ST elevation myocardial infarction diagnostic criteria

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Myocardial infarction
Acute Myocardial infarction; Posterior wall.
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]

Overview

The diagnosis of acute MI is based upon the occurence of clinical symptoms such as substernal chest pain, ECG changes such as ST elevation and a rise in the release of very specific biomarkers into the bloodstream that are normally only found in side the heart muscle cell (the myocyte).

The diagnosis can be confirmed at the time of autopsy or at the time of angiography if a closed artery is seen. A new clinical evidence based diagnostic and classification system has been introduced by Thygesen K, Alpert JS, White HD, et al. and jointly sponsored by the American College of Cardiology (ACC), American Heart Association (AHA), European Society of Cardiology (ESC), and the World Heart Federation (WHF).[1]

Criteria for Diagnosis of Acute Myocardial Infarction

The term myocardial infarction should be used when there is evidence of myocardial necrosis in a clinical setting consistent with myocardial ischemia. Under these conditions any one of the following criteria meets the diagnosis for acute myocardial infarction. [1]

Below are the criteria quoted from the Thygesen article:

  1. Detection of rise and/or fall of cardiac biomarkers (preferably Troponin) with at least one of the following
    a. Symptoms of ischemia
    b. EKG changes indicative of ischemia as ST segment elevation of >_ 0.1 mV in at least 2 contiguous leads, or new left bundle branch block LBBB). If initial ECG is non-diagnostic, repeat at 5 to 10 min intervals.
    c. Development of pathological Q waves
    d. Imaging evidence of new viable myocardium or wall motion abnormality
  2. Sudden unexpected cardiac death, including cardiac arrest, often with symptoms suggestive of myocardial ischemia, accompanied by presumably new ST segment elevation, or new LBBB, and/or evidence of fresh thrombus in a coronary artery by angiography and/or at autopsy, if death has occurred before blood samples could be obtained, or at a time before the appearance of cardiac biomarkers in the blood
  3. In patients with normal baseline troponin values, a greater than 3 times increase above the 99th percentile of the upper limit of normal of cardiac biomarkers has been designated as the definition of PCI related myocardial infarction. A subtype related to documented stent thrombosis is recognized.
  4. For patients with CABG surgery; (In patients with normal baseline troponin values) increases of cardiac biomarkers greater than 5 times, (> 5 times the 99th percentile upper limit of normal) and either new pathological Q waves or new LBBB or angiographically evidence of new graft or native vessel occlusion have been designated as defining CABG surgery related myocardial infarction.
  5. Pathological findings of acute myocardial infarction.

Criteria for the Diagnosis of a Prior Myocardial Infarction

If any of the following are present, then a diagnosis of prior myocardial infarction is established:[1]

  • Development of new pathological Q waves with or without symptoms
  • Imaging evidence of a region of loss of viable myocardium that is thinned and fails to contract in the absence of a non ischemic cause.
  • Pathological findings of healed or healing myocardial infarction.

Modern Classification as to the Type of MI

Five types of MI are now recognized and classified as follows: [1]

  • Type 1: Spontaneous myocardial infarction related to ischemia due to a primary coronary event, such as plaque erosion and/or rupture, fissuring, or dissection.
  • Type 4:
a. Myocardial infarction associated with Percutaneous Coronary Interventions (PCI)
b. Myocardial infarction associated with documented stent thrombosis.
  • Type 5: Myocardial infarction associated with Coronary Artery Bypass Graft surgery

For the main article on cardiac markers see the chapter on cardiac markers. For the main article on the diagnosis of STEMI, see the chapter on Clinical classification of acute myocardial infarction.

Older Classification Schemes as to the Type of MI

There have been several prior classification schemes for characterizing MI:

1. Transmural (necrosis of full thickness of ventricle) vs. non-transmural (necrosis of partial thickness of ventricle)

2. Q wave vs. non Q wave: Based upon the development of electrocardiographic Q waves representing electrically inert tissue.

3. ST elevation MI (STEMI) and Non ST elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI)

At one time it was thought that Transmural MI and Q wave MI were synonymous. However, not all Q wave MIs are transmural, and not all transmural MIs are associated with Q waves.

Likewise, not all ST elevation MIs go on to cause q waves. Non ST elevation MIs can result in q waves.

Thus, ST elevation MI should not be equated with transmural MI or q wave MI. Likewise, Non ST elevation MI should not be equated with non transmural MI or non q wave MI. These 3 designations reflect three separate but overlapping characterization schemes.

Biomarkers in the Diagnosis of MI

Cardiac markers or cardiac enzymes are proteins that are present in cardiac myocytes that should not be in the bloodstream. When cardiac injury occurs (such as in acute MI), these intracellular proteins are then released into the bloodstream. Along with the patient's history and the electrocardiogram, the release of these enzymes forms the basis of the diagnosis of ST elevation myocardial infarction.

Until the 1980s, the enzymes SGOT and LDH were used to assess cardiac injury. In the early 1980s it was found that disproportional elevation of the MB subtype of the enzyme creatine kinase (CK) was very specific for myocardial injury. More recently, troponin has been used as an even more specific marker of myonecrosis. Current guidelines are generally in favor of troponin sub-units I or T, which are very specific for damage to myocytes.[2] [3][4]

It is important to note that it may take hours for cardiac enzymes to rise following injury to the myocardium, and that cardiac biomarkers may not be elevated on presentation. For this reason, cardiac enzymes and ECGs are checked every 6 to 8 hours over the course of the first 24 hours to "rule out" acute MI. These enzyme measures over the first 24 hours are used to gauge the size of an MI: higer peak levels and a greater area under the curve of enzyme release are associated with larger MIs and poorer prognosis.

The 2007 Joint ESC/ACCF/AHA/WHF Task Force Guidelines[5]

Criteria for acute myocardial infarction:

1. Detection of rise and/or fall in cardiac biomarkers (preferably troponin) with at least one value above 99th percentile of the upper reference limit (URL) together with the evidence of myocardial ischemia with at least one of the following:

a. Symptoms of ischemia;
b. ECG changes indicative of new ischemia (new ST-T changes or new LBBB);
c. Development of pathological Q-waves in the ECG;
d. Imaging evidence of new loss of viable myocardium or new regional wall motion abnormality.

False Positive Diagnosis of MI: Troponin Elevations That Are Not Due to Thrombotic Coronary Occlusion

It is important to note that cardiac troponins are a marker of all heart muscle damage, not just myocardial infarction. There are other "false positive" causes of troponin elevation that directly or indirectly lead to heart muscle damage can also therefore increase troponin levels:[6][7][8][9]

References

  1. 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Thygesen K, Alpert JS, White HD; et al. (2007). "Universal definition of myocardial infarction". Circulation. 116 (22): 2634–53. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.187397. PMID 17951284. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  2. Eisenman A (2006). "Troponin assays for the diagnosis of myocardial infarction and acute coronary syndrome: where do we stand?". Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther. 4 (4): 509–14. doi:10.1586/14779072.4.4.509. PMID 16918269. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  3. Aviles RJ, Askari AT, Lindahl B; et al. (2002). "Troponin T levels in patients with acute coronary syndromes, with or without renal dysfunction". N. Engl. J. Med. 346 (26): 2047–52. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa013456. PMID 12087140. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  4. Summary of "Troponin T levels in patients..." for laymen
  5. Thygesen K, Alpert JS, White HD, Joint ESC/ACCF/AHA/WHF Task Force for the Redefinition of Myocardial Infarction (2007) Universal definition of myocardial infarction. Eur Heart J 28 (20):2525-38. DOI:10.1093/eurheartj/ehm355 PMID: 17951287
  6. Jeremias A, Gibson CM (2005). "Narrative review: alternative causes for elevated cardiac troponin levels when acute coronary syndromes are excluded". Ann. Intern. Med. 142 (9): 786–91. PMID 15867411. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  7. Ammann P, Pfisterer M, Fehr T, Rickli H. Raised cardiac troponins. BMJ 2004;328:1028-9. PMID 15117768.
  8. Agewall S, Giannitsis E, Jernberg T, Katus H (2011). "Troponin elevation in coronary vs. non-coronary disease". Eur Heart J. 32 (4): 404–11. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehq456. PMID 21169615.
  9. Mahajan VS, Jarolim P (2011). "How to interpret elevated cardiac troponin levels". Circulation. 124 (21): 2350–4. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.111.023697. PMID 22105197.

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