Supraventricular tachycardia causes: Difference between revisions

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Latest revision as of 23:02, 10 January 2020

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Ayokunle Olubaniyi, M.B,B.S [2] Ogheneochuko Ajari, MB.BS, MS [3]

Overview

Supraventricular tachycardia is a collective term used to describe all the tachycardias originating from the SA node, atrium and AV node. Therefore, the causes depend on the source of the pathology, and they are as follows:

Causes

Life Threatening Causes

Life-threatening causes include conditions which may result in death or permanent disability within 24 hours if left untreated.

2

Common Causes

2

Causes by Organ System

Cardiovascular	Air embolism, amyloidosis, aortic regurgitation, aortic stenosis, arteriovenous fistula, atrial ischemia, atrial myxoma, atrial septal defect, cardiac tamponade, cardiac tumors, cardiomyopathy, Chagas heart disease, congestive heart failure, constrictive pericarditis, coronary artery bypass graft surgery, coronary artery disease, dilated cardiomyopathy, Ebstein's anomaly, endocarditis, familial atrial fibrillation, familial atrioventricular nodal reentry tachycardia, heart bypass surgery, heart failure, hemochromatosis, holiday heart syndrome, hypertensive heart disease, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, hypokalemia, hypotension, hypoxia, ischemic heart disease, Kawasaki disease, left ventricular hypertrophy, Lown-Ganong-Levine syndrome, LQT type 4, Lutembacher syndrome, mahaim fiber tachycardia, mitral regurgitation, mitral valve stenosis, myocardial infarction, myocarditis, neonatal coxsackie myocarditis, open heart surgery, pericarditis, peripartum cardiomyopathy, post cardiac surgery, pulmonary embolism, pulmonary hypertension, rheumatic heart disease, shock, sick sinus syndrome, stroke, temporary cardiac pacing, tricuspid regurgitation, tricuspid stenosis, unstable angina, uremic pericarditis, valvular heart disease, Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome
Chemical/Poisoning	Breath spray, carbon monoxide poisoning, cyanide, grayanotoxin, mercury poisoning
Dental	No underlying causes
Dermatologic	Psoriatic arthritis
Drug Side Effect	Albuterol, alprazolam, amiodarone, amphetamines, amrinone, atomoxetine, atropine, beta blockers, caffeine, carbamazepine poisoning, cimetidine, clonidine, conivaptan, diazoxide, dicobalt edetate, diltiazem, disopyramide, dobutamine, docetaxel, dopexamine, doxapram, doxorubicin, ephedrine, epirubicin, fentanyl, flecainide, flumazenil, fluvoxamine, guanethidine, hexamethonium, hydralazine, ibutilide, isoprenaline, isoproterenol infusion, lithium, methamphetamines, methyldopa, methylphenidate, methysergide, minoxidil, nelarabine, nicotine, orlistat, palonosetron, paroxetine, phenoxybenzamine, phentolamine, porfimer sodium, pramipexole, procainamide, propafenone, quinidine, ramucirumab, reserpine, ritodrine, romidepsin, salbutamol, salmeterol, sargramostim, sibutramine, theophylline, trimethaphan, type Ia antiarrhythmic agents, type Ic antiarrhythmic agents, type III antiarrhythmic agents, verapamil
Ear Nose Throat	No underlying causes
Endocrine	Amyloidosis, diabetes mellitus, fatigue, hemochromatosis, hyperthyroidism, hypoglycemia, hypothyroidism, pheochromocytoma, thyrotoxicosis
Environmental	No underlying causes
Gastroenterologic	Crohn's disease, hemochromatosis, ulcerative colitis
Genetic	Channelopaties, Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy, hemochromatosis, LQT type 4, muscular dystrophy, myotonic dystrophy
Hematologic	Anemia, fat embolism, fatigue, hemochromatosis
Iatrogenic	Cardiac surgery, cardiac transplantation, incomplete ablation procedures, post cardiac surgery, postoperative complication, surgery
Infectious Disease	Amoebiasis, chagas heart disease, diphtheria, fever, leptospirosis, Lyme disease, myocarditis, myotonic dystrophy, neonatal coxsackie myocarditis, rheumatic fever, salmonella typhosa, sepsis, trichinosis, viral infections
Musculoskeletal/Orthopedic	Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy, fat embolism, hemochromatosis, muscular dystrophy
Neurologic	Diabetic autonomic neuropathy, fat embolism, fatigue, Guillain-Barré syndrome, obstructive sleep apnea, stroke, subarachnoid hemorrhage
Nutritional/Metabolic	Dehydration, hypercapnia, hypervitaminosis D, hypokalemia, hypomagnesemia
Obstetric/Gynecologic	nonimmune hydrops fetalis, peripartum cardiomyopathy, pregnancy
Oncologic	atrial myxoma, bronchogenic carcinoma, cardiac tumors, fatigue, lung cancer, pheochromocytoma
Ophthalmologic	No underlying causes
Overdose/Toxicity	Alcohol overdose, alcohol withdrawal, aminophylline toxicity, binge drinking, carbamazepine poisoning, cocaine overdose, digitalis toxicity, salicylate poisoning, tricyclic antidepressant overdose
Psychiatric	Anxiety, bulimia nervosa, fatigue, panic disorder, psychological stress
Pulmonary	Air embolism, bronchogenic carcinoma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, emphysema, fat embolism, hypoxia, lung cancer, pneumonia, sarcoidosis, tension pneumothorax
Renal/Electrolyte	Chronic kidney disease, chronic renal failure, dehydration, electrolyte disturbance, renal insufficiency
Rheumatology/Immunology/Allergy	Amyloidosis, ankylosing spondylitis, collagen vascular disease, juvenile idiopathic arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, reactive arthritis, rheumatic fever, rheumatic heart disease, sarcoidosis, scleroderma, spondyloarthritis
Sexual	No underlying causes
Trauma	Cardiac injury from blunt trauma, drowning, electric shock
Urologic	No underlying causes
Miscellaneous	Binge drinking, drowning, fever, hypothermia, malignant hyperthermia, pain, stress

Combined List of Causes in Alphabetical Order

Causes Based on Pathophysiologic Origin

SVTs from a Sinoatrial Source

Inappropriate Sinus Tachycardia

The cause of inappropriate sinus tachycardia is unknown. It is a diagnosis of exclusion after all the specific physiological and psychological triggers of sinus tachycardia have been excluded. The diagnosis of IST is based on the presence of a persistent and recurrent sinus tachycardia on EKG that is otherwise unexplainable.

Sinus Tachycardia

Sinoatrial Nodal Reentry Tachycardia

SVTs from an Atrial Source

Focal Atrial Tachycardia

Atrial Flutter

Atrial Fibrillation

Multifocal Atrial Tachycardia

2

SVTs from an Atrioventricular Source

AV Nodal Reentrant Tachycardia

AV Reentrant Tachycardia

Junctional Tachycardia

2

References

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 __NOTOC__
 {{Supraventricular tachycardia}}
-{{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{AO}}
+{{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{AO}} {{Ochuko}}
 ==Overview==
 Supraventricular tachycardia is a collective term used to describe all the [[Tachycardia|tachycardias]] originating from the [[SA node]], [[atrium]] and [[AV node]].  Therefore, the causes depend on the source of the pathology, and they are as follows:
-==Life Threatening Causes==
+==Causes==
+===Life Threatening Causes===
 Life-threatening causes include conditions which may result in death or permanent disability within 24 hours if left untreated.
-{{col-begin|width=80%}}
+{{columns-list|2|
-{{col-break|width=33%}}
 *[[Air embolism]]
 *[[Alcoholism|Alcohol overdose]]
 *[[Alcohol withdrawal]]
 *[[Aminophylline|Aminophylline toxicity]]
-*[[Anemia]]
 *[[Carbon monoxide poisoning#Symptoms|Carbon monoxide poisoning]]
 *[[Cardiac tamponade]]
 *[[Cocaine|Cocaine overdose]]
-*[[Congestive heart failure]]
 *[[Cyanide poisoning]]
 *[[Dehydration]]
@@ Line 25: / Line 23: @@
 *[[Electric shock]]
 *[[Fat embolism]]
-{{col-break|width=33%}}
 *[[Hypoglycemia]]
 *[[Hypokalemia]]
 *[[Hypotension]]
 *[[Hypothermia]]
-*[[Hypoxia]]
 *[[Lithium|Lithium toxicity]]
 *[[Malignant hyperthermia]]
@@ Line 36: / Line 32: @@
 *[[Pulmonary embolism]]
 *[[Salicylate poisoning]]
-*[[Sepsis]]
 *[[Shock]]
 *[[Subarachnoid hemorrhage]]
 *[[Tension pneumothorax]]
 *[[Tricyclic antidepressant overdose]]
-{{col-end}}
+}}
-==Common Causes==
+===Common Causes===
-{{col-begin|width=80%}}
+{{columns-list|2|
-{{col-break|width=33%}}
 *[[Alcoholism|Alcohol overdose]]
 *[[Alcohol withdrawal]]
@@ Line 60: / Line 54: @@
 *[[Heart failure]]
 *[[Hypertensive heart disease]]
-{{col-break|width=33%}}
 *[[Hyperthyroidism]]
 *[[Hypoglycemia]]
@@ Line 75: / Line 68: @@
 *[[Sepsis]]
 *[[Tricyclic antidepressant overdose]]
-{{col-end}}
+}}
+===Causes by Organ System===
+{|style="width:80%; height:100px" border="1"
+|style="height:100px"; style="width:25%" border="1" bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" |'''Cardiovascular'''
+|style="height:100px"; style="width:75%" border="1" bgcolor="Beige" | [[Air embolism]], [[amyloidosis]], [[aortic regurgitation]], [[aortic stenosis]], [[arteriovenous fistula]], [[atrial infarction|atrial ischemia]], [[atrial myxoma]], [[atrial septal defect]], [[cardiac tamponade]], [[cardiac tumors]], [[cardiomyopathy]], [[The heart in Chagas' disease|Chagas heart disease]], [[congestive heart failure]], [[constrictive pericarditis]], [[coronary artery bypass graft surgery]], [[coronary artery disease]], [[dilated cardiomyopathy]], [[Ebstein's anomaly]], [[endocarditis]], [[familial atrial fibrillation]], [[familial atrioventricular nodal reentry tachycardia]], [[heart bypass surgery]], [[heart failure]], [[hemochromatosis]], [[holiday heart syndrome]], [[hypertensive heart disease]], [[hypertrophic cardiomyopathy]], [[hypokalemia]], [[hypotension]], [[hypoxia]], [[ischemic heart disease]], [[Kawasaki disease]], [[left ventricular hypertrophy]], [[Lown-Ganong-Levine syndrome]], [[Long QT Syndrome classification#LQT4|LQT type 4]], [[Lutembacher syndrome]], [[Mahaim fibers|mahaim fiber tachycardia]], [[mitral regurgitation]], [[mitral valve stenosis]], [[myocardial infarction]], [[myocarditis]], [[coxsackie A virus#Diseases|neonatal coxsackie myocarditis]], [[open heart surgery]], [[pericarditis]], [[peripartum cardiomyopathy]], [[cardiac surgery|post cardiac surgery]], [[pulmonary embolism]], [[pulmonary hypertension]], [[rheumatic heart disease]], [[shock]], [[sick sinus syndrome]], [[stroke]], [[temporary cardiac pacing]], [[tricuspid regurgitation]], [[tricuspid stenosis]], [[unstable angina]], [[uremic pericarditis]], [[valvular heart disease]], [[Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome]]
+|-
+|bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"| '''Chemical/Poisoning'''
+|bgcolor="Beige"|[[Breath spray]], [[carbon monoxide poisoning]], [[cyanide]], [[grayanotoxin]], [[mercury poisoning]]
+|-
+|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+| '''Dental'''
+|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
+|-
+|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+| '''Dermatologic'''
+|bgcolor="Beige"|[[Psoriatic arthritis]]
+|-
+|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+| '''Drug Side Effect'''
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Albuterol]], [[alprazolam]], [[amiodarone]], [[amphetamines]], [[amrinone]], [[atomoxetine]], [[atropine]], [[beta blockers]], [[caffeine]], [[carbamazepine#Adverse effects|carbamazepine poisoning]], [[cimetidine]], [[clonidine]], [[conivaptan]], [[diazoxide]], [[cyanide poisoning#Treatment of poisoning and antidotes|dicobalt edetate]], [[diltiazem]], [[disopyramide]], [[dobutamine]], [[docetaxel]], [[dopexamine]], [[doxapram]], [[doxorubicin]], [[ephedrine]], [[epirubicin]], [[fentanyl]], [[flecainide]], [[flumazenil]], [[fluvoxamine]], [[guanethidine]], [[hexamethonium]], [[hydralazine]], [[ibutilide]], [[isoprenaline]], [[isoproterenol infusion]], [[lithium]], [[methamphetamines]], [[methyldopa]], [[methylphenidate]], [[methysergide]], [[minoxidil]], [[nelarabine]], [[nicotine]], [[orlistat]], [[palonosetron]], [[paroxetine]], [[phenoxybenzamine]], [[phentolamine]], [[porfimer sodium]], [[pramipexole]], [[procainamide]], [[propafenone]], [[quinidine]], [[ramucirumab]], [[reserpine]], [[ritodrine]], [[romidepsin]], [[salbutamol]], [[salmeterol]], [[sargramostim]], [[sibutramine]], [[theophylline]], [[trimethaphan]], [[antiarrhythmic agent#Class Ia agents|type Ia antiarrhythmic agents]], [[antiarrhythmic agent#Class Ic agents|type Ic antiarrhythmic agents]], [[antiarrhythmic agent#Class III agents|type III antiarrhythmic agents]], [[verapamil]]
+|-
+|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+| '''Ear Nose Throat'''
+|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
+|-
+|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+| '''Endocrine'''
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Amyloidosis]], [[diabetes mellitus]], [[fatigue]], [[hemochromatosis]], [[hyperthyroidism]], [[hypoglycemia]], [[hypothyroidism]], [[pheochromocytoma]], [[thyrotoxicosis]]
+|-
+|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+| '''Environmental'''
+|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
+|-
+|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+| '''Gastroenterologic'''
+|bgcolor="Beige"|[[Crohn's disease]], [[hemochromatosis]], [[ulcerative colitis]]
+|-
+|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+| '''Genetic'''
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Channelopaties]], [[Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy]], [[hemochromatosis]], [[Long QT Syndrome classification#LQT4|LQT type 4]], [[muscular dystrophy]], [[myotonic dystrophy]]
+|-
+|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+| '''Hematologic'''
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Anemia]], [[fat embolism]], [[fatigue]], [[hemochromatosis]]
+|-
+|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+| '''Iatrogenic'''
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Cardiac surgery]], [[cardiac transplantation]], [[catheter ablation|incomplete ablation procedures]], [[cardiac surgery|post cardiac surgery]], [[postoperative complication]], [[surgery]]
+|-
+|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+| '''Infectious Disease'''
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Amoebiasis]], [[The heart in Chagas' disease|chagas heart disease]], [[diphtheria]], [[fever]], [[leptospirosis]], [[Lyme disease]], [[myocarditis]], [[myotonic dystrophy]], [[coxsackie A virus#Diseases|neonatal coxsackie myocarditis]], [[rheumatic fever]], [[salmonella|salmonella typhosa]], [[sepsis]], [[trichinosis]], [[viral infections]]
+|-
+|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+| '''Musculoskeletal/Orthopedic'''
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy]], [[fat embolism]], [[hemochromatosis]], [[muscular dystrophy]]
+|-
+|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+| '''Neurologic'''
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[diabetic neuropathy|Diabetic autonomic neuropathy]], [[fat embolism]], [[fatigue]], [[Guillain-Barré syndrome]], [[obstructive sleep apnea]], [[stroke]], [[subarachnoid hemorrhage]]
+|-
+|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+| '''Nutritional/Metabolic'''
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Dehydration]], [[hypercapnia]], [[hypervitaminosis D]], [[hypokalemia]], [[hypomagnesemia]]
+|-
+|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+| '''Obstetric/Gynecologic'''
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[hydrops fetalis|nonimmune hydrops fetalis]], [[peripartum cardiomyopathy]], [[pregnancy]]
+|-
+|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+| '''Oncologic'''
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[atrial myxoma]], [[bronchogenic carcinoma]], [[cardiac tumors]], [[fatigue]], [[lung cancer]], [[pheochromocytoma]]
+|-
+|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+| '''Ophthalmologic'''
+|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
+|-
+|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+| '''Overdose/Toxicity'''
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[alcoholism|Alcohol overdose]], [[alcohol withdrawal]], [[aminophylline|aminophylline toxicity]], [[binge drinking]], [[carbamazepine#Adverse effects|carbamazepine poisoning]], [[cocaine|cocaine overdose]], [[digitalis toxicity]], [[salicylate poisoning]], [[tricyclic antidepressant overdose]]
+|-
+|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+| '''Psychiatric'''
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Anxiety]], [[bulimia nervosa]], [[fatigue]], [[panic disorder]], [[psychological stress]]
+|-
+|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+| '''Pulmonary'''
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Air embolism]], [[bronchogenic carcinoma]], [[chronic obstructive pulmonary disease]], [[emphysema]], [[fat embolism]], [[hypoxia]], [[lung cancer]], [[pneumonia]], [[sarcoidosis]], [[tension pneumothorax]]
+|-
+|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+| '''Renal/Electrolyte'''
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Chronic kidney disease]], [[chronic renal failure]], [[dehydration]], [[electrolyte disturbance]], [[renal insufficiency]]
+|-
+|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+| '''Rheumatology/Immunology/Allergy'''
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Amyloidosis]], [[ankylosing spondylitis]], [[collagen vascular disease]], [[juvenile idiopathic arthritis]], [[psoriatic arthritis]], [[reactive arthritis]], [[rheumatic fever]], [[rheumatic heart disease]], [[sarcoidosis]], [[scleroderma]], [[spondyloarthritis]]
+|-
+|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+| '''Sexual'''
+|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
+|-
+|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+| '''Trauma'''
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[commotio cordis|Cardiac injury from blunt trauma]], [[drowning]], [[electric shock]]
+|-
+|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+| '''Urologic'''
+|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
+|-
+|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+| '''Miscellaneous'''
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Binge drinking]], [[drowning]], [[fever]], [[hypothermia]], [[malignant hyperthermia]], [[pain]], [[stress]]
+|-
+|}
+===Combined List of Causes in Alphabetical Order===
+{{columns-list|
+*[[Air embolism]]
+*[[Albuterol]]
+*[[Alcoholism|Alcohol overdose]]
+*[[Alcohol withdrawal]]
+*[[Alprazolam]]
+*[[Aminophylline|Aminophylline toxicity]]
+*[[Amiodarone]]
+*[[Amoebiasis]]
+*[[Amphetamines]]
+*[[Amrinone]]
+*[[Amyloidosis]]
+*[[Anemia]]
+*[[Ankylosing spondylitis]]
+*[[Anxiety]]
+*[[Aortic regurgitation]]
+*[[Aortic stenosis]]
+*[[Arteriovenous fistula]]
+*[[Atomoxetine]]
+*[[atrial infarction|Atrial ischemia]]
+*[[Atrial myxoma]]
+*[[Atrial septal defect]]
+*[[Atropine]]
+*[[Beta blockers]]
+*[[Binge drinking]]
+*[[Breath spray]]
+*[[Bronchogenic carcinoma]]
+*[[Bulimia nervosa]]
+*[[Caffeine]]
+*[[Carbamazepine#Adverse effects|Carbamazepine poisoning]]
+*[[Carbon monoxide poisoning]]
+*[[Commotio cordis|Cardiac injury from blunt trauma]]
+*[[Cardiac surgery]]
+*[[Cardiac tamponade]]
+*[[Cardiac transplantation]]
+*[[Cardiac tumors]]
+*[[Cardiomyopathy]]
+*[[The heart in Chagas' disease|Chagas heart disease]]
+*[[Channelopaties]]
+*[[Chronic kidney disease]]
+*[[Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease]]
+*[[Chronic renal failure]]
+*[[Cimetidine]]
+*[[Clonidine]]
+*[[Cocaine|Cocaine overdose]]
+*[[Collagen vascular disease]]
+*[[Congestive heart failure]]
+*[[Conivaptan]]
+*[[Constrictive pericarditis]]
+*[[Coronary artery bypass graft surgery]]
+*[[Coronary artery disease]]
+*[[Crohn's disease]]
+*[[Cyanide]]
+*[[Dehydration]]
+*[[Diabetes mellitus]]
+*[[Diabetic neuropathy|Diabetic autonomic neuropathy]]
+*[[Diazoxide]]
+*[[Cyanide poisoning#Treatment of poisoning and antidotes|Dicobalt edetate]]
+*[[Digitalis toxicity]]
+*[[Dilated cardiomyopathy]]
+*[[Diltiazem]]
+*[[Diphtheria]]
+*[[Disopyramide]]
+*[[Dobutamine]]
+*[[Docetaxel]]
+*[[Dopexamine]]
+*[[Doxapram]]
+*[[Doxorubicin]]
+*[[Drowning]]
+*[[Ebstein's anomaly]]
+*[[Electric shock]]
+*[[Electrolyte disturbance]]
+*[[Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy]]
+*[[Emphysema]]
+*[[Endocarditis]]
+*[[Ephedrine]]
+*[[Epirubicin]]
+*[[Familial atrial fibrillation ]]
+*[[Familial atrioventricular nodal reentry tachycardia]]
+*[[Fat embolism]]
+*[[Fatigue]]
+*[[Fentanyl]]
+*[[Fever]]
+*[[Flecainide]]
+*[[Flumazenil]]
+*[[Fluvoxamine]]
+*[[Grayanotoxin]]
+*[[Guanethidine]]
+*[[Guillain-Barré syndrome]]
+*[[Heart bypass surgery]]
+*[[Heart failure]]
+*[[Hemochromatosis]]
+*[[Hexamethonium]]
+*[[Holiday heart syndrome]]
+*[[Hydralazine]]
+*[[Hypercapnia]]
+*[[Hypertensive heart disease]]
+*[[Hyperthyroidism]]
+*[[Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy]]
+*[[Hypervitaminosis D]]
+*[[Hypoglycemia]]
+*[[Hypokalemia]]
+*[[Hypomagnesemia]]
+*[[Hypotension]]
+*[[Hypothermia]]
+*[[Hypothyroidism]]
+*[[Hypoxia]]
+*[[Ibutilide]]
+*[[Catheter ablation|Incomplete ablation procedures]]
+*[[Ischemic heart disease]]
+*[[Isoprenaline]]
+*[[Isoproterenol|Isoproterenol infusion]]
+*[[The heart in juvenile rheumatoid arthritis#3. Systemic onset of juvenile idiopathic arthritis|Juvenile idiopathic arthritis]]
+*[[Kawasaki disease]]
+*[[Left ventricular hypertrophy]]
+*[[Leptospirosis]]
+*[[Lithium]]
+*[[Lown-Ganong-Levine syndrome]]
+*[[Long QT Syndrome classification#LQT4|LQT type 4]]
+*[[Lung cancer]]
+*[[Lutembacher syndrome]]
+*[[Lyme disease]]
+*[[Mahaim fibers|Mahaim fiber tachycardia]]
+*[[Malignant hyperthermia]]
+*[[Mercury poisoning]]
+*[[Methamphetamines]]
+*[[Methyldopa]]
+*[[Methylphenidate]]
+*[[Methysergide]]
+*[[Minoxidil]]
+*[[Mitral regurgitation]]
+*[[Mitral valve stenosis]]
+*[[Muscular dystrophy]]
+*[[Myocardial infarction]]
+*[[Myocarditis]]
+*[[Myotonic dystrophy]]
+*[[Nelarabine]]
+*[[Coxsackie A virus#Diseases|Neonatal coxsackie myocarditis]]
+*[[Nicotine]]
+*[[Hydrops fetalis|Nonimmune hydrops fetalis]]
+*[[Obstructive sleep apnea]]
+*[[Open heart surgery]]
+*[[Orlistat]]
+*[[Pain]]
+*[[Palonosetron]]
+*[[Panic disorder]]
+*[[Paroxetine]]
+*[[Pericarditis]]
+*[[Peripartum cardiomyopathy]]
+*[[Phenoxybenzamine]]
+*[[Phentolamine]]
+*[[Pheochromocytoma]]
+*[[Pneumonia]]
+*[[Pneumonia]]
+*[[Pneumonia]]
+*[[Porfimer sodium]]
+*[[Cardiac surgery|Post cardiac surgery]]
+*[[Postoperative complication]]
+*[[Pramipexole]]
+*[[Pregnancy]]
+*[[Procainamide]]
+*[[Propafenone]]
+*[[Psoriatic arthritis]]
+*[[Psychological stress]]
+*[[Pulmonary embolism]]
+*[[Pulmonary hypertension]]
+*[[Quinidine]]
+*[[Ramucirumab]]
+*[[Reactive arthritis]]
+*[[Renal insufficiency]]
+*[[Reserpine]]
+*[[Rheumatic fever]]
+*[[Rheumatic heart disease]]
+*[[Ritodrine]]
+*[[Romidepsin]]
+*[[Salbutamol]]
+*[[Salicylate poisoning]]
+*[[Salmeterol]]
+*[[Salmonella|Salmonella typhosa]]
+*[[Sarcoidosis]]
+*[[Sargramostim]]
+*[[Scleroderma]]
+*[[Sepsis]]
+*[[Shock]]
+*[[Sibutramine]]
+*[[Sick sinus syndrome]]
+*[[Spondyloarthritis]]
+*[[Stress]]
+*[[Stroke]]
+*[[Subarachnoid hemorrhage]]
+*[[Surgery]]
+*[[Temporary cardiac pacing]]
+*[[Tension pneumothorax]]
+*[[Theophylline]]
+*[[Thyrotoxicosis]]
+*[[Trichinosis ]]
+*[[Tricuspid regurgitation]]
+*[[Tricuspid stenosis]]
+*[[Tricyclic antidepressant overdose]]
+*[[Trimethaphan]]
+*[[Antiarrhythmic agent#Class Ia agents|Type Ia antiarrhythmic agents]]
+*[[Antiarrhythmic agent#Class Ic agents|Type Ic antiarrhythmic agents]]
+*[[Antiarrhythmic agent#Class III agents|Type III antiarrhythmic agents]]
+*[[Ulcerative colitis]]
+*[[Unstable angina]]
+*[[Uremic pericarditis]]
+*[[Valvular heart disease]]
+*[[Verapamil]]
+*[[Viral infections]]
+*[[Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome]]
+}}
 ==Causes Based on Pathophysiologic Origin==
 ===SVTs from a Sinoatrial Source===
 ====Inappropriate Sinus Tachycardia====
 The cause of inappropriate sinus tachycardia is unknown.  It is a diagnosis of exclusion after all the specific physiological and psychological triggers of [[sinus tachycardia]] have been excluded.  The diagnosis of IST is based on the presence of a persistent and recurrent sinus tachycardia on EKG that is otherwise unexplainable.
 ====Sinus Tachycardia====
-{{col-begin|width=80%}}
+{{columns-list|
-{{col-break|width=33%}}
 *[[Air embolism]]
 *[[Alcoholism|Alcohol overdose]]
@@ Line 114: / Line 432: @@
 *[[Dobutamine]]
 *[[Docetaxel]]
-{{col-break|width=33%}}
 *[[Dopexamine]]
 *[[Doxapram]]
@@ Line 142: / Line 459: @@
 *[[Mercury poisoning]]
 *[[Methylphenidate]]
-{{col-break|width=33%}}
 *[[Methysergide]]
 *[[Minoxidil]]
@@ Line 170: / Line 486: @@
 *[[Trimethaphan]]
 *[[Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome]]
-{{col-end}}
+}}
 ====Sinoatrial Nodal Reentry Tachycardia====
@@ Line 179: / Line 495: @@
 ===SVTs from an Atrial Source===
 ====Focal Atrial Tachycardia====
 *[[Stroke|Acute stroke]]
@@ Line 196: / Line 511: @@
 ====Atrial Flutter====
-{{col-begin|width=80%}}
+{{columns-list|
-{{col-break|width=33%}}
 *[[Alcoholism|Alcohol overdose]]
 *[[Amoebiasis]]
@@ Line 221: / Line 535: @@
 *[[Emphysema]]
 *[[Flecainide]]
-{{col-break|width=33%}}
 *[[Heart bypass surgery]]
 *[[Holiday heart syndrome]]
@@ Line 245: / Line 558: @@
 *[[Orlistat]]
 *[[Pericarditis]]
-{{col-break|width=33%}}
 *[[Pheochromocytoma]]
 *[[Pneumonia]]
@@ Line 268: / Line 580: @@
 *[[Ulcerative colitis]]
 *[[Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome]]
-{{col-end}}
+}}
 ====Atrial Fibrillation====
-{{col-begin|width=80%}}
+{{columns-list|
-{{col-break|width=33%}}
 *[[Alcoholism|Alcohol overdose]]
 *[[Alcohol withdrawal]]
@@ Line 293: / Line 604: @@
 *[[Coronary artery bypass graft surgery]]
 *[[Coronary artery disease]]
-{{col-break|width=33%}}
 *[[Dehydration]]
 *[[Diabetes]]
@@ Line 314: / Line 624: @@
 *[[Myocardial infarction]]
 *[[Myocarditis]]
-{{col-break|width=33%}}
 *[[Obstructive sleep apnea]]
 *[[Pericarditis]]
@@ Line 335: / Line 644: @@
 *[[Valvular heart disease]]
 *[[Viral infections]]
-{{col-end}}
+}}
 ====Multifocal Atrial Tachycardia====
-{{col-begin|width=80%}}
+{{columns-list|2|
-{{col-break|width=33%}}
 *[[Aminophylline|Aminophylline toxicity]]
 *[[Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease]]
@@ Line 357: / Line 665: @@
 *[[Sepsis]]
 *[[Valvular heart disease]]
-{{col-end}}
+}}
 ===SVTs from an Atrioventricular Source===
 ====AV Nodal Reentrant Tachycardia====
 *[[Familial atrioventricular nodal reentry tachycardia]]
@@ Line 375: / Line 682: @@
 ====Junctional Tachycardia====
-{{col-begin|width=80%}}
+{{columns-list|2|
-{{col-break|width=33%}}
 *[[Amiodarone]]
 *[[Amyloidosis]]
@@ Line 395: / Line 701: @@
 *[[Hypokalemia]]
 *[[Hypothermia]]
-{{col-break|width=33%}}
 *[[Hypothyroidism]]
 *[[Hypoxia]]
@@ Line 414: / Line 719: @@
 *[[Verapamil]]
 *[[Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome]]
-{{col-end}}
+}}
-==Combined List of Causes==
-{{col-begin|width=80%}}
-{{col-break|width=33%}}
-*[[Air embolism]]
-*[[Albuterol]]
-*[[Alcoholism|Alcohol overdose]]
-*[[Alcohol withdrawal]]
-*[[Alprazolam]]
-*[[Aminophylline|Aminophylline toxicity]]
-*[[Amiodarone]]
-*[[Amoebiasis]]
-*[[Amphetamines]]
-*[[Amrinone]]
-*[[Amyloidosis]]
-*[[Anemia]]
-*[[Ankylosing spondylitis]]
-*[[Anxiety]]
-*[[Aortic regurgitation]]
-*[[Aortic stenosis]]
-*[[Arteriovenous fistula]]
-*[[Atomoxetine]]
-*[[atrial infarction|Atrial ischemia]]
-*[[Atrial myxoma]]
-*[[Atrial septal defect]]
-*[[Atropine]]
-*[[Beta blockers]]
-*[[Binge drinking]]
-*[[Breath spray]]
-*[[Bronchogenic carcinoma]]
-*[[Bulimia nervosa]]
-*[[Caffeine]]
-*[[Carbamazepine#Adverse effects|Carbamazepine poisoning]]
-*[[Carbon monoxide poisoning]]
-*[[Commotio cordis|Cardiac injury from blunt trauma]]
-*[[Cardiac surgery]]
-*[[Cardiac tamponade]]
-*[[Cardiac transplantation]]
-*[[Cardiac tumors]]
-*[[Cardiomyopathy]]
-*[[The heart in Chagas' disease|Chagas heart disease]]
-*[[Channelopaties]]
-*[[Chronic kidney disease]]
-*[[Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease]]
-*[[Chronic renal failure]]
-*[[Cimetidine]]
-*[[Clonidine]]
-*[[Cocaine|Cocaine overdose]]
-*[[Collagen vascular disease]]
-*[[Congestive heart failure]]
-*[[Conivaptan]]
-*[[Constrictive pericarditis]]
-*[[Coronary artery bypass graft surgery]]
-*[[Coronary artery disease]]
-*[[Crohn's disease]]
-*[[Cyanide]]
-*[[Dehydration]]
-*[[Diabetes mellitus]]
-*[[Diabetic neuropathy|Diabetic autonomic neuropathy]]
-*[[Diazoxide]]
-*[[Cyanide poisoning#Treatment of poisoning and antidotes|Dicobalt edetate]]
-*[[Digitalis toxicity]]
-*[[Dilated cardiomyopathy]]
-*[[Diltiazem]]
-*[[Diphtheria]]
-*[[Disopyramide]]
-*[[Dobutamine]]
-*[[Docetaxel]]
-*[[Dopexamine]]
-*[[Doxapram]]
-*[[Doxorubicin]]
-*[[Drowning]]
-*[[Ebstein's anomaly]]
-{{col-break|width=33%}}
-*[[Electric shock]]
-*[[Electrolyte disturbance]]
-*[[Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy]]
-*[[Emphysema]]
-*[[Endocarditis]]
-*[[Ephedrine]]
-*[[Epirubicin]]
-*[[Familial atrial fibrillation ]]
-*[[Familial atrioventricular nodal reentry tachycardia]]
-*[[Fat embolism]]
-*[[Fatigue]]
-*[[Fentanyl]]
-*[[Fever]]
-*[[Flecainide]]
-*[[Flumazenil]]
-*[[Fluvoxamine]]
-*[[Grayanotoxin]]
-*[[Guanethidine]]
-*[[Guillain-Barré syndrome]]
-*[[Heart bypass surgery]]
-*[[Heart failure]]
-*[[Hemochromatosis]]
-*[[Hexamethonium]]
-*[[Holiday heart syndrome]]
-*[[Hydralazine]]
-*[[Hypercapnia]]
-*[[Hypertensive heart disease]]
-*[[Hyperthyroidism]]
-*[[Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy]]
-*[[Hypervitaminosis D]]
-*[[Hypoglycemia]]
-*[[Hypokalemia]]
-*[[Hypomagnesemia]]
-*[[Hypotension]]
-*[[Hypothermia]]
-*[[Hypothyroidism]]
-*[[Hypoxia]]
-*[[Ibutilide]]
-*[[Catheter ablation|Incomplete ablation procedures]]
-*[[Ischemic heart disease]]
-*[[Isoprenaline]]
-*[[Isoproterenol|Isoproterenol infusion]]
-*[[The heart in juvenile rheumatoid arthritis#3. Systemic onset of juvenile idiopathic arthritis|Juvenile idiopathic arthritis]]
-*[[Kawasaki disease]]
-*[[Left ventricular hypertrophy]]
-*[[Leptospirosis]]
-*[[Lithium]]
-*[[Lown-Ganong-Levine syndrome]]
-*[[Long QT Syndrome classification#LQT4|LQT type 4]]
-*[[Lung cancer]]
-*[[Lutembacher syndrome]]
-*[[Lyme disease]]
-*[[Mahaim fibers|Mahaim fiber tachycardia]]
-*[[Malignant hyperthermia]]
-*[[Mercury poisoning]]
-*[[Methamphetamines]]
-*[[Methyldopa]]
-*[[Methylphenidate]]
-*[[Methysergide]]
-*[[Minoxidil]]
-*[[Mitral regurgitation]]
-*[[Mitral valve stenosis]]
-*[[Muscular dystrophy]]
-*[[Myocardial infarction]]
-*[[Myocarditis]]
-*[[Myotonic dystrophy]]
-*[[Nelarabine]]
-*[[Coxsackie A virus#Diseases|Neonatal coxsackie myocarditis]]
-{{col-break|width=33%}}
-*[[Nicotine]]
-*[[Hydrops fetalis|Nonimmune hydrops fetalis]]
-*[[Obstructive sleep apnea]]
-*[[Open heart surgery]]
-*[[Orlistat]]
-*[[Pain]]
-*[[Palonosetron]]
-*[[Panic disorder]]
-*[[Paroxetine]]
-*[[Pericarditis]]
-*[[Peripartum cardiomyopathy]]
-*[[Phenoxybenzamine]]
-*[[Phentolamine]]
-*[[Pheochromocytoma]]
-*[[Pneumonia]]
-*[[Pneumonia]]
-*[[Pneumonia]]
-*[[Porfimer sodium]]
-*[[Cardiac surgery|Post cardiac surgery]]
-*[[Postoperative complication]]
-*[[Pramipexole]]
-*[[Pregnancy]]
-*[[Procainamide]]
-*[[Propafenone]]
-*[[Psoriatic arthritis]]
-*[[Psychological stress]]
-*[[Pulmonary embolism]]
-*[[Pulmonary hypertension]]
-*[[Quinidine]]
-*[[Ramucirumab]]
-*[[Reactive arthritis]]
-*[[Renal insufficiency]]
-*[[Reserpine]]
-*[[Rheumatic fever]]
-*[[Rheumatic heart disease]]
-*[[Ritodrine]]
-*[[Romidepsin]]
-*[[Salbutamol]]
-*[[Salicylate poisoning]]
-*[[Salmeterol]]
-*[[Salmonella|Salmonella typhosa]]
-*[[Sarcoidosis]]
-*[[Sargramostim]]
-*[[Scleroderma]]
-*[[Sepsis]]
-*[[Shock]]
-*[[Sibutramine]]
-*[[Sick sinus syndrome]]
-*[[Spondyloarthritis]]
-*[[Stress]]
-*[[Stroke]]
-*[[Subarachnoid hemorrhage]]
-*[[Surgery]]
-*[[Temporary cardiac pacing]]
-*[[Tension pneumothorax]]
-*[[Theophylline]]
-*[[Thyrotoxicosis]]
-*[[Trichinosis ]]
-*[[Tricuspid regurgitation]]
-*[[Tricuspid stenosis]]
-*[[Tricyclic antidepressant overdose]]
-*[[Trimethaphan]]
-*[[Antiarrhythmic agent#Class Ia agents|Type Ia antiarrhythmic agents]]
-*[[Antiarrhythmic agent#Class Ic agents|Type Ic antiarrhythmic agents]]
-*[[Antiarrhythmic agent#Class III agents|Type III antiarrhythmic agents]]
-*[[Ulcerative colitis]]
-*[[Unstable angina]]
-*[[Uremic pericarditis]]
-*[[Valvular heart disease]]
-*[[Verapamil]]
-*[[Viral infections]]
-*[[Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome]]
-{{col-end}}
 ==References==
 {{Reflist|2}}
+[[Category:Arrhythmia]]
+[[Category:Cardiology]]
 [[Category:Crowdiagnosis]]
-[[Category:Cardiology]]
+[[Category:Disease]]
+[[Category:Electrophysiology]]
 [[Category:Up-To-Date]]
 [[Category:Up-To-Date cardiology]]
-[[Category:Arrhythmia]]
-[[Category:Electrophysiology]]
-[[Category:Disease]]
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