The WikiDoc Living Textbook of Neurology
You don't need to be Editor-In-Chief to add or edit content to WikiDoc. You can begin to add to or edit text on this WikiDoc page by clicking on the edit button at the top of this page. Next enter or edit the information that you would like to appear here. Once you are done editing, scroll down and click the Save page button at the bottom of the page.
Click Here For A Complete Listing Of All Chapters In The Living Textbook Of Neurology In Alphabetical Order
Below you will find navigational boxes displaying major topics. Click on the right hand [ show ] button to display the entire contents of a navigational box.
Anatomy and Physiology
Nerves: spinal nerves | |
|---|---|
| Cervical (8) | anterior (Cervical plexus, Brachial plexus) - posterior (Posterior branches of cervical nerves, Suboccipital, Greater occipital, Third occipital) |
| Thoracic (12) | anterior (Intercostal, Intercostobrachial - T2, Thoraco-abdominal nerves - T7-T11, Subcostal - T12) - posterior (Posterior branches of thoracic nerves) |
| Lumbar (5) | anterior (Lumbar plexus, Lumbosacral trunk) - posterior (Posterior branches of the lumbar nerves, Superior cluneal L1-L3) |
| Sacral (5) | anterior (Sacral plexus) - posterior (Posterior branches of sacral nerves, Medial cluneal nerves) |
| Coccygeal (1) | anterior (Coccygeal plexus) - posterior (Posterior branch of coccygeal nerve) |
Nerves of head and neck: the cervical plexus (C1-C4) | |
|---|---|
| superficial | C2-C3: Lesser occipital • Greater auricular • Transverse cervical C3-C4: Supraclavicular |
| deep | C1-C3: Ansa cervicalis (superior root, inferior root) C3-C5: Phrenic |
Nerves of upper limbs (primarily): the brachial plexus (C5-T1) | |
|---|---|
| Supraclavicular | root (dorsal scapular, long thoracic) - upper trunk (suprascapular, to the subclavius) |
| Infraclavicular: lateral cord | lateral pectoral
musculocutaneous (lateral cutaneous of forearm) median/lateral root: anterior interosseous - palmar - recurrent - common palmar digital (proper palmar digital) |
| Infraclavicular: medial cord | medial pectoral
cutaneous: medial cutaneous of forearm • medial cutaneous of arm ulnar: muscular - palmar - dorsal (dorsal digital nerves) - superficial (common palmar digital, proper palmar digital) - deep median/medial root: see above |
| Infraclavicular: posterior cord | subscapular (upper, lower) • thoracodorsal
axillary (superior lateral cutaneous of arm) radial: muscular - cutaneous (posterior of arm, inferior lateral of arm, posterior of forearm) - superficial (dorsal digital nerves) - deep (posterior interosseous) |
| Other | cutaneous innervation of the upper limbs |
Nerves - autonomic nervous system (sympathetic nervous system/ganglion/trunks and parasympathetic nervous system/ganglion) | |
|---|---|
| Head/cranial | Ciliary ganglion: roots (Sensory, Parasympathetic, Sympathetic) - Short ciliary
Pterygopalatine ganglion: deep petrosal - nerve of pterygoid canal |
| Neck/cervical | paravertebral ganglia: Cervical ganglia (Superior, Middle, Inferior) - Stellate ganglion prevertebral plexus: Cavernous plexus - Internal carotid |
| Chest/thorax | paravertebral ganglia: Thoracic ganglia
prevertebral plexus: Cardiac plexus - Esophageal plexus - Pulmonary plexus - Thoracic aortic plexus splanchnic nerves: cardiopulmonary - thoracic cardiac nerves: Superior - Middle - Inferior |
| Abdomen/Lumbar | paravertebral ganglia: Lumbar ganglia
prevertebral ganglia: Celiac ganglia (Aorticorenal) - Superior mesenteric ganglion - Inferior mesenteric ganglion prevertebral plexus: Celiac plexus - (Hepatic, Splenic, Pancreatic) - aorticorenal (Abdominal aortic plexus, Renal/Suprarenal) - Superior mesenteric (Gastric) - Inferior mesenteric (Spermatic, Ovarian) - Superior hypogastric (hypogastric nerve, Superior rectal) - Inferior hypogastric (Vesical, Prostatic/Cavernous nerves of penis, Uterovaginal, Middle rectal) splanchnic nerves: Lumbar splanchnic nerves enteric nervous system: Meissner's plexus • Auerbach's plexus |
| Pelvis/sacral | paravertebral ganglia: Sacral ganglia - Ganglion impar splanchnic nerves: Pelvic splanchnic nerves - Sacral splanchnic nerves |
| All | Rami communicans (White, Gray) - Preganglionic fibers - Postganglionic fibers |
White matter fibers | |
|---|---|
| Association fibers | Uncinate fasciculus - Cingulum - Superior longitudinal fasciculus/Arcuate fasciculus - Inferior longitudinal fasciculus - Inferior occipitofrontal fasciculus - Fornix (Columns of fornix, Crus of fornix) |
| Commissural fibers | Corpus callosum (Genu, Splenium, Tapetum, Rostrum) - Anterior commissure - Posterior commissure - Commissure of fornix |
| Projection fibers | (none named) |
Nerves of lower limbs and lower torso: the lumbosacral plexus (L1-Co) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| lumbar plexus (L1-L4) | iliohypogastric: lateral cutaneous branch - anterior cutaneous branch
ilioinguinal: anterior scrotal ♂/labial ♀ genitofemoral: femoral branch/lumboinguinal - genital branch lateral cutaneous of thigh: patellar obturator: anterior (cutaneous) - posterior - accessory femoral: anterior cutaneous branches - saphenous (infrapatellar, medial crural cutaneous) | ||||
| sacral plexus (L4-S4) |
| ||||
| coccygeal plexus (S4-Co) | pudendal: inferior anal - perineal (deep, posterior scrotal ♂/labial ♀) - dorsal of the penis ♂/clitoris ♀ anococcygeal | ||||
| cutaneous innervation of the lower limbs | |||||
Nerves - autonomic nervous system (sympathetic nervous system/ganglion/trunks and parasympathetic nervous system/ganglion) | |
|---|---|
| Head/cranial | Ciliary ganglion: roots (Sensory, Parasympathetic, Sympathetic) - Short ciliary
Pterygopalatine ganglion: deep petrosal - nerve of pterygoid canal |
| Neck/cervical | paravertebral ganglia: Cervical ganglia (Superior, Middle, Inferior) - Stellate ganglion prevertebral plexus: Cavernous plexus - Internal carotid |
| Chest/thorax | paravertebral ganglia: Thoracic ganglia
prevertebral plexus: Cardiac plexus - Esophageal plexus - Pulmonary plexus - Thoracic aortic plexus splanchnic nerves: cardiopulmonary - thoracic cardiac nerves: Superior - Middle - Inferior |
| Abdomen/Lumbar | paravertebral ganglia: Lumbar ganglia
prevertebral ganglia: Celiac ganglia (Aorticorenal) - Superior mesenteric ganglion - Inferior mesenteric ganglion prevertebral plexus: Celiac plexus - (Hepatic, Splenic, Pancreatic) - aorticorenal (Abdominal aortic plexus, Renal/Suprarenal) - Superior mesenteric (Gastric) - Inferior mesenteric (Spermatic, Ovarian) - Superior hypogastric (hypogastric nerve, Superior rectal) - Inferior hypogastric (Vesical, Prostatic/Cavernous nerves of penis, Uterovaginal, Middle rectal) splanchnic nerves: Lumbar splanchnic nerves enteric nervous system: Meissner's plexus • Auerbach's plexus |
| Pelvis/sacral | paravertebral ganglia: Sacral ganglia - Ganglion impar splanchnic nerves: Pelvic splanchnic nerves - Sacral splanchnic nerves |
| All | Rami communicans (White, Gray) - Preganglionic fibers - Postganglionic fibers |
Histology: nervous tissue | |
|---|---|
| Neurons (gray matter) | soma - axon (axon hillock, axoplasm, axolemma, neurofibril/neurofilament)
dendrite (Nissl body, dendritic spine, apical dendrite, basal dendrite) types: bipolar - pseudounipolar - multipolar - pyramidal - Purkinje - granule |
| Afferent nerve/Sensory nerve/Sensory neuron | GSA - GVA - SSA - SVA - fibers (Ia, Ib or Golgi, II or Aβ, III or Aδ or fast pain, IV or C or slow pain) |
| Efferent nerve/Motor nerve/Motor neuron | GSE - GVE - SVE - Upper motor neuron - Lower motor neuron (α motorneuron, γ motorneuron) |
| Synapses | neuropil - synaptic vesicle - neuromuscular junction - electrical synapse - Interneuron (Renshaw) |
| Sensory receptors | Meissner's corpuscle - Merkel nerve ending - Pacinian corpuscle - Ruffini ending - Muscle spindle Olfactory receptor neuron - Photoreceptor cell - Hair cell - Taste bud |
| Glial cells | Astrocyte (Radial glia) - Oligodendrocyte - Ependymal cells (Tanycytes) - Microglia |
| Myelination (white matter) | CNS: Oligodendrocyte PNS: Schwann cell - Neurolemma - Nodes of Ranvier/Internode - Schmidt-Lanterman incisures |
| Related connective tissues | epineurium - perineurium - endoneurium - nerve fascicle - meninges |
Brain: rhombencephalon (hindbrain) | |
|---|---|
| Myelencephalon/medulla | anterior/ventral: Arcuate nucleus of medulla • Pyramid (Decussation) • Olivary body • Inferior olivary nucleus • Anterior median fissure • Ventral respiratory group posterior/dorsal: VII,IX,X: Solitary/tract • XII, X: Dorsal • IX,X,XI: Ambiguus • IX: Inferior salivatory nucleus • Gracile nucleus/Cuneate nucleus/Accessory cuneate nucleus • Area postrema • Posterior median sulcus • Dorsal respiratory group raphe/reticular: Sensory decussation • Reticular formation (Gigantocellular nucleus, Parvocellular reticular nucleus, Ventral reticular nucleus, Lateral reticular nucleus, Paramedian reticular nucleus) • Raphe nuclei (Obscurus, Magnus, Pallidus) tracts: Corticospinal tract (Lateral, Anterior) • Inferior cerebellar peduncle • Olivocerebellar tract • Spinocerebellar (Dorsal, Ventral) • Spinothalamic tract • PCML (Posterior external arcuate fibers, Internal arcuate fibers, Medial lemniscus) • Extrapyramidal (Rubrospinal tract, Vestibulospinal tract, Tectospinal tract) |
| Metencephalon/pons | anterior/ventral: Superior olivary nucleus • Basis pontis (Pontine nuclei, Middle cerebellar peduncles) posterior/dorsal: Pontine tegmentum (Trapezoid body, Superior medullary velum, Locus ceruleus, MLF, Vestibulocerebellar tract, V Principal Spinal & Motor, VI, VII, VII: Superior salivary nucleus) • VIII-c (Dorsal, Anterior)/VIII-v (Lateral, Superior, Medial, Inferior) raphe/reticular: Reticular formation (Caudal pontine reticular nucleus, Oral pontine reticular nucleus, Tegmental pontine reticular nucleus, Paramedian pontine reticular formation) • Median raphe nucleus |
| Metencephalon/cerebellum | Vermis • Flocculus • Arbor vitae • Cerebellar tonsil • Inferior medullary velum Molecular layer (Stellate cell, Basket cell, Parallel fiber) • Purkinje cell layer (Purkinje cell) • Granule cell layer (Golgi cell) • Mossy fibers • Climbing fiber |
| Fourth ventricle | apertures (Median, Lateral) • Rhomboid fossa (Vagal trigone, Hypoglossal trigone, Obex, Sulcus limitans, Facial colliculus, Medial eminence) • Lateral recess |
Brain: mesencephalon (midbrain) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tectum (Dorsal) | Corpora quadrigemina: Inferior colliculi (Brachium of inferior colliculus), Superior colliculi (Brachium of superior colliculus) Subcommissural organ • Pretectum | ||||
| Peduncle (Ventral) |
| ||||
Brain: diencephalon | |
|---|---|
| Epithalamus | Pineal body • Habenula (Habenular nuclei) • Stria medullaris • Habenular trigone |
| Thalamus/nuclei | paired: AN • Ventral (VA/VL, VP/VPM/VPL) • Lateral (Pulvinar) • Metathalamus (MG, LG)
midline: MD • Intralaminar (Centromedian) • Midline nuclear group • Interthalamic adhesion • Medullary laminae surface: reticular tracts to thalamus: Mammillothalamic tract • Thalamic fasciculus • Lenticular fasciculus • Ansa lenticularis • Medial lemniscus • Trigeminal lemniscus • Spinothalamic tract • Lateral lemniscus |
| Hypothalamus | autonomic zones: Anterior (parasympathetic/heat loss) • Posterior (sympathetic/heat conservation)
endocrine - posterior pituitary: magnocellular/Paraventricular/Supraoptic (oxytocin/vasopressin) endocrine - other: parvocellular/Arcuate (dopamine/GHRH) • Preoptic (GnRH) • Suprachiasmatic (melatonin) emotion: Lateral (hunger) • Ventromedial (satiety) • Dorsomedial (rage) surface: Median eminence/Tuber cinereum • Mammillary body • Infundibulum tracts: Medial forebrain bundle Pituitary: (Posterior is diencephalon, but anterior is glandular) |
| Subthalamus | Subthalamic nucleus • Zona incerta |
Brain: telencephalon (cerebrum, cerebral cortex, cerebral hemispheres) | |
|---|---|
| Frontal lobe | Precentral gyrus (Primary motor cortex, 4)
Superior frontal gyrus/Frontal eye fields (6, 8, 9), Middle frontal gyrus (46), Inferior frontal gyrus/Broca's area (44-Pars opercularis, 45-Pars triangularis) Orbitofrontal cortex (10, 11, 12, 47) Precentral sulcus - Superior frontal sulcus - Inferior frontal sulcus - Olfactory sulcus |
| Parietal lobe | Somatosensory cortex (Primary (1, 2, 3, 43), Secondary (5)), Precuneus (7m)
Parietal lobules (Superior (7l), Inferior (40)), Angular gyrus (39) Intraparietal sulcus, Marginal sulcus |
| Occipital lobe | Primary visual cortex (17), (Cuneus, Lingual gyrus, Lateral occipital gyrus (18, 19)) Calcarine fissure |
| Temporal lobe | Primary auditory cortex (41, 42), Superior temporal gyrus (38, 22/Wernicke's area), Middle temporal gyrus (21), Inferior temporal gyrus (20) Fusiform gyrus (37) Medial temporal lobe (Amygdala, Parahippocampal gyrus (27, 28, 34, 35, 36) |
| Cingulate cortex/gyrus | Subgenual area (25), Anterior cingulate (24, 32, 33), Posterior cingulate (23, 31), Retrosplenial cortex (26, 29, 30) Callosal sulcus |
| Interlobar sulci/fissures | lateral: Central (frontal+parietal), Lateral (frontal+parietal+temporal), Parietoöccipital medial: Medial longitudinal, Cingulate (frontal+cingulate), Collateral (temporal+occipital) |
| White matter tracts | Commissural fibers - Association fibers
Internal capsule (Anterior limb, Genu, Posterior limb), Corona radiata, External capsule, Lamina terminalis, Extreme capsule, Semioval center Olfactory tract, Terminal stria |
| Other | Insular cortex gray: Olfactory bulb, Anterior olfactory nucleus, Basal optic nucleus of Meynert, Substantia innominata, Anterior perforated substance Corpus striatum - Limbic lobe |
| Some categorizations are approximations, and some Brodmann areas span gyri. | |
Bones of head and neck: cranial sutures, fontanelles, and related regions | |
|---|---|
| Cranial sutures | Cranial: Frontoethmoidal - Frontal or Metopic (Frontal/Frontal) - Coronal (Frontal/Parietal) - Occipitomastoid (Occipital/Temporal) - Lambdoid (Parietal/Temporal) - Sagittal (Parietal/Parietal) - Sphenoethmoidal - Sphenofrontal - Sphenoparietal - Sphenosquamosal (Sphenoid/Temporal) - Sphenopetrosal (Sphenoid/Temporal) -Squamosal (Temporal/Parietal) - Petrosquamous (Temporal/Temporal)
Facial: Palatomaxillary suture Cranial-facial: Sphenozygomatic - Zygomaticotemporal - Zygomaticofrontal |
| Fontanelles | Anterior fontanelle - Posterior fontanelle - Sphenoidal fontanelle - Mastoid fontanelle |
| Foramina of multiple bones | Inferior orbital fissure - Foramen lacerum - Jugular foramen - Nasolacrimal canal |
| Fossae | Anterior cranial fossa - Middle cranial fossa - Posterior cranial fossa - Cranial cavity |
| Other compound structures | Cranial: Asterion - Pterion - Calvaria - Stephanion - Bregma - Lambda
Facial: Nasion Cranial-facial: Dacryon - Zygomatic arch - Temporal fossa - Infratemporal fossa - Pterygomaxillary fissure - Pterygopalatine fossa |
Bones of torso | |
|---|---|
| Sternum | Suprasternal notch, Manubrium, Sternal angle, Body of sternum, Xiphisternal joint, Xiphoid process |
| Rib | specific ribs (1, 2, 9, 10, 11, 12, false - 8-12, floating - 11-12) - parts (Angle, Tubercle, Costal groove, Neck, Head) |
| General vertebral structures | body of vertebra, vertebral arch (pedicle, lamina, vertebral notch), foramina (vertebral, intervertebral), processes (transverse, articular / zygapophysis, spinous) |
| Cervical vertebrae | C1 (anterior arch, posterior arch, lateral mass), C2 (dens), C3, C4, C5, C6, C7
anterior tubercle, posterior tubercle, foramen transversarium |
| Thoracic vertebrae | T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6, T7, T8, T9, T10, T11, T12
costal facets (superior, inferior, transverse) |
| Lumbar vertebrae | accessory process, mammillary process, L5 |
| Sacrum | pelvic surface (anterior sacral foramina), dorsal surface (posterior sacral foramina, median sacral crest, medial sacral crest, lateral sacral crest), lateral surface (sacral tuberosity), base, sacral hiatus - presacral space - sacral promontory - sacral canal - ala of sacrum - sacrovertebral angle |
Nerves: spinal nerves | |
|---|---|
| Cervical (8) | C1, C2, C3, C4, C5, C6, C7, C8
anterior (Cervical plexus, Brachial plexus) - posterior (Posterior branches of cervical nerves, Suboccipital - C1, Greater occipital - C2, Third occipital - C3) |
| Thoracic (12) | T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6, T7, T8, T9, T10, T11, T12
anterior (Intercostal, Intercostobrachial - T2, Thoraco-abdominal nerves - T7-T11, Subcostal - T12) - posterior (Posterior branches of thoracic nerves) |
| Lumbar (5) | L1, L2, L3, L4, L5
anterior (Lumbar plexus, Lumbosacral trunk) - posterior (Posterior branches of the lumbar nerves, Superior cluneal L1-L3) |
| Sacral (5) | S1, S2, S3, S4, S5
anterior (Sacral plexus) - posterior (Posterior branches of sacral nerves, Medial cluneal nerves) |
| Coccygeal (1) | anterior (Coccygeal plexus) - posterior (Posterior branch of coccygeal nerve) |
Embryology
Prenatal development/Mammalian development of nervous system | |
|---|---|
| General neural development/ neurulation/neurula | Notochord - Neuroectoderm - Neural plate - Neural folds - Neural groove
Neural crest - Neural tube (Neuromere/Rhombomere, Cephalic flexure) Alar plate (sensory) - Basal plate (motor) Glioblast - Neuroblast |
| Eye development | Optic vesicles - Optic stalk - Optic cup - Lens placode |
| Auditory development | Auditory vesicle - Auditory pit |
| Note: mostly ecoderm, but mesoderm is precursor for epineurium, perineurium, and endoneurium | |
Disease States
Pathology of the nervous system, primarily CNS (G00-G47, 320-349) | |
|---|---|
| Inflammatory diseases of the CNS | Meningitis (Arachnoiditis) - Encephalitis - Myelitis - Encephalomyelitis (Acute disseminated) - Tropical spastic paraparesis |
| Systemic atrophies primarily affecting the CNS | Huntington's
Spinocerebellar ataxia (Friedreich's ataxia, Ataxia telangiectasia, Hereditary spastic paraplegia) Spinal muscular atrophy: Werdnig-Hoffman - Kugelberg-Welander - Fazio Londe - MND (ALS, PMA, PBP, PP, PLS) |
| Extrapyramidal and movement disorders | Parkinson's disease - Neuroleptic malignant syndrome - Postencephalitic parkinsonism - Pantothenate kinase-associated neurodegeneration - Progressive supranuclear palsy - Striatonigral degeneration
Dystonia/Dyskinesia (Spasmodic torticollis, Meige's, Blepharospasm) Essential tremor - Myoclonus - Lafora Chorea (Choreoathetosis) - Restless legs - Stiff person |
| Other degenerative / demyelinating diseases | Alzheimer's - Pick's - Alpers' - Dementia with Lewy bodies - Leigh's demyelinating: Multiple sclerosis - Devic's - Central pontine myelinolysis - Transverse myelitis |
| Seizure/epilepsy | Focal (Simple partial, Complex partial) - Generalised (Tonic-clonic, Absence, Atonic, Benign familial neonatal) Lennox-Gastaut - West - Epilepsia partialis continua - Status epilepticus (Complex partial status epilepticus) |
| Headache | Migraine (Familial hemiplegic) - Cluster - Vascular - Tension |
| Vascular | Transient ischemic attack (Amaurosis fugax, Transient global amnesia) Cerebrovascular disease (MCA, ACA, PCA, Foville's, Millard-Gubler, Lateral medullary, Weber's, Lacunar stroke) |
| Sleep disorders | Insomnia - Hypersomnia - Sleep apnea (Ondine's curse) - Narcolepsy - Cataplexy - Kleine-Levin - Circadian rhythm sleep - Delayed sleep phase - Advanced sleep phase |
| Other | Intracranial hypertension: Hydrocephalus (Normal pressure) - Idiopathic intracranial hypertension Encephalopathy - Brain herniation - Cerebral edema - Reye's - Syringomyelia - Syringobulbia - Spinal cord compression |
Nervous system pathology, primarily PNS (G50-G99, 350-359) | |
|---|---|
| Nerve, nerve root and plexus disorders (neuropathy, radiculopathy, plexopathy) | cranial nerve: V (Trigeminal neuralgia) - VII (Facial nerve paralysis, Bell's palsy, Melkersson-Rosenthal syndrome, Central seven) - XI (Accessory nerve disorder)
nerve root and plexus: Brachial plexus lesion - Thoracic outlet syndrome - Phantom limb mononeuropathy: upper limb (Carpal tunnel syndrome, Ulnar nerve entrapment, Radial neuropathy) - Causalgia - lower limb (Meralgia paraesthetica, Tarsal tunnel syndrome, Morton's neuroma) - Mononeuritis multiplex |
| Polyneuropathies and other disorders of the PNS | hereditary and idiopathic (Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease, Dejerine Sottas syndrome, Refsum's disease, Morvan's syndrome) Guillain-Barré syndrome - Alcoholic polyneuropathy |
| Diseases of myoneural junction | autoimmune: Myasthenia gravis - Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome |
| Diseases of muscle (myopathy) | Muscular dystrophy
myotonic (Myotonic dystrophy, Myotonia congenita, Thomsen disease, Neuromyotonia, Paramyotonia congenita) congenital myopathy (Centronuclear myopathy, Nemaline myopathy, Central core disease) periodic paralysis: Hypokalemic - Hyperkalemic |
| Autonomic | Familial dysautonomia - Horner's syndrome - Multiple system atrophy (Shy-Drager syndrome, Olivopontocerebellar atrophy) |
Muscular Dystrophy | |
|---|---|
| The Nine Primary Muscular Dystrophies | Congenital • dystrophin (Becker's, Duchenne) • Distal • Emery-Dreifuss • Facioscapulohumeral • Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy • Myotonic • Oculopharyngeal |
| Related topics | |
| National/International Organizations | Muscular Dystrophy Association (USA) . Muscular Dystrophy Canada |
| US government Institutes and Legislation | NINDS • NIAMS • NICHD • MD CARE Act • Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act • Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 |
| National/International Events | Jerry Lewis MDA Telethon (USA) |
| Recent or Ongoing Clinical Trials | Stamulumab (MYO-029) |
Multiple sclerosis | |
|---|---|
| Signs and symptoms | Ataxia · Depression · Diplopia · Dysarthria · Dysphagia · Fatigue · Incontinence · Neurological fatigue · Nystagmus · Optic neuritis · Pain · Uhthoff's phenomenon |
| Diagnosis and evolution following | McDonald criteria · EDSS |
| Investigation | Pathophysiology · Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis |
| Treatment | Interferon · Glatiramer acetate · Mitoxantrone · Natalizumab · Therapies under investigation |
| Borderline forms | Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis · Balo concentric sclerosis · Devic's disease · Guillain-Barré syndrome · Marburg multiple sclerosis · Schilder's disease |
| Other | List of people with multiple sclerosis · List of multiple sclerosis organizations |
Cerebral palsy and other paralytic syndromes (G80-G83, 342-344) | |
|---|---|
| Paresis and plegia NOS | Paralysis - Quadriplegia - Triplegia - Hemiplegia/Hemiparesis - Paraplegia/Diplegia - Monoplegia |
| Flaccid vs. spastic | Flaccid paralysis - Spastic diplegia - Spastic paraplegia |
| Specific types | Cerebral palsy - Cauda equina syndrome - Locked-In syndrome |
Nervous tissue tumors (ICD-O 9350-9589) | |
|---|---|
| Miscellaneous tumors (9350-9379) | Craniopharyngioma - Pinealoma |
| Glioma (9380-9489) | Gliomatosis cerebri - Oligoastrocytoma - Choroid plexus papilloma - Ependymoma - Astrocytoma (Pilocytic astrocytoma, Glioblastoma multiforme) - Dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumour - Oligodendroglioma - Medulloblastoma - Primitive neuroectodermal tumor |
| Neuroepitheliomatous (9490-9529) | Ganglioneuroma - Neuroblastoma - Atypical teratoid rhabdoid tumor - Retinoblastoma - Esthesioneuroblastoma |
| Meningiomas (9530-9539) | Meningioma |
| Nerve sheath tumor (9540-9579) | Neurofibroma (Neurofibrosarcoma, Neurofibromatosis) - Schwannoma - Neurinoma - Acoustic neuroma - Neuroma |
| see also brain tumors (though not all brain tumors are of nervous tissue) | |
Topics related to Tourette syndrome | |
|---|---|
| Main | Causes and origins · History · Sociological and cultural aspects · Treatment |
| Terms | Coprolalia · Copropraxia · Echolalia · Echopraxia · Palilalia · Sensory phenomena · Tic · Tic disorder · Tourettism |
| History | Jean-Martin Charcot · Georges Gilles de la Tourette · Jean Marc Gaspard Itard · Arthur K. Shapiro |
| Organizations | Tourette Syndrome Association · Tourette Syndrome Foundation of Canada |
| Media | I Have Tourette's but Tourette's Doesn't Have Me · John's Not Mad · The Tic Code · "Le Petit Tourette" · Motherless Brooklyn |
| Notable people | Mahmoud Abdul-Rauf · Howard Ahmanson, Jr · Pete Bennett · Brad Cohen · Jim Eisenreich · Tim Howard · Samuel Johnson · Andre Malraux · Tobias Picker · Nick van Bloss · Michael Wolff |
Congenital Disease States
Congenital malformations and deformations of nervous system (Q00-Q07, 740-742) | |
|---|---|
| Brain | Anencephaly (Acephaly, Acrania, Iniencephaly) - Encephalocele - Microcephaly - Congenital hydrocephalus (Dandy-Walker syndrome) - other reduction deformities (Holoprosencephaly, Lissencephaly, Pachygyria, Hydranencephaly) - Septo-optic dysplasia - Megalencephaly - Congenital cerebral cysts (Porencephaly, Schizencephaly) - Congenital brain tumors |
| Brain stem | Arnold-Chiari malformation |
| Spinal cord | Spina bifida - Currarino syndrome - Sacrococcygeal teratoma - Diastematomyelia - Syringomyelia |
| see also non-congenital CNS and PNS (G, 320-359) | |
Pharmacotherapy
Aldehydes |
|---|
| {Paraldehyde} |
Anticonvulsants (N03) | |
|---|---|
| Barbiturates | Barbexaclone, Metharbital, Methylphenobarbital, Pentobarbital, Phenobarbital, Primidone |
| Hydantoins | Ethotoin, Fosphenytoin, Mephenytoin, Phenytoin |
| Oxazolidinediones | Ethadione, Paramethadione, Trimethadione |
| Succinimides | Ethosuximide, Mesuximide, Phensuximide |
| Benzodiazepines | Clobazam, Clonazepam, Clorazepate, Diazepam, Lorazepam, Midazolam, Nimetazepam, Nitrazepam, Temazepam |
| Carboxamides | Carbamazepine, Oxcarbazepine, Rufinamide |
| Fatty acid derivatives | Valpromide, Valnoctamide |
| Carboxylic acids | Valproic acid (Sodium valproate & Valproate semisodium), Tiagabine |
| Others | GABA analogs: Gabapentin, Pregabalin, Progabide, Vigabatrin -- Monosaccharides: Topiramate -- Aromatic allylic alcohols: Stiripentol -- Ureas: Phenacemide, Pheneturide -- Phenyltriazines: Lamotrigine
Carbamates: Emylcamate, Felbamate, Meprobamate -- Pyrrolidines: Brivaracetam, Levetiracetam, Nefiracetam, Seletracetam Sulfa drugs: Acetazolamide, Ethoxzolamide, Sultiame, Zonisamide -- Propionates: Beclamide -- Aldehydes: Paraldehyde -- Bromides: Potassium bromide, Sodium bromide |
Psychoanaleptics: anti-dementia drugs (N06D) | |
|---|---|
| Anticholinesterases | Tacrine - Donepezil - Rivastigmine - Galantamine |
| Other | NMDA receptor antagonist (Memantine) - Ginkgo biloba |
Antimigraine preparations (N02C) | |
|---|---|
| Ergot alkaloids | Dihydroergotamine • Ergotamine • Methysergide • Lisuride |
| Corticosteroid derivatives | Flumedroxone |
| Selective serotonin (5-HT1) agonists | Triptans (Almotriptan, Eletriptan, Frovatriptan, Naratriptan, Rizatriptan, Sumatriptan, Zolmitriptan) |
| Other antimigraine preparations | Pizotifen • Clonidine • Topiramate • Iprazochrome • Dimetotiazine • Oxetorone |
Anti-parkinson drugs: anticholinergic agents (N04A) | |
|---|---|
| Tertiary amines | Trihexyphenidyl - Biperiden - Metixene - Procyclidine - Profenamine - Dexetimide - Phenglutarimide - Mazaticol - Bornaprine - Tropatepine |
| Ethers chemically close to antihistamines | Etanautine - Orphenadrine |
| Ethers of tropine or tropine derivatives | Benzatropine - Etybenzatropine |
Antivertigo preparations (N07C) |
|---|
| Betahistine - Cinnarizine - Flunarizine - Acetylleucine |
Bromides |
|---|
| {Potassium bromide} |
Dopamine antagonists |
|---|
| Clozapine - Flupentixol - Fluphenazine - Haloperidol - Raclopride - SCH 23390 - Spiperone |
Anti-parkinson drugs: dopaminergic agents (N04B) | |
|---|---|
| Dopa and derivatives | Levodopa, Melevodopa, Etilevodopa |
| Adamantane derivatives | Amantadine |
| Dopamine agonists | Apomorphine, Bromocriptine, Cabergoline, Dihydrexidine, Dihydroergocryptine mesylate, Fenoldopam, Lisuride, Pergolide, Piribedil, Pramipexole, Quinpirole, Ropinirole, Rotigotine, SKF 38393, SKF 82958 |
| MAOIs | Selegiline, Rasagiline |
| Other | Tolcapone, Entacapone, Budipine |
Ergolines | |
|---|---|
| Lysergic acid derivatives | Bromocriptine, Cabergoline, Ergine, Ergonovine, Ergotamine, Lysergic acid, Lysergol, LSD, D-Lysergic acid hydroxyethylamide, Lisuride, Methergine, Methysergide, Pergolide |
| Hallucinogenic lysergamides | AL-LAD, ALD-52, BU-LAD, CYP-LAD, DAL, DAM-57, Ergonovine, ETH-LAD, LAE-32, LSD, LPD-824, LSM-775, D-Lysergic acid N-(α-hydroxyethyl)amide, Methylergonovine, MLD-41, PARGY-LAD, PRO-LAD |
| Other ergolines | Ergoline |
| Natural sources | Argyreia nervosa, Claviceps spp., Ipomoea tricolor, Ipomoea violacea, Rivea corymbosa |
Carboxylic acids |
|---|
| {Valproic acid} {Sodium valproate} {Valproate semisodium} {Tiagabine} |
GABA analogs |
|---|
| {Gabapentin} {Vigabatrin} {Progabide} {Pregabalin} |
Hydantoins |
|---|
| {Ethotoin} {Phenytoin} {Mephenytoin} {Fosphenytoin} |
Oxazolidinediones |
|---|
| Trimethadione • Paramethadione • Ethadione |
Parasympathomimetics (N07A) | |
|---|---|
| Anticholinesterases | Stigmine (Neostigmine, Pyridostigmine, Distigmine) - Ambenonium |
| Choline esters | Carbachol - Bethanechol |
| Other parasympathomimetics | Pilocarpine - Choline alfoscerate |
Propionates |
|---|
| {Beclamide} |
Pyrimidinediones |
|---|
| {Primidone} |
Pyrrolidines |
|---|
| {Brivaracetam} {Levetiracetam} {Nefiracetam} {Seletracetam} |
Succinimides |
|---|
| {Ethosuximide} {Phensuximide} {Mesuximide} |
Sulfonamides |
|---|
| {Acetazolamide} {Ethoxzolamide} {Sultiame} {Methazolamide} {Zonisamide} |
Ureas |
|---|
| {Pheneturide} {Phenacemide} |
Valproylamides |
|---|
| {Valpromide} {Valnoctamide} |
Surgery
Surgery, Nervous system: neurosurgical procedures | |
|---|---|
| Skull, brain, and cerebral meninges | Craniotomy - Decompressive craniectomy - Lobotomy - Hemispherectomy - Ventriculostomy - Anterior temporal lobectomy |
| Spinal cord and spinal canal | Spinal cord and roots (Cordotomy - Rhizotomy) - Intervertebral discs (Discectomy - Intervertebral disc annuloplasty - Intervertebral disc arthroplasty) - Vertebral bones (Laminotomy - Laminectomy - Laminoplasty - Corpectomy - Facetectomy - Foraminotomy - Vertebral fusion - Vertebral fixation) - Lumbar puncture |
| Cranial and peripheral nerves | Ganglionectomy - Nerve block |
| Sympathetic nerves or ganglia | Endoscopic thoracic sympathectomy |
| Other | Axotomy - Hypophysectomy - Vagotomy |
| ||||
Acknowledgement and Attribution Regarding Sources of Content
Some of the initial content on this page may be incorporated in part from copyleft sources in the public domain including wikis such as Wikipedia and AskDrWiki. Drug information for patients came from the The National Library of Medicine. Infectious disease information may have come from the Centers for Disease Control (CDC). Differential Diagnoses are drawn from clinicians as well as an amalgamation of 3 sources: 1.The Disease Database; 2. Kahan, Scott, Smith, Ellen G. In A Page: Signs and Symptoms. Malden, Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishing, 2004:3; 3. Sailer, Christian, Wasner, Susanne. Differential Diagnosis Pocket. Hermosa Beach, CA: Borm Bruckmeir Publishing LLC, 2002:7 .
