ST elevation myocardial infarction secondary prevention

Jump to navigation Jump to search

Acute Coronary Syndrome Main Page

ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction Microchapters

Home

Patient Information

Overview

Pathophysiology

Pathophysiology of Vessel Occlusion
Pathophysiology of Reperfusion
Gross Pathology
Histopathology

Causes

Differentiating ST elevation myocardial infarction from other Diseases

Epidemiology and Demographics

Risk Factors

Triggers

Natural History and Complications

Risk Stratification and Prognosis

Pregnancy

Diagnosis

Diagnostic Criteria

History and Symptoms

Physical Examination

Laboratory Findings

Electrocardiogram

EKG Examples

Chest X Ray

Cardiac MRI

Echocardiography

Coronary Angiography

Treatment

Pre-Hospital Care

Initial Care

Oxygen
Nitrates
Analgesics
Aspirin
Beta Blockers
Antithrombins
The coronary care unit
The step down unit
STEMI and Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest
Pharmacologic Reperfusion
Reperfusion Therapy (Overview of Fibrinolysis and Primary PCI)
Fibrinolysis
Reperfusion at a Non–PCI-Capable Hospital:Recommendations
Mechanical Reperfusion
The importance of reducing Door-to-Balloon times
Primary PCI
Adjunctive and Rescue PCI
Rescue PCI
Facilitated PCI
Adjunctive PCI
CABG
Management of Patients Who Were Not Reperfused
Assessing Success of Reperfusion
Antithrombin Therapy
Antithrombin therapy
Unfractionated heparin
Low Molecular Weight Heparinoid Therapy
Direct Thrombin Inhibitor Therapy
Factor Xa Inhibition
DVT prophylaxis
Long term anticoagulation
Antiplatelet Agents
Aspirin
Thienopyridine Therapy
Glycoprotein IIbIIIa Inhibition
Other Initial Therapy
Inhibition of the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System
Magnesium Therapy
Glucose Control
Calcium Channel Blocker Therapy
Lipid Management

Pre-Discharge Care

Recommendations for Perioperative Management–Timing of Elective Noncardiac Surgery in Patients Treated With PCI and DAPT

Post Hospitalization Plan of Care

Long-Term Medical Therapy and Secondary Prevention

Overview
Inhibition of the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System
Cardiac Rehabilitation
Pacemaker Implantation
Long Term Anticoagulation
Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator
ICD implantation within 40 days of myocardial infarction
ICD within 90 days of revascularization

Case Studies

Case #1

Case #2

Case #3

Case #4

Case #5

ST elevation myocardial infarction secondary prevention On the Web

Most recent articles

Most cited articles

Review articles

CME Programs

Powerpoint slides

Images

Ongoing Trials at Clinical Trials.gov

US National Guidelines Clearinghouse

NICE Guidance

FDA on ST elevation myocardial infarction secondary prevention

CDC on ST elevation myocardial infarction secondary prevention

ST elevation myocardial infarction secondary prevention in the news

Blogs on ST elevation myocardial infarction secondary prevention

Directions to Hospitals Treating ST elevation myocardial infarction

Risk calculators and risk factors for ST elevation myocardial infarction secondary prevention

For the chapter on Secondary Prevention of Coronary Artery Disease in general, click here.
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Cafer Zorkun, M.D., Ph.D. [2]

Overview

Identifying and, when present, treating category I risk factors can be an optimal secondary prevention strategy in patients with STEMI. You can read more about general coronary heart disease secondary prevention HERE

Long-term Medical Therapy and Secondary Prevention

Patients are usually treated with several long-term medications following a ST elevation myocardial infarction with the goal of preventing secondary cardiovascular events such as further myocardial infarctions, congestive heart failure or cerebrovascular accident (CVA). Unless contraindicated, such medications may include:[1]

  • ACE inhibitor therapy should be commenced 24-48 hours post-MI in hemodynamically-stable patients, particularly in patients with a history of MI, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, anterior location of infarct (as assessed by EKG), and/or evidence of left ventricular dysfunction. ACE inhibitors reduce mortality, the development of heart failure, and decrease ventricular remodelling post-MI.[5]
  • Statin therapy has been shown to reduce mortality and morbidity post-MI.[6][7] The effects of statins may be more than their LDL lowering effects. The general consensus is that statins have plaque stabilization and multiple other ("pleiotropic") effects that may prevent myocardial infarction in addition to their effects on blood lipids.[8] A study by AJC by Herbert D. Aranow, et al. indicates that, for patients who underwent lipid-lowering therapy prior to having an acute myocardial infarction (AMI), infarct size was significantly less than for patients who had not received this earlier treatment. Data from 10,548 patients were collected from both the Global Use of Streptokinase or t-PA for Occluded Coronary Arteries (GUSTO) IIb (n=6,414) and the Platelet Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa in Unstable Angina: Receptor Supression Using Integrilin Therapy (PURSUIT) (n=4,134) studies, with infarct size measured by patients' peak creatine kinase (CK) -MB levels. Patients who had lipid-lowering therapy had a median peak CK-MB of 4.2 times the upper limit of normal (ULN) compared to 5.2 times the ULN for those who were not pre-treated (p<0.0001). These results suggest a potential benefit of lipid-lowering therapy for patients at risk for an AMI. Noted limitations of the study include: the observational study design (both the potential effects of confounding variables and the "healthy-user bias" ); the lack of documented information differentiating between statin and nonstatin therapies; and the exclusion from analysis of patients who died during the index hospitalization.
  • The aldosterone antagonist agent eplerenone has been shown to further reduce risk of cardiovascular death post-MI in patients with heart failure and left ventricular dysfunction, when used in conjunction with standard therapies above.[9]
  • Omega-3 fatty acids, commonly found in fish, have been shown to reduce mortality post-MI.[10] While the mechanism by which these fatty acids decrease mortality is unknown, it has been postulated that the survival benefit is due to electrical stabilization and the prevention of ventricular fibrillation.[11] However, further studies in a high-risk subset have not shown a clear-cut decrease in potentially fatal arrhythmias due to omega-3 fatty acids.[12][13]
  • Reducing excess weight and exercising regularly.
  • Keeping blood pressure and diabetes under check.
  • Following a diet low in cholesterol (<200 mg daily) and saturated fat.
  • Increasing HDL- Patients with low HDL [A lipoprotein that transports cholesterol in the blood; composed of a high proportion of protein and relatively little cholesterol] (<35 mg/dl) are encouraged to exercise regularly and to take medications to increase HDL levels.
  • "Among patients with a recent myocardial infarction, colchicine at a dose of 0.5 mg daily led to a significantly lower risk of ischemic cardiovascular events than placebo". [14] In a randomized controlled trial of patients after myocardial infarction, the relative risk ratio of colchicine 0.5 mg once daily, as compared to placebo, for ischemic cardiovascular events was 0.77 and the relative risk reduction was 22.5%. In populations similar to those in this study which had a rate of risk as measured by the ischemic cardiovascular events of 7.1% without treatment, the number needed to treat is 63. [14]

2007 Update of 2004 ACC / AHA Guidelines for the management of ST Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction - Recommendations for Secondary Prevention (DO NOT EDIT)[15]

Aspirin (DO NOT EDIT)[15]

Class I
"1. For all post-PCI STEMI stented patients without aspirin resistance, allergy, or increased risk of bleeding, aspirin 162 mg to 325 mg daily should be given for at least 1 month after BMS implantation, 3 months after sirolimus-eluting stent implantation, and 6 months after paclitaxel-eluting stent implantation, after which long-term aspirin use should be continued indefinitely at a dose of 75 mg to 162 mg daily. (Level of Evidence: B)"
Class IIa
"1. In patients for whom the physician is concerned about risk of bleeding lower-dose 75 mg to 162 mg of aspirin is reasonable during the initial period after stent implantation. (Level of Evidence: C)"

Clopidogrel (DO NOT EDIT)[15]

Class I
"1. For all post-PCI patients who receive a DES, clopidogrel 75 mg daily should be given for at least 12 months if patients are not at high risk of bleeding. For post-PCI patients receiving a BMS, clopidogrel should be given for a minimum of 1 month and ideally up to 12 months (unless the patient is at increased risk of bleeding; then it should be given for a minimum of 2 weeks). (Level of Evidence: B)"
"2. For all STEMI patients not undergoing stenting (medical therapy alone or PTCA without stenting), treatment with clopidogrel should continue for at least 14 days. (Level of Evidence: B)"
Class IIa
"1. Long-term maintenance therapy (e.g., 1 year) with clopidogrel (75 mg per day orally) is reasonable in STEMI patients regardless of whether they undergo reperfusion with fibrinolytic therapy or do not receive reperfusion therapy. (Level of Evidence: C)"

Warfarin (DO NOT EDIT)[15]

Class I
"1. Managing warfarin to an INR equal to 2.0 to 3.0 for paroxysmal or chronic atrial fibrillation or flutter is recommended, and in post-MI patients when clinically indicated (e.g., atrial fibrillation, left ventricular thrombus). (Level of Evidence: A)"
"2. Use of warfarin in conjunction with aspirin and/or clopidogrel is associated with an increased risk of bleeding and should be monitored closely. (Level of Evidence: B)"
"3. In patients requiring warfarin, clopidogrel, and aspirin therapy, an INR of 2.0 to 2.5 is recommended with low dose aspirin (75 mg to 81 mg) and a 75 mg dose of clopidogrel. (Level of Evidence: C)"

ACE Inhibitors (DO NOT EDIT)[15]

Class I
"1. ACE inhibitors should be started and continued indefinitely in all patients recovering from STEMI with LVEF less than or equal to 40% and for those with hypertension, diabetes, or chronic kidney disease, unless contraindicated. (Level of Evidence: A)"
"2. ACE inhibitors should be started and continued indefinitely in patients recovering from STEMI who are not lower risk (lower risk defined as those with normal LVEF in whom cardiovascular risk factors are well controlled and revascularization has been performed), unless contraindicated. (Level of Evidence: B)"
Class IIa
"1. Among lower risk patients recovering from STEMI (i.e., those with normal LVEF in whom cardiovascular risk factors are well controlled and revascularization has been performed) use of ACE inhibitors is reasonable. (Level of Evidence: B)"

Angiotensin Receptor Blockers (DO NOT EDIT)[15]

Class I
"1. Use of angiotensin receptor blockers is recommended in patients who are intolerant of ACE inhibitors and have HF or have had an MI with LVEF less than or equal to 40%. (Level of Evidence: A)"
"2. It is beneficial to use angiotensin receptor blocker therapy in other patients who are ACE-inhibitor intolerant and have hypertension. (Level of Evidence: B)"
Class IIb
"1. Considering use in combination with ACE inhibitors in systolic dysfunction HF may be reasonable. (Level of Evidence: B)"

Aldosterone Blockade (DO NOT EDIT)[15]

Class I
"1. Use of aldosterone blockade in post-MI patients without significant renal dysfunction or hyperkalemia is recommended in patients who are already receiving therapeutic doses of an ACE inhibitor and beta blocker, have an LVEF of less than or equal to 40%, and have either diabetes or HF. (Level of Evidence: A)"

Beta Blockers (DO NOT EDIT)[15]

Class I
"1. It is beneficial to start and continue beta-blocker therapy indefinitely in all patients who have had MI, acute coronary syndrome, or LV dysfunction with or without HF symptoms, unless contraindicated. (Level of Evidence: A)"

Influenza Vaccination (DO NOT EDIT)[15]

Class I
"1. Patients with cardiovascular disease should have an annual influenza vaccination. (Level of Evidence: A)"

Sources

  • The 2004 ACC/AHA Guidelines for the Management of Patients With ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction [16]
  • The 2007 Focused Update of the ACC/AHA 2004 Guidelines for the Management of Patients with ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction [15]

References

  1. Smith A, Aylward P, Campbell T, et al. Therapeutic Guidelines: Cardiovascular, 4th edition. North Melbourne: Therapeutic Guidelines; 2003. ISSN 1327-9513
  2. Peters RJ, Mehta SR, Fox KA; et al. (2003). "Effects of aspirin dose when used alone or in combination with clopidogrel in patients with acute coronary syndromes: observations from the Clopidogrel in Unstable angina to prevent Recurrent Events (CURE) study". Circulation. 108 (14): 1682–7. doi:10.1161/01.CIR.0000091201.39590.CB. PMID 14504182. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  3. Yusuf S, Peto R, Lewis J, Collins R, Sleight P (1985). "Beta blockade during and after myocardial infarction: an overview of the randomized trials". Prog Cardiovasc Dis. 27 (5): 335–71. PMID 2858114.
  4. Dargie HJ (2001). "Effect of carvedilol on outcome after myocardial infarction in patients with left-ventricular dysfunction: the CAPRICORN randomised trial". Lancet. 357 (9266): 1385–90. PMID 11356434. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  5. Pfeffer MA, Braunwald E, Moyé LA; et al. (1992). "Effect of captopril on mortality and morbidity in patients with left ventricular dysfunction after myocardial infarction. Results of the survival and ventricular enlargement trial. The SAVE Investigators". N. Engl. J. Med. 327 (10): 669–77. PMID 1386652. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  6. Sacks FM, Pfeffer MA, Moye LA; et al. (1996). "The effect of pravastatin on coronary events after myocardial infarction in patients with average cholesterol levels. Cholesterol and Recurrent Events Trial investigators". N. Engl. J. Med. 335 (14): 1001–9. PMID 8801446. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  7. Sacks FM, Moyé LA, Davis BR; et al. (1998). "Relationship between plasma LDL concentrations during treatment with pravastatin and recurrent coronary events in the Cholesterol and Recurrent Events trial". Circulation. 97 (15): 1446–52. PMID 9576424. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  8. Ray KK, Cannon CP (2005). "The potential relevance of the multiple lipid-independent (pleiotropic) effects of statins in the management of acute coronary syndromes". J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 46 (8): 1425–33. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2005.05.086. PMID 16226165. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  9. Keating GM, Plosker GL (2004). "Eplerenone : a review of its use in left ventricular systolic dysfunction and heart failure after acute myocardial infarction". Drugs. 64 (23): 2689–707. PMID 15537370.
  10. "Dietary supplementation with n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and vitamin E after myocardial infarction: results of the GISSI-Prevenzione trial. Gruppo Italiano per lo Studio della Sopravvivenza nell'Infarto miocardico". Lancet. 354 (9177): 447–55. 1999. PMID 10465168. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  11. Leaf A, Albert CM, Josephson M; et al. (2005). "Prevention of fatal arrhythmias in high-risk subjects by fish oil n-3 fatty acid intake". Circulation. 112 (18): 2762–8. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.549527. PMID 16267249. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  12. Brouwer IA, Zock PL, Camm AJ; et al. (2006). "Effect of fish oil on ventricular tachyarrhythmia and death in patients with implantable cardioverter defibrillators: the Study on Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Ventricular Arrhythmia (SOFA) randomized trial". JAMA. 295 (22): 2613–9. doi:10.1001/jama.295.22.2613. PMID 16772624. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  13. Raitt MH, Connor WE, Morris C; et al. (2005). "Fish oil supplementation and risk of ventricular tachycardia and ventricular fibrillation in patients with implantable defibrillators: a randomized controlled trial". JAMA. 293 (23): 2884–91. doi:10.1001/jama.293.23.2884. PMID 15956633. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  14. 14.0 14.1 Tardif JC, Kouz S, Waters DD, Bertrand OF, Diaz R, Maggioni AP; et al. (2019). "Efficacy and Safety of Low-Dose Colchicine after Myocardial Infarction". N Engl J Med. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1912388. PMID 31733140.
  15. 15.0 15.1 15.2 15.3 15.4 15.5 15.6 15.7 15.8 15.9 Antman EM, Hand M, Armstrong PW; et al. (2008). "2007 Focused Update of the ACC/AHA 2004 Guidelines for the Management of Patients With ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines: developed in collaboration With the Canadian Cardiovascular Society endorsed by the American Academy of Family Physicians: 2007 Writing Group to Review New Evidence and Update the ACC/AHA 2004 Guidelines for the Management of Patients With ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction, Writing on Behalf of the 2004 Writing Committee". Circulation. 117 (2): 296–329. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.188209. PMID 18071078. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  16. Antman EM, Anbe DT, Armstrong PW, Bates ER, Green LA, Hand M, Hochman JS, Krumholz HM, Kushner FG, Lamas GA, Mullany CJ, Ornato JP, Pearle DL, Sloan MA, Smith SC, Alpert JS, Anderson JL, Faxon DP, Fuster V, Gibbons RJ, Gregoratos G, Halperin JL, Hiratzka LF, Hunt SA, Jacobs AK (2004). "ACC/AHA guidelines for the management of patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Committee to Revise the 1999 Guidelines for the Management of Patients with Acute Myocardial Infarction)". Circulation. 110 (9): e82–292. PMID 15339869. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

Template:WikiDoc Sources