJ, Kim KU (July 2016). "Novalis Stereotactic Radiosurgery for Spinal Dural Arteriovenous Fistula". J Korean Neurosurg Soc. 59 (4): 420–4. doi:10.3340/jkns.2016.59.4.420. PMC 4954894. PMID 27446527.
  187. ↑ Tonetti DA, Gross BA, Jankowitz BT, Atcheson KM, Kano H, Monaco EA, Niranjan A, Lunsford LD (November 2017). "Stereotactic Radiosurgery for Dural Arteriovenous Fistulas without Cortical Venous Reflux". World Neurosurg. 107: 371–375. doi:10.1016/j.wneu.2017.07.170. PMID 28803169.
  188. ↑ Brightwell RE, Pegna V, Boyne N (January 2013). "Aortocaval fistula: current management strategies". ANZ J Surg. 83 (1–2): 31–5. doi:10.1111/j.1445-2197.2012.06294.x. PMID 23072669.
  189. ↑ Lee CH (October 2016). "Stent graft repair of iatrogenic femoral arteriovenous fistula with acute bleeding after hemodialysis catheter insertion". Hemodial Int. 20 (4): 497–500. doi:10.1111/hdi.12431. PMID 27151579.
  190. ↑ Ostras O, Kurkevych A, Bohuta L, Yalynska T, Raad T, Lewin M, Yemets I (April 2015). "Prenatal diagnosis of left pulmonary artery-to-pulmonary vein fistula and its successful surgical repair in a neonate". Tex Heart Inst J. 42 (2): 169–71. doi:10.14503/THIJ-13-3960. PMC 4382888. PMID 25873833.
  191. ↑ Roth P, Heiss C, Koshty A, Niemann B, Boening A (December 2014). "Posttraumatic arteriovenous fistula of the distal posterior tibial artery as cause of delayed wound healing in an unrecognized arterial injury". Thorac Cardiovasc Surg Rep. 3 (1): 67–70. doi:10.1055/s-0033-1363167. PMC 4360614. PMID 25798368.
  192. ↑ Kızıltan HT (July 2018). "A Review of the Exclusion Technique as a Mode of Surgical Repair in the Treatment of Aortoiliac Aneurysms with Spontaneous Arteriovenous Fistulas". Heart Surg Forum. 21 (4): E326–E329. doi:10.1532/hsf.1939. PMID 30084789.


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