Human anatomy

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Overview

Human anatomy, which, with physiology and biochemistry, is a complementary basic medical science is primarily the scientific study of the morphology of the adult human body.^[1] Anatomy is subdivided into gross anatomy and microscopic anatomy.^[1] Gross anatomy (also called topographical anatomy, regional anatomy, or anthropotomy) is the study of anatomical structures that can be seen by unaided vision.^[1] Microscopic anatomy is the study of minute anatomical structures assisted with microscopes, which includes histology (the study of the organization of tissues),^[1] and cytology (the study of cells). Anatomy, physiology (the study of function) and biochemistry (the study of the chemistry of living structures) are complementary basic medical sciences which are usually taught together (or in tandem).

In some of its facets human anatomy is closely related to embryology, comparative anatomy and comparative embryology,^[1] through common roots in evolution; for example, much of the human body maintains the ancient segmental pattern that is present in all vertebrates with basic units being repeated, which is particularly obvious in the vertebral column and in the ribcage, and can be traced from very early embryos.

The human body consists of biological systems, that consist of organs, that consist of tissues, that consist of cells and connective tissue.

The history of anatomy has been characterized, over a long period of time, by a continually developing understanding of the functions of organs and structures in the body. Methods have also advanced dramatically, advancing from examination of animals through dissection of preserved cadavers (dead human bodies) to technologically complex techniques developed in the 20th century.

Study

Generally, medical students, dentists, physiotherapists, nurses, paramedics, radiographers, artists, and students of certain biological sciences, learn gross anatomy and microscopic anatomy from anatomical models, skeletons, textbooks, diagrams, photographs, lectures, and tutorials. The study of microscopic anatomy (or histology) can be aided by practical experience examining histological preparations (or slides) under a microscope; and in addition, medical and dental students generally also learn anatomy with practical experience of dissection and inspection of cadavers (dead human bodies). A thorough working knowledge of anatomy is required by all medical doctors, especially surgeons, and doctors working in some diagnostic specialities, such as histopathology and radiology.

Human anatomy, physiology, and biochemistry are complementary basic medical sciences, which are generally taught to medical students in their first year at medical school. Human anatomy can be taught regionally or systemically;^[1] that is, respectively, studying anatomy by bodily regions such as the head and chest, or studying by specific systems, such as the nervous or respiratory systems. The major anatomy textbook, Gray's Anatomy, has recently been reorganized from a systems format to a regional format,^[2][3] in line with modern teaching methods.

Regional groups

• Head and neck — includes everything above the thoracic inlet
• Upper limb — includes the hand, wrist, forearm, elbow, arm, and shoulder.
• Thorax — the region of the chest from the thoracic inlet to the thoracic diaphragm.
• Human abdomen to the pelvic brim or to the pelvic inlet.
• The back — the spine and its components, the vertebrae, sacrum, coccyx, and intervertebral disks .
• Pelvis and Perineum — the pelvis consists of everything from the pelvic inlet to the pelvic diaphragm. The perineum is the region between the sex organs and the anus.
• Lower limb — everything below the inguinal ligament, including the hip, the thigh, the knee, the leg, the ankle, and the foot.

Major organ systems

• Circulatory system: pumping and channeling blood to and from the body and lungs with heart, blood, and blood vessels.
• Digestive system: digestion and processing food with salivary glands, esophagus, stomach, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, intestines, rectum, and anus.
• Endocrine system: communication within the body using hormones made by endocrine glands such as the hypothalamus, pituitary or pituitary gland, pineal body or pineal gland, thyroid, parathyroids, and adrenals or adrenal glands
• Integumentary system: skin, hair and nails
• Lymphatic system: structures involved in the transfer of lymph between tissues and the blood stream, the lymph and the nodes and vessels that transport it including the Immune system: defending against disease-causing agents with leukocytes, tonsils, adenoids, thymus, and spleen
• Musculoskeletal system: movement with muscles and human skeleton (structural support and protection with bones, cartilage, ligaments, and tendons).
• Nervous system: collecting, transferring and processing information with brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves, and nerves
• Reproductive system: the sex organs; in the female; ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina, mammary glands, and in the male; testes, vas deferens, seminal vesicles, prostate, and penis.
• Respiratory system: the organs used for breathing, the pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs, and diaphragm.
• Urinary system: kidneys, ureters, bladder and urethra involved in fluid balance, electrolyte balance and excretion of urine.

Superficial anatomy

Superficial anatomy or surface anatomy is important in human anatomy being the study of anatomical landmarks that can be readily identified from the contours or other reference points on the surface of the body.^[1] With knowledge of superficial anatomy, physicians gauge the position and anatomy of the associated deeper structures.

Common names of well known parts of the human body, from top to bottom:

• Head — Forehead — Jaw — Cheek — Chin
• Neck — Shoulders
• Arm — Elbow — Wrist — Hand — Fingers — Thumb
• Spine — Chest — Ribcage
• Abdomen — Groin
• Hip — Buttocks — Leg — Thigh — Knee — Calf — Heel — Ankle — Foot — Toes
• The eye, ear, nose, mouth, teeth, tongue, throat, adam's apple, breast, penis, scrotum, clitoris, vulva, navel are visible too.

Internal organs

Common names of internal organs (in alphabetical order) :

Adrenals — Appendix — Bladder — Brain — Eyes — Gall bladder — Heart — Intestines — Kidney — Liver — Lungs — Esophagus — Ovaries — Pancreas — Parathyroids — Pituitary — Prostate — Spleen — Stomach — Testicles — Thymus — Thyroid — Uterus — Veins

Brain

Main article: Human brain

Amygdala — Brain stem — Cerebellum — Cerebral cortex — Limbic system — medulla — midbrain — pons

See also

References

• "Anatomy of the Human Body". 20th edition. 1918. Henry Gray. In public domain.

External links

• Anatomy Dissection videos
• e-Anatomy - Interactive atlas of whole human body cross-sectional anatomy.
• Anatomy Lab - Interactive quizzes, question-of-the-week, and photographs.
• The Anatomy Wiz - An Interactive Cross-Sectional Anatomy Index
• RAAViewer - Computer based atlas of human anatomy: entire body in cross-section
• Free online accessible 3D model of the human body
• Anatowiki Interactive anatomy website
• Anatomy Mnemonics Mnemonics in Human Anatomy.

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General v • d • e WikiDoc Research Resources for Human anatomy Articles on Human anatomy Most recent articles on Human anatomy • Most cited articles on Human anatomy • Review articles on Human anatomy • Articles on Human anatomy in N Eng J Med, Lancet, BMJ Media (Slides, Video, Images, MP3) on Human anatomy Powerpoint slides on Human anatomy • Images of Human anatomy • Photos of Human anatomy • Podcasts & MP3s on Human anatomy • Videos on Human anatomy Evidence Based Medicine Regarding Human anatomy Cochrane Collaboration on Human anatomy • Bandolier on Human anatomy • TRIP on Human anatomy Cost Effectiveness of Human anatomy Cost Effectiveness of Human anatomy Clinical Trials Involving Human anatomy Ongoing Trials on Human anatomy at Clinical Trials.gov • Trial results on Human anatomy • Clinical Trials on Human anatomy at Google Guidelines / Policies / Government Resources (FDA/CDC) Regarding Human anatomy US National Guidelines Clearinghouse on Human anatomy • NICE Guidance on Human anatomy • NHS PRODIGY Guidance • FDA on Human anatomy • CDC on Human anatomy Textbook Information on Human anatomy Books and Textbook Information on Human anatomy Pharmacology Resources on Human anatomy Dosing of Human anatomy • Drug interactions with Human anatomy • Side effects of Human anatomy • Allergic reactions to Human anatomy • Overdose information on Human anatomy • Carcinogenicity information on Human anatomy • Human anatomy in pregnancy • Pharmacokinetics of Human anatomy • Genetics, Pharmacogenomics, and Proteinomics of Human anatomy Genetics of Human anatomy • Pharmacogenomics of Human anatomy • Proteomics of Human anatomy Newstories on Human anatomy Human anatomy in the news • Be alerted to news on Human anatomy • News trends on Human anatomy Commentary on Human anatomy Blogs on Human anatomy Patient Resources on Human anatomy Patient resources on Human anatomy • Discussion groups on Human anatomy • Patient Handouts on Human anatomy • Directions to Hospitals Treating Human anatomy • Risk calculators and risk factors for Human anatomy Healthcare Provider Resources on Human anatomy Symptoms of Human anatomy • Causes & Risk Factors for Human anatomy • Diagnostic studies for Human anatomy • Treatment of Human anatomy Continuing Medical Education (CME) Programs on Human anatomy CME Programs on Human anatomy International Resources on Human anatomy Human anatomy en Espanol • Human anatomy en Francais Business Resources on Human anatomy Human anatomy in the Marketplace • Patents on Human anatomy Informatics Resources on Human anatomy List of terms related to Human anatomy v • d • e Human topics Anatomy · Appearance · Art · Behavior · Biology · Body · Civilization · Communication · Condition · Culture · Development · Evolution · Genetics · Health · Mind · Nature · Rights · Sexuality · Society · Technology v • d • e Human organ systems Cardiovascular system • Digestive system • Endocrine system • Immune system • Integumentary system • Lymphatic system • Muscular system • Nervous system • Reproductive system • Respiratory system • Skeletal system • Urinary system v • d • e Human anatomical features Head Skull · Forehead · Eye · Ear · Nose · Mouth · Tongue · Teeth · Jaw · Face · Cheek · Chin Neck Throat · Adam's apple Torso Shoulders · Spine · Breast · Chest · Ribcage · Abdomen · Navel Sex organs (Clitoris · Vagina · Penis · Scrotum · Testicle) – Hip · Anus · Buttocks Limbs Arm · Elbow · Forearm · Wrist · Hand · Finger (Thumb · Index · Middle · Ring · Little) · Leg · Lap · Thigh · Knee · Calf · Heel · Ankle · Foot · Toe (Hallux) Skin Hair v • d • e Biological tissue Animals Epithelium - Connective - Muscular - Nervous Plants Dermal - Vascular - Ground v • d • e Systems and systems science Systems categories Conceptual systems · Physical systems · Social systems · Systems theory · Systems science · Systems scientists Systems Biological system · Complex system · Complex adaptive system · Conceptual system · Cultural system · Dynamical system · Economic system · Ecosystem · Formal system · Global Positioning System · Human anatomy · Information systems · Legal systems of the world · Living systems · Systems of measurement · Metric system · Multi-agent system · Nervous system · Nonlinearity · Operating system · Physical system · Political system · Sensory system · Social structure · Solar System · Systems art Theoretical fields Chaos theory · Complex systems · Control theory · Cybernetics · Scientific holism · Sociotechnical systems theory · Systems biology · System dynamics · Systems ecology · Systems engineering · Systems psychology · Systems science · Systems theory Systems scientists Russell L. Ackoff · William Ross Ashby · Gregory Bateson · Stafford Beer · Ludwig von Bertalanffy · Kenneth E. Boulding · Peter Checkland · C. West Churchman · Heinz von Foerster · Charles François · Jay Wright Forrester · Ralph W. Gerard · Debora Hammond · George Klir · Niklas Luhmann · Humberto Maturana · Donella Meadows · Mihajlo D. Mesarovic · Howard T. Odum · Talcott Parsons · Ilya Prigogine · Anatol Rapoport · Francisco Varela · John N. Warfield · Norbert Wiener Skeletal system v • d • e Musculoskeletal system, connective tissue: bone and cartilage Cartilage perichondrium, fibrocartilage callus, metaphysis cells (chondroblast, chondrocyte) types (hyaline, elastic, fibrous) Bone ossification (intramembranous, endochondral, epiphyseal plate) cycle (osteoblast, osteoid, osteocyte, osteoclast) types (cancellous, cortical) regions (epiphysis, metaphysis, diaphysis) structure (osteon/Haversian system, Haversian canals, Volkmann's canals, endosteum, periosteum, Sharpey's fibres, enthesis, lacunae, canaliculi, trabeculae, medullary cavity, bone marrow) shapes (long, short, flat, irregular, sesamoid) v • d • e Bones of head and neck: the facial bones of the skull Maxilla Surfaces Anterior: fossae (Incisive fossa, Canine fossa) - Infraorbital foramen - Anterior nasal spine Infratemporal: Alveolar canals - Maxillary tuberosity Orbital: Infraorbital groove - Infraorbital canal Nasal: Pterygopalatine canal Processes Zygomatic process Frontal process (Agger nasi, Anterior lacrimal crest) Alveolar process Palatine process (Incisive foramen, Incisive canals, Foramina of Scarpa, Incisive bone, Anterior nasal spine) Other Body of maxilla - Maxillary sinus Zygomatic Orbital process (Zygomatico-orbital) - Temporal process (Zygomaticotemporal) - Lateral process (Zygomaticofacial) Palatine Fossae Pterygopalatine fossa - Pterygoid fossa Plates Horizontal plate (Posterior nasal spine) - Perpendicular plate (Pterygopalatine canal, Sphenopalatine foramen, Pyramidal process) Processes Orbital - Sphenoidal Mandible Body external surface (Symphysis menti, Mental protuberance, Mental foramen) - internal surface (Mental spine, Mylohyoid line, Sublingual fovea, Submandibular fovea) - Alveolar part of mandible Ramus Mylohyoid groove (Mandibular canal, Lingula) - Mandibular foramen - Angle Coronoid process - Mandibular notch - Condyloid process Minor/ nose Nasal bone: Internasal suture - Nasal foramina Inferior nasal concha: Ethmoidal process - Maxillary process Vomer: Wing Lacrimal: Posterior lacrimal crest - Lacrimal groove - Lacrimal hamulus v • d • e Bones of head and neck: the cranium of the skull Occipital Squama external (Inion/External occipital protuberance, Nuchal lines) - planes (Occipital, Nuchal) - internal (Cruciform eminence, Internal occipital protuberance, Sagittal sulcus, Internal occipital crest) Lateral parts Condyle (Condyloid fossa, Condylar canal) - Hypoglossal canal - jugular (Jugular process, Jugular tubercle) Basilar part Pharyngeal tubercle Other Foramen magnum Parietal Parietal eminence - Temporal line - Parietal foramen Frontal Squama Frontal suture - Frontal eminence - external (Superciliary arches, Glabella) - foramina (Supraorbital, Cecum) - Zygomatic process - internal (Sagittal sulcus, Frontal crest) Orbital part Ethmoidal notch - Lacrimal fossa - Trochlear fovea - Frontal sinus - Frontonasal duct Temporal Squama Articular tubercle - Suprameatal triangle - Mandibular fossa - Petrotympanic fissure - Zygomatic process Mastoid part Mastoid foramen - Mastoid process (Mastoid cells) - Mastoid notch - Occipital groove - Sigmoid sulcus - Mastoid antrum (Entrance) Petrous part Carotid canal - Facial canal (Hiatus) - Internal auditory meatus - Aqueduct of cochlea - Stylomastoid foramen fossae (Subarcuate fossa, Jugular fossa) - canaliculi (Inferior tympanic, Mastoid) - Styloid process - Petrosquamous suture (note: ossicles in petrous part, but not part of temporal bone) Tympanic part Suprameatal spine Sphenoid Surfaces Superior surface: Sella turcica (Dorsum sellae, Tuberculum sellae, Hypophysial fossa, Posterior clinoid processes) - Ethmoidal spine - Chiasmatic groove - Middle clinoid process - Petrosal process - Clivus Lateral surface: Carotid groove - Sphenoidal lingula Anterior surface: Sphenoidal sinuses Great wings foramina (Rotundum, Ovale, Vesalii, Spinosum) - Spine - Infratemporal crest - Sulcus for auditory tube Small wings Superior orbital fissure - Anterior clinoid process - Optic canal Pterygoid processes fossae (Pterygoid, Scaphoid) - pterygoid plates (Lateral, Medial) - Pterygoid canal - Hamulus Other Body - Sphenoidal conchae Ethmoid Plates Cribriform plate (Crista galli, Olfactory foramina) - Perpendicular plate Surfaces Lateral surface Orbital lamina - Uncinate process Medial surface Superior nasal concha - Superior meatus - Middle nasal concha - Middle meatus Labyrinth Ethmoid sinus - ethmoidal foramina (Posterior, Anterior) v • d • e Bones of head and neck: cranial sutures, fontanelles, and related regions Cranial sutures Cranial: Frontoethmoidal - Frontal or Metopic (Frontal/Frontal) - Coronal (Frontal/Parietal) - Occipitomastoid (Occipital/Temporal) - Lambdoid (Parietal/Temporal) - Sagittal (Parietal/Parietal) - Sphenoethmoidal - Sphenofrontal - Sphenoparietal - Sphenosquamosal (Sphenoid/Temporal) - Sphenopetrosal (Sphenoid/Temporal) -Squamosal (Temporal/Parietal) - Petrosquamous (Temporal/Temporal) Facial: Palatomaxillary suture Cranial-facial: Sphenozygomatic - Zygomaticotemporal - Zygomaticofrontal Fontanelles Anterior fontanelle - Posterior fontanelle - Sphenoidal fontanelle - Mastoid fontanelle Foramina of multiple bones Inferior orbital fissure - Foramen lacerum - Jugular foramen - Nasolacrimal canal Fossae Anterior cranial fossa - Middle cranial fossa - Posterior cranial fossa - Cranial cavity Other compound structures Cranial: Asterion - Pterion - Calvaria - Stephanion - Bregma - Lambda Facial: Nasion Cranial-facial: Dacryon - Zygomatic arch - Temporal fossa - Infratemporal fossa - Pterygomaxillary fissure - Pterygopalatine fossa v • d • e Bones of upper limbs Pectoral girdle, clavicle conoid tubercle - trapezoid line - costal tuberosity - subclavian groove Scapula fossae (subscapular, supraspinatous, infraspinatous) - suprascapular notch - glenoid cavity tubercles (infraglenoid, supraglenoid) - spine of scapula - acromion - coracoid process borders (superior, lateral/axillary, medial/vertebral) - angles (superior, inferior, lateral) Humerus upper extremity: necks (anatomical, surgical) - tubercles (greater, lesser) - intertubercular sulcus body: radial sulcus - deltoid tuberosity lower extremity: capitulum - trochlea - epicondyles (lateral, medial) - supracondylar ridges (lateral, medial) - fossae (radial, coronoid, olecranon) Forearm radius: upper extremity (head, tuberosity) - body - lower extremity (ulnar notch, styloid process) ulna: upper extremity (tuberosity, olecranon, coronoid process, radial notch, trochlear notch) - body - lower extremity (head, styloid process) Hand carpus: scaphoid - lunate - triquetral - pisiform - trapezium - trapezoid - capitate - hamate (hamulus) metacarpus: 1st metacarpal - 2nd - 3rd - 4th - 5th phalanges of the hand: proximal - intermediate - distal v • d • e Bones of torso Sternum Suprasternal notch, Manubrium, Sternal angle, Body of sternum, Xiphisternal joint, Xiphoid process Rib specific ribs (1, 2, 9, 10, 11, 12, false - 8-12, floating - 11-12) - parts (Angle, Tubercle, Costal groove, Neck, Head) General vertebral structures body of vertebra, vertebral arch (pedicle, lamina, vertebral notch), foramina (vertebral, intervertebral), processes (transverse, articular / zygapophysis, spinous) Cervical vertebrae C1 (anterior arch, posterior arch, lateral mass), C2 (dens), C3, C4, C5, C6, C7 anterior tubercle, posterior tubercle, foramen transversarium Thoracic vertebrae T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6, T7, T8, T9, T10, T11, T12 costal facets (superior, inferior, transverse) Lumbar vertebrae accessory process, mammillary process, L5 Sacrum pelvic surface (anterior sacral foramina), dorsal surface (posterior sacral foramina, median sacral crest, medial sacral crest, lateral sacral crest), lateral surface (sacral tuberosity), base, sacral hiatus - presacral space - sacral promontory - sacral canal - ala of sacrum - sacrovertebral angle v • d • e Bones of lower limbs Femur head of femur (fovea capitis femoris) · neck of femur · greater trochanter · trochanteric fossa · lesser trochanter · tubercle of the femur · intertrochanteric line · intertrochanteric crest · linea quadrata body (linea aspera, third trochanter, pectineal line, adductor tubercle) lower extremity (lateral condyle, medial condyle, lateral epicondyle, medial epicondyle, patellar surface) Tibia upper extremity medial condyle · lateral condyle · intercondyloid eminence · tuberosity of the tibia · posterior intercondyloid fossa · anterior intercondyloid fossa body soleal line lower extremity medial malleolus Fibula head of fibula · body of fibula · lateral malleolus Tarsus calcaneus (sustentaculum tali, trochlear process) · talus · navicular · cuboid · cuneiform (medial, intermediate, lateral) Metatarsus 1st metatarsal · 2nd · 3rd · 4th · 5th Other patella · phalanges of the foot v • d • e Bones of pelvis/pelvic cavity General sacrum, coccyx, hip bone Ilium Body (Arcuate line) Wing: gluteal lines (Posterior, Anterior, Inferior) - Fossa - iliac spines (Anterior superior, Anterior inferior, Posterior superior, Posterior inferior) - Crest - Tuberosity Ischium Body (Ischial spine, Lesser sciatic notch) - Superior ramus (Tuberosity of the ischium) - Inferior ramus Pubis Body - Superior ramus (Pubic tubercle, Pubic crest, Obturator crest) - Inferior ramus (Pectineal line) Compound Acetabulum (Acetabular notch) - Iliopubic eminence/Iliopectineal line - Linea terminalis - Ischiopubic ramus/Pubic arch Obturator foramen - Greater sciatic foramen/Greater sciatic notch - Lesser sciatic foramen Lesser pelvis (Pelvic inlet, Pelvic brim, Pelvic outlet) - Greater pelvis v • d • e Bones of torso Sternum Suprasternal notch, Manubrium, Sternal angle, Body of sternum, Xiphisternal joint, Xiphoid process Rib specific ribs (1, 2, 9, 10, 11, 12, false - 8-12, floating - 11-12) - parts (Angle, Tubercle, Costal groove, Neck, Head) General vertebral structures body of vertebra, vertebral arch (pedicle, lamina, vertebral notch), foramina (vertebral, intervertebral), processes (transverse, articular / zygapophysis, spinous) Cervical vertebrae C1 (anterior arch, posterior arch, lateral mass), C2 (dens), C3, C4, C5, C6, C7 anterior tubercle, posterior tubercle, foramen transversarium Thoracic vertebrae T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6, T7, T8, T9, T10, T11, T12 costal facets (superior, inferior, transverse) Lumbar vertebrae accessory process, mammillary process, L5 Sacrum pelvic surface (anterior sacral foramina), dorsal surface (posterior sacral foramina, median sacral crest, medial sacral crest, lateral sacral crest), lateral surface (sacral tuberosity), base, sacral hiatus - presacral space - sacral promontory - sacral canal - ala of sacrum - sacrovertebral angle v • d • e Nerves: spinal nerves Cervical (8) C1, C2, C3, C4, C5, C6, C7, C8 anterior (Cervical plexus, Brachial plexus) - posterior (Posterior branches of cervical nerves, Suboccipital - C1, Greater occipital - C2, Third occipital - C3) Thoracic (12) T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6, T7, T8, T9, T10, T11, T12 anterior (Intercostal, Intercostobrachial - T2, Thoraco-abdominal nerves - T7-T11, Subcostal - T12) - posterior (Posterior branches of thoracic nerves) Lumbar (5) L1, L2, L3, L4, L5 anterior (Lumbar plexus, Lumbosacral trunk) - posterior (Posterior branches of the lumbar nerves, Superior cluneal L1-L3) Sacral (5) S1, S2, S3, S4, S5 anterior (Sacral plexus) - posterior (Posterior branches of sacral nerves, Medial cluneal nerves) Coccygeal (1) anterior (Coccygeal plexus) - posterior (Posterior branch of coccygeal nerve) v • d • e Joints and ligaments of Head and Neck Atlanto-axial anterior atlantoaxial ligament - posterior atlantoaxial ligament - cruciform ligament of atlas (transverse ligament of the atlas) Atlanto-occipital anterior atlantoöccipital membrane - posterior atlantoöccipital membrane - tectorial membrane - alar ligament - ligament of apex dentis Temporomandibular capsule - temporomandibular ligament - sphenomandibular ligament - stylomandibular ligament - articular disk v • d • e Joints and ligaments of upper limbs Shoulder sternoclavicular: anterior sternoclavicular - posterior sternoclavicular - interclavicular - costoclavicular acromioclavicular: acromioclavicular - coracoclavicular (trapezoid, conoid) - coracoacromial - superior transverse scapular - inferior transverse of scapula glenohumeral: coracohumeral - glenohumeral (superior, middle, and inferior) - transverse humeral - glenoid labrum Elbow proximal radioulnar, humeroradial, humeroulnar: ulnar collateral - radial collateral - annular - oblique cord Forearm distal radioulnar: volar radioulnar - dorsal radioulnar wrist/radiocarpal: palmar radiocarpal - dorsal radiocarpal - ulnar collateral - radial collateral Hand intercarpal, midcarpal: pisohamate ligament - pisometacarpal ligament carpometacarpal: dorsal carpometacarpal - palmar carpometacarpal intermetacarpal: deep transverse metacarpal - superficial transverse metacarpal metacarpophalangeal, interphalangeal v • d • e Joints and ligaments of torso Vertebral column articulations of vertebral bodies: anterior longitudinal ligament - posterior longitudinal ligament - intervertebral disc (annulus fibrosus, nucleus pulposus) articulations of vertebral arches : ligamenta flava - supraspinous ligament (nuchal ligament) - interspinal ligament - intertransverse ligament zygapophysial joint Costovertebral articulation of head of rib: radiate ligament - interarticular ligament costotransverse Sternocostal interarticular sternocostal ligament - radiate sternocostal ligaments - costoxiphoid ligaments interchondral, costochondral Pelvis articulation of the vertebral column with the pelvis: iliolumbar ligament sacroiliac: anterior sacroiliac ligament - posterior sacroiliac ligament - interosseous sacroiliac ligament ligaments connecting the sacrum and ischium: sacrotuberous ligament - sacrospinous ligament sacrococcygeal symphysis: anterior sacrococcygeal ligament - posterior sacrococcygeal ligament pubic symphysis: superior pubic ligament - inferior pubic ligament v • d • e Joints and ligaments of lower limbs Coxal/hip iliofemoral - pubofemoral - ischiofemoral - head of femur - transverse acetabular Knee-joint patellar - popliteal (oblique, arcuate) - collateral (medial/tibial, lateral/fibular) - cruciate (anterior, posterior) - menisci (medial, lateral) Tibiofibular Superior tibiofibular: anterior of the head of the fibula - posterior of the head of the fibula Inferior tibiofibular: anterior of the lateral malleolus - posterior of the lateral malleolus Talocrural/ankle deltoid - external lateral of the ankle-joint (anterior talofibular, posterior talofibular, calcaneofibular) Foot - intertarsal Subtalar/talocalcaneal: anterior talocalcaneal - posterior talocalcaneal - lateral talocalcaneal - medial talocalcaneal - interosseous talocalcaneal Talocalcaneonavicular: dorsal talonavicular Calcaneocuboid: dorsal calcaneocuboid - bifurcated - long plantar - plantar calcaneocuboid Transverse tarsal: plantar calcaneonavicular/spring Foot - other Cuneonavicular, Cuboideonavicular, Intercuneiform and cuneocuboid, Tarsometatarsal/Lisfranc, Intermetatarsal, Metatarsophalangeal, Interphalangeal Arches of the foot (Longitudinal, Transverse) Plantar cuneonavicular ligaments Muscular system v • d • e Muscular system Topics Muscular tissue • Muscle contraction • Muscles of the human body Types of muscles Cardiac muscle • Skeletal muscle • Smooth muscle v • d • e List of muscles of head and neck: the head Extraocular (CN III, IV, VI) oblique (inferior, superior) - rectus (superior, inferior, medial, lateral) - levator palpebrae superioris (superior tarsal) Mastication (CN V3) masseter - temporalis - pterygoid (lateral, medial) Facial (CN VII) Ear auriculares (anterior, superior, posterior) - temporoparietalis Scalp/eyelid occipitofrontalis (occipitalis, frontalis) - orbicularis oculi (depressor supercilii) - corrugator supercilii Nose procerus - nasalis (dilatator naris) - depressor septi nasi - levator labii superioris alaeque nasi Mouth levator anguli oris - levator labii superioris - zygomaticus (major, minor) orbicularis oris - risorius - buccinator depressor anguli oris - depressor labii inferioris - mentalis Mouth/throat (CN IX, X, XI) (except TVP=V3) Soft palate veli palatini (tensor, levator) - musculus uvulae - palatopharyngeus (to pharnyx) - palatoglossus (to tongue) Pharynx pharyngeal constrictor (superior, middle, inferior) - longitudinal (stylopharyngeus, salpingopharyngeus) Larynx cricothyroid - cricoarytenoid (posterior, lateral) - arytenoid (oblique arytenoid/aryepiglottic, transverse arytenoid) - thyroarytenoid (vocal, thyroepiglottic) Tongue (CN XII) extrinsic (genioglossus, hyoglossus/chondroglossus, styloglossus) - intrinsic (superior longitudinal, inferior longitudinal, transverse, vertical) v • d • e List of muscles of head and neck: the neck Cervical CN VII (superficial): platysma CN XI (deep): sternocleidomastoid Suprahyoid CN V3 (medial): mylohyoid - anterior belly of digastric CN VII (lateral): stylohyoid - posterior belly of digastric C1 (deep): geniohyoid Infrahyoid/strap C1: thyrohyoid C1-C3: sternohyoid - sternothyroid - omohyoid Vertebral C1-C6 (anterior): rectus capitis (anterior, lateralis) - longus (capitis, colli) C3-C8 (lateral): scalene (anterior, medius, posterior) v • d • e List of muscles of torso BACK splenius (capitis, cervicis) - erector spinae (iliocostalis, longissimus, spinalis) - latissimus dorsi transversospinales: (semispinalis dorsi, semispinalis cervicis, semispinalis capitis, multifidus, rotatores) - interspinales - intertransversarii SUBOCCIPITAL rectus capitis posterior (major, minor) - obliquus capitis (inferior, superior) CHEST intercostales (external, internal, innermost) - subcostales - transversus thoracis - levatores costarum - serratus posterior (inferior, superior) - diaphragm ABDOMEN anterior/lateral wall: obliques (external, internal) - transversus abdominis - rectus abdominis - pyramidalis posterior wall: quadratus lumborum - psoas major/psoas minor - iliacus cremaster PELVIS/FLOOR levator ani (iliococcygeus, pubococcygeus, puborectalis) - coccygeus PERINEUM anal triangle: sphincter ani (externus, internus) superficial perineal pouch (superficial transverse perineal, bulbospongiosus, ischiocavernosus) deep perineal pouch (deep transverse perineal, sphincter urethrae membranaceae) v • d • e List of muscles of upper limbs VERTEBRAL COLUMN trapezius - latissimus dorsi - rhomboid (major, minor) - levator scapulae THORACIC WALLS pectoralis major - pectoralis minor - subclavius - serratus anterior SHOULDER deltoid - rotator cuff (supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, subscapularis) - teres major ARM anterior compartment: coracobrachialis - biceps brachii - brachialis posterior compartment: triceps brachii - anconeus FOREARM anterior compartment: superf. - pronator teres - palmaris longus - flexor carpi radialis - flexor carpi ulnaris - flexor digitorum superficialis anterior compartment: deep - pronator quadratus - flexor digitorum profundus - flexor pollicis longus posterior compartment: superf. - mobile wad (brachioradialis, extensor carpi radialis longus and brevis) - extensor digitorum, - extensor digiti minimi - extensor carpi ulnaris posterior compartment: deep - supinator - anatomical snuff box (abductor pollicis longus, extensor pollicis brevis, extensor pollicis longus) - extensor indicis HAND lateral volar - thenar (opponens pollicis, flexor pollicis brevis, abductor pollicis brevis) - adductor pollicis medial volar - hypothenar (opponens digiti minimi, flexor digiti minimi brevis, abductor minimi digiti) - palmaris brevis intermediate - lumbrical - interossei (dorsal, palmar) v • d • e List of muscles of lower limbs ILIAC Region / ILIOPSOAS psoas major/psoas minor - iliacus BUTTOCKS gluteals: (maximus, medius, minimus) - tensor fasciae latae lateral rotator group: piriformis - inferior gemellus - obturator internus - superior gemellus - quadratus femoris THIGH anterior compartment: sartorius - quadriceps (rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus intermedius, vastus medialis) - articularis genu posterior compartment/hamstring: biceps femoris - semitendinosus - semimembranosus medial compartment: pectineus - obturator externus - gracilis - adductor (longus, brevis, magnus) LEG anterior compartment: tibialis anterior - extensor hallucis longus - extensor digitorum longus - peroneus tertius posterior compartment: superficial - calf/triceps surae (gastrocnemius, soleus) - plantaris posterior compartment: deep - tarsal tunnel (flexor hallucis longus, flexor digitorum longus, tibialis posterior) - popliteus lateral compartment: peroneus muscles (longus, brevis) FOOT dorsal - extensor hallucis brevis - extensor digitorum brevis plantar - 1st layer (abductor hallucis, flexor digitorum brevis, abductor digiti minimi) plantar - 2nd layer (quadratus plantae, lumbrical muscle) plantar - 3rd layer (flexor hallucis brevis, adductor hallucis, flexor digiti minimi brevis) plantar - 4th layer (dorsal interossei, plantar interossei) Cardiovascular system v • d • e Cardiovascular system Systemic circulation Heart  → Aorta → Arteries → Arterioles → Capillaries → Venules → Veins → Vena cava → Heart Pulmonary circulation Heart → Pulmonary arteries → Lungs → Pulmonary vein → Heart v • d • e Anatomy of torso, cardiovascular system: heart Structures atria (interatrial septum, musculi pectinati) • ventricles (interventricular septum, trabeculae carneae, chordae tendinae, papillary muscle) • valves • cusps Regions base • apex • grooves (coronary/atrioventricular, interatrial, anterior interventricula, posterior interventricular) • surfaces (sternocostal, diaphragmatic) • borders (right, left) Right heart (vena cavae, coronary sinus) → right atrium (auricle, fossa ovalis, limbus of fossa ovalis, crista terminalis, valve of the inferior vena cava, valve of the coronary sinus) → tricuspid valve → right ventricle (conus arteriosus, moderator band/septomarginal trabecula)  → pulmonary valve → (pulmonary artery and pulmonary circulation) Left heart (pulmonary veins) → left atrium (auricle) → mitral valve → left ventricle → aortic valve (aortic sinus) → (aorta and systemic circulation) Layers pericardium: fibrous pericardium • serous pericardium (pericardial cavity, epicardium/visceral layer) • pericardial sinus myocardium • endocardium • cardiac skeleton (fibrous trigone, fibrous rings) Conduction system Cardiac pacemaker • SA node • AV node• bundle of His • Purkinje fibers v • d • e List of arteries of head and neck CC/EC sup. thyroid superior laryngeal - sternocleidomastoid branch - infrahyoid branch - cricothyroid branch - glandular branches asc. pharyngeal posterior meningeal - pharyngeal branches - inferior tympanic lingual suprahyoid - dorsal lingual - deep lingual - sublingual facial cervical branches (ascending palatine, tonsillar, submental, glandular) - facial branches (inferior labial, superior labial/nasal septum, lateral nasal, angular) occipital sternocleidomastoid - meningeal - occipital - auricular - descending post. auricular stylomastoid - stapedial - auricular - occipital sup. temporal transverse facial - middle temporal (zygomatico-orbital) - anterior auricular - frontal - parietal maxillary 1st part/mandibular: anterior tympanic - deep auricular - middle meningeal (superior tympanic, petrosal) - accessory meningeal - inferior alveolar (mental, mylohyoid) 2nd part/pterygoid: to muscles of mastication (deep temporal, pterygoid, masseteric) - buccal 3rd part/pterygopalatine: posterior superior alveolar - infraorbital (anterior superior alveolar) - descending palatine (greater palatine, lesser palatine) - artery of the pterygoid canal - sphenopalatine (posterior septal branches, posterior lateral nasal) CC/IC cervical carotid sinus petrous Vidian - caroticotympanic cavernous/ ophthalmic orbital group: posterior ethmoidal - anterior ethmoidal (anterior septal, anterior lateral nasal, anterior meningeal) - lacrimal (lateral palpebral) - medial palpebral - terminal (supraorbital, supratrochlear, dorsal nasal) ocular group: central retinal - ciliary (short posterior, long posterior, anterior) - hypophysial (superior, inferior) cerebral/Willis ACA (anterior communicating) - MCA (anterolateral central, lenticulostriate) - posterior communicating - anterior choroidal SC vertebral artery meningeal - spinal (posterior, anterior) - cerebellar (PICA) basilar: pontine - labyrinthine - cerebellar (AICA, SCA) - cerebral (PCA) thyrocervical trunk inferior thyroid: inferior laryngeal - tracheal - esophageal - ascending cervical - pharyngeal - glandular branches transverse cervical: superficial branch - deep branch/dorsal scapular suprascapular: acromial branch costocervical trunk deep cervical v • d • e List of arteries of upper limbs Axillary scapular anastomosis - 1st part superior thoracic - 2nd part thoracoacromial (deltoid branch) - lateral thoracic - 3rd part subscapular (circumflex scapular, thoracodorsal) - anterior humeral circumflex - posterior humeral circumflex Brachial profunda brachii (radial collateral, medial collateral) - ulnar collateral artery (superior, inferior) Radial forearm: radial recurrent wrist/carpus: dorsal carpal branch - palmar carpal branch hand: superficial palmar branch - princeps pollicis (radial of index finger) Ulnar forearm: ulnar recurrent (anterior, posterior) - common interosseous (anterior, posterior, recurrent) wrist/carpus: dorsal carpal branch - palmar carpal branch hand: deep palmar branch Arches dorsal carpal arch: dorsal metacarpal (dorsal digital) palmar carpal arch superficial palmar arch: common palmar digital (proper palmar digital) deep palmar arch: palmar metacarpal v • d • e List of arteries of torso - chest Pulmonary / coronary right coronary: SA nodal - AV nodal - atrial - right marginal - posterior interventricular left coronary: anterior interventricular - left circumflex - left marginal Ascending aorta aortic arch - brachiocephalic (thyreoidea ima) - common carotid Subclavian internal thoracic: anterior intercostal - thymic - pericardiacophrenic - terminal (musculophrenic, superior epigastric) costocervical trunk: highest intercostal (posterior intercostal 1-2) - deep cervical Descending / thoracic aorta visceral: bronchial - esophageal - mediastinal parietal: posterior intercostal 3-11 - subcostal - superior phrenic v • d • e Arteries of torso - abdomen AA: Anterior celiac left gastric splenic: pancreatic branches (arteria pancreatica magna) – short gastric – left gastro-omental common hepatic: proper hepatic (cystic), right gastric, gastroduodenal (right gastro-omental, superior pancreaticoduodenal) SMA inferior pancreaticoduodenal – intestinal – ileocolic (appendicular) – right colic – middle colic IMA left colic – sigmoid – superior rectal – marginal AA: Posterior visceral: middle suprarenal – renal (inferior suprarenal) – testicular/ovarian parietal: inferior phrenic (superior suprarenal) – lumbar – median sacral terminal: common iliac (IIA, EIA) IIA: Anterior umbilical (superior vesical, to ductus deferens) – inferior vesical – middle rectal – uterine (azygos of the vagina) – vaginal – obturator (anterior branch, posterior branch) – internal pudendal (inferior rectal, perineal, artery of the urethral bulb, urethral, deep artery of the penis, dorsal artery of the penis) – inferior gluteal (accompanying of ischiadic nerve, crucial anastomosis) IIA: Posterior iliolumbar – lateral sacral – superior gluteal EIA inferior epigastric (cremasteric) – deep circumflex iliac v • d • e List of arteries of lower limbs EI: Femoral superficial epigastric - superficial iliac circumflex external pudendal: superficial - deep (anterior scrotal) profunda femoris: lateral circumflex femoral (descending, transverse, ascending) - medial circumflex femoral (ascending, superficial, deep, acetabular) - perforating descending genicular (saphenous branch, articular branches) Popliteal sural genicular: superior genicular (medial, lateral) - middle genicular - inferior genicular (medial, lateral) Anterior tibial tibial recurrent (posterior, anterior) anterior malleolar (medial, lateral) dorsalis pedis: tarsal (medial, lateral) Posterior tibial circumflex fibular - fibular medial plantar - lateral plantar Arches arcuate: dorsal metatarsal/first dorsal metatarsal - deep plantar - dorsal digital arteries plantar arch: plantar metatarsal - common plantar digital - proper plantar digital Venous system v • d • e Veins (emissary, jugular and others) and sinuses of head and neck (drainage patterns can vary) to external jugular retromandibular: maxillary • superficial temporal (anterior auricular) posterior auricular transverse cervical - suprascapular - anterior jugular (jugular venous arch) to internal jugular Diploic/brain cerebral: superior • middle • inferior • great • internal (basal, superior thalamostriate) cerebellar: superior • inferior To COS: superior sagittal • straight (inferior sagittal) • occipital To CS: sphenoparietal • intercavernous superior ophthalmic (ethmoidal, central retinal, nasofrontal) • inferior ophthalmic • vorticose veins To IJV: sigmoid: transverse (petrosquamous) • superior petrosal inferior petrosal (basilar plexus, internal auditory veins) - condylar Other common facial • facial (frontal, supraorbital, angular, superior labial, inferior labial, deep facial) • pterygoid plexus lingual (dorsal lingual, deep lingual, sublingual) • pharyngeal • thyroid (superior/superior laryngeal, middle) to vertebral vein occipital (occipital)  • suboccipital venous plexus deep cervical to brachiocephalic inferior thyroid (inferior laryngeal) - thymic v • d • e Veins of upper limbs superficial - hand/forearm Dorsal digital • Dorsal metacarpal • Dorsal network • Palmar digital • Intercapitular superficial - arm Cephalic • Median cubital • Accessory cephalic • Basilic • Median antebrachial deep - hand/forearm Palmar metacarpal • Superficial palmar arch • Deep palmar arch deep - arm Radial • Ulnar • Brachial • Axillary v • d • e Veins of the torso Coronary coronary sinus (great cardiac, left marginal, small cardiac, middle cardiac, posterior of the left ventricle, oblique of the left atrium) • anterior cardiac (right marginal) • pulmonary Thorax/ SVC brachiocephalic: inferior thyroid - thymic - internal thoracic (anterior intercostal, superior epigastric) - left superior intercostal - supreme - vertebral - internal jugular - subclavian (axillary: lateral thoracic, thoracoepigastric) - pericardiacophrenic azygos: right superior intercostal - bronchial - intercostal/posterior intercostal 5-11 - accessory hemiazygos/hemiazygos - superior phrenic Vertebral column vertebral venous plexuses (external, internal) • spinal (posterior, anterior) • basivertebral • intervertebral Abdomen/ IVC to IVC on right and left: renal - hepatic - lumbar to IVC on right, renal vein on left: inferior phrenic - suprarenal - ovarian/testicular (pampiniform plexus) to azygos system: ascending lumbar (subcostal) Pelvis/common iliac external iliac: inferior epigastric - deep circumflex iliac vein internal iliac: inferior gluteal - superior gluteal - median sacral vein - lateral sacral - obturator - internal pudendal (inferior rectal) - vesical venous plexus - prostatic venous plexus - deep of penis - vaginal venous plexus - uterine venous plexus - middle rectal - hemorrhoidal Portal system/ portal vein splenic: short gastric - left gastroepiploic - pancreatic - inferior mesenteric (superior rectal, left colic) superior mesenteric: right gastroepiploic - pancreaticoduodenal - middle colic - right colic - ileocolic (appendicular) direct (cystic, left gastric, right gastric, paraumbilical) fetal ductus venosus • umbilical v • d • e Veins of lower limbs thigh femoral • profunda femoris • popliteal deep leg fibular • anterior tibial • posterior tibial superficial leg small saphenous • great saphenous (external pudendal, superficial of penis ♂/clitoris ♀) foot dorsal arch • dorsal metatarsal • dorsal digital • plantar arch • plantar metatarsal • common digital • plantar digital Nervous system v • d • e Nervous system Central nervous system Brain • Spinal cord Autonomic nervous system Sympathetic • Parasympathetic Other Peripheral nervous system • Somatic nervous system • Enteric nervous system • Sensory system v • d • e Brain: rhombencephalon (hindbrain) Myelencephalon/medulla anterior/ventral: Arcuate nucleus of medulla • Pyramid (Decussation) • Olivary body • Inferior olivary nucleus • Anterior median fissure • Ventral respiratory group posterior/dorsal: VII,IX,X: Solitary/tract • XII, X: Dorsal • IX,X,XI: Ambiguus • IX: Inferior salivatory nucleus • Gracile nucleus/Cuneate nucleus/Accessory cuneate nucleus • Area postrema • Posterior median sulcus • Dorsal respiratory group raphe/reticular: Sensory decussation • Reticular formation (Gigantocellular nucleus, Parvocellular reticular nucleus, Ventral reticular nucleus, Lateral reticular nucleus, Paramedian reticular nucleus) • Raphe nuclei (Obscurus, Magnus, Pallidus) tracts: Corticospinal tract (Lateral, Anterior) • Inferior cerebellar peduncle • Olivocerebellar tract • Spinocerebellar (Dorsal, Ventral) • Spinothalamic tract • PCML (Posterior external arcuate fibers, Internal arcuate fibers, Medial lemniscus) • Extrapyramidal (Rubrospinal tract, Vestibulospinal tract, Tectospinal tract) Metencephalon/pons anterior/ventral: Superior olivary nucleus • Basis pontis (Pontine nuclei, Middle cerebellar peduncles) posterior/dorsal: Pontine tegmentum (Trapezoid body, Superior medullary velum, Locus ceruleus, MLF, Vestibulocerebellar tract, V Principal Spinal & Motor, VI, VII, VII: Superior salivary nucleus) • VIII-c (Dorsal, Anterior)/VIII-v (Lateral, Superior, Medial, Inferior) raphe/reticular: Reticular formation (Caudal pontine reticular nucleus, Oral pontine reticular nucleus, Tegmental pontine reticular nucleus, Paramedian pontine reticular formation) • Median raphe nucleus Apneustic center • Pneumotaxic center Metencephalon/cerebellum Vermis • Flocculus • Arbor vitae • Cerebellar tonsil • Inferior medullary velum Molecular layer (Stellate cell, Basket cell, Parallel fiber) • Purkinje cell layer (Purkinje cell) • Granule cell layer (Golgi cell) • Mossy fibers • Climbing fiber Deep cerebellar nuclei (Dentate, Emboliform, Globose, Fastigial) Fourth ventricle apertures (Median, Lateral) • Rhomboid fossa (Vagal trigone, Hypoglossal trigone, Obex, Sulcus limitans, Facial colliculus, Medial eminence) • Lateral recess v • d • e Brain: mesencephalon (midbrain) Tectum (Dorsal) Corpora quadrigemina: Inferior colliculi (Brachium of inferior colliculus), Superior colliculi (Brachium of superior colliculus) Subcommissural organ • Pretectum Peduncle (Ventral) Peduncle tegmentum Periaqueductal gray (Cerebral aqueduct, Dorsal raphe nucleus) Ventral tegmentum • Pedunculopontine nucleus • Red nucleus (Rubrospinal tract, Rubro-olivary tract)  • MLF (riMLF)  • lemnisci (Medial, Lateral) cranial nuclei: GSA (V: Mesencephalic) - GSE (III: Oculomotor, IV: Trochlear) - GVE (III: Edinger-Westphal) Interstitial cell of Cajal Superior cerebellar peduncles (Decussation of superior cerebellar peduncle) Peduncle base Substantia nigra (Pars compacta, Pars reticulata) Cerebral crus: Corticospinal tract - Corticobulbar tract - Corticopontine tract/Frontopontine fibers/Temporopontine fibers Interpeduncular fossa v • d • e Brain: diencephalon Epithalamus Pineal body • Habenula (Habenular nuclei) • Stria medullaris • Habenular trigone Thalamus/nuclei paired: AN • Ventral (VA/VL, VP/VPM/VPL) • Lateral (Pulvinar) • Metathalamus (MG, LG) midline: MD • Intralaminar (Centromedian) • Midline nuclear group • Interthalamic adhesion • Medullary laminae surface: reticular tracts to thalamus: Mammillothalamic tract • Thalamic fasciculus • Lenticular fasciculus • Ansa lenticularis • Medial lemniscus • Trigeminal lemniscus • Spinothalamic tract • Lateral lemniscus Hypothalamus autonomic zones: Anterior (parasympathetic/heat loss) • Posterior (sympathetic/heat conservation) endocrine - posterior pituitary: magnocellular/Paraventricular/Supraoptic (oxytocin/vasopressin) endocrine - other: parvocellular/Arcuate (dopamine/GHRH) • Preoptic (GnRH) • Suprachiasmatic (melatonin) emotion: Lateral (hunger) • Ventromedial (satiety) • Dorsomedial (rage) surface: Median eminence/Tuber cinereum • Mammillary body • Infundibulum tracts: Medial forebrain bundle Pituitary: (Posterior is diencephalon, but anterior is glandular) Subthalamus Subthalamic nucleus • Zona incerta v • d • e Brain: telencephalon (cerebrum, cerebral cortex, cerebral hemispheres) Frontal lobe Precentral gyrus (Primary motor cortex, 4) Superior frontal gyrus/Frontal eye fields (6, 8, 9), Middle frontal gyrus (46), Inferior frontal gyrus/Broca's area (44-Pars opercularis, 45-Pars triangularis) Orbitofrontal cortex (10, 11, 12, 47) Precentral sulcus - Superior frontal sulcus - Inferior frontal sulcus - Olfactory sulcus Parietal lobe Somatosensory cortex (Primary (1, 2, 3, 43), Secondary (5)), Precuneus (7m) Parietal lobules (Superior (7l), Inferior (40)), Angular gyrus (39) Intraparietal sulcus, Marginal sulcus Occipital lobe Primary visual cortex (17), (Cuneus, Lingual gyrus, Lateral occipital gyrus (18, 19)) Calcarine fissure Temporal lobe Primary auditory cortex (41, 42), Superior temporal gyrus (38, 22/Wernicke's area), Middle temporal gyrus (21), Inferior temporal gyrus (20) Fusiform gyrus (37) Medial temporal lobe (Amygdala, Parahippocampal gyrus (27, 28, 34, 35, 36) Cingulate cortex/gyrus Subgenual area (25), Anterior cingulate (24, 32, 33), Posterior cingulate (23, 31), Retrosplenial cortex (26, 29, 30) Callosal sulcus Interlobar sulci/fissures lateral: Central (frontal+parietal), Lateral (frontal+parietal+temporal), Parietoöccipital medial: Medial longitudinal, Cingulate (frontal+cingulate), Collateral (temporal+occipital) White matter tracts Commissural fibers - Association fibers Internal capsule (Anterior limb, Genu, Posterior limb), Corona radiata, External capsule, Lamina terminalis, Extreme capsule, Semioval center Olfactory tract, Terminal stria Other Insular cortex gray: Olfactory bulb, Anterior olfactory nucleus, Basal optic nucleus of Meynert, Substantia innominata, Anterior perforated substance Corpus striatum - Limbic lobe Some categorizations are approximations, and some Brodmann areas span gyri. v • d • e Human brain: Limbic system Diencephalon Hypothalamus · Mammillary body Telencephalon: limbic lobe Archicortex: Hippocampal formation (Hippocampus, Alveus of the hippocampus, Subiculum, Perforant path, Fimbria, Dentate gyrus) · Paraterminal gyrus · Supracallosal gyrus Cingulate gyrus · Parahippocampal gyrus · Uncus Telencephalon: other Amygdala · Nucleus accumbens · Orbitofrontal cortex septum: Septum pellucidum, Septal nuclei v • d • e Nerves - autonomic nervous system (sympathetic nervous system/ganglion/trunks and parasympathetic nervous system/ganglion) Head/cranial Ciliary ganglion: roots (Sensory, Parasympathetic, Sympathetic) - Short ciliary Pterygopalatine ganglion: deep petrosal - nerve of pterygoid canal branches of distribution: greater palatine (inferior posterior nasal branches) - lesser palatine - nasopalatine (medial superior posterior nasal branches) - pharyngeal Submandibular ganglion Otic ganglion Neck/cervical paravertebral ganglia: Cervical ganglia (Superior, Middle, Inferior) - Stellate ganglion prevertebral plexus: Cavernous plexus - Internal carotid Chest/thorax paravertebral ganglia: Thoracic ganglia prevertebral plexus: Cardiac plexus - Esophageal plexus - Pulmonary plexus - Thoracic aortic plexus splanchnic nerves: cardiopulmonary - thoracic cardiac nerves: Superior - Middle - Inferior Abdomen/Lumbar paravertebral ganglia: Lumbar ganglia prevertebral ganglia: Celiac ganglia (Aorticorenal) - Superior mesenteric ganglion - Inferior mesenteric ganglion prevertebral plexus: Celiac plexus - (Hepatic, Splenic, Pancreatic) - aorticorenal (Abdominal aortic plexus, Renal/Suprarenal) - Superior mesenteric (Gastric) - Inferior mesenteric (Spermatic, Ovarian) - Superior hypogastric (hypogastric nerve, Superior rectal) - Inferior hypogastric (Vesical, Prostatic/Cavernous nerves of penis, Uterovaginal, Middle rectal) splanchnic nerves: Lumbar splanchnic nerves enteric nervous system: Meissner's plexus • Auerbach's plexus Pelvis/sacral paravertebral ganglia: Sacral ganglia - Ganglion impar splanchnic nerves: Pelvic splanchnic nerves - Sacral splanchnic nerves All Rami communicans (White, Gray) - Preganglionic fibers - Postganglionic fibers v • d • e Nerves of head and neck: the cranial nerves and nuclei olfactory (AON->I) olfactory bulb - olfactory tract optic (LGN->II) optic chiasm - optic tract oculomotor (ON,EWN->III) superior branch (parasympathetic root of ciliary ganglion/ciliary ganglion) - inferior branch trochlear (TN->IV) no significant branches trigeminal (PSN,TSN,MN,TMN->V) trigeminal ganglion • ophthalmic • maxillary • mandibular abducens (AN->VI) no significant branches facial (FMN,SN,SSN->VII) near origin nervus intermedius • geniculate inside facial canal greater petrosal (pterygopalatine ganglion) - nerve to the stapedius - chorda tympani (lingual nerve, submandibular ganglion) at stylomastoid foramen posterior auricular - suprahyoid (digastric, stylohyoid) - parotid plexus (temporal, zygomatic, buccal, mandibular, cervical) vestibulocochlear (VN,CN->VIII) cochlear (striae medullares, lateral lemniscus) • vestibular (Scarpa's ganglion) glossopharyngeal (NA,ISN,SN->IX) before jugular fossa ganglia (superior, inferior) after jugular fossa tympanic (tympanic plexus, lesser petrosal, otic ganglion) • stylopharyngeal branch • pharyngeal branches • tonsillar branches • lingual branches • carotid sinus vagus (NA,DNVN,SN->X) before jugular fossa ganglia (superior, inferior) after jugular fossa meningeal branch - auricular branch neck pharyngeal branch (pharyngeal plexus) - superior laryngeal (external, internal) - recurrent laryngeal (inferior) - superior cervical cardiac thorax inferior cardiac - pulmonary - vagal trunks (anterior, posterior) abdomen celiac - renal - hepatic - anterior gastric - posterior gastric accessory (NA,SAN->XI) cranial - spinal hypoglossal (HN->XII) lingual branches v • d • e Anatomy of torso (primarily): the spinal cord Spinal nerve Dorsal (Root, Ganglion, Ramus) • Ventral (Root, Ramus) • Sympathetic trunk • rami communicantes (Gray, White) Gray matter/Rexed laminae Posterior horn (Posteromarginal nucleus, Column of Clarke, Substantia gelatinosa of Rolando, Nucleus proprius) Lateral horn/Anterior horn (Intermediolateral nucleus) Central canal/Substantia gelatinosa centralis - Gray commissure White matter somatic/ascending (blue) Posterior/PCML: touch: Gracilis • Cuneatus Lateral: proprioception: Spinocerebellar (Dorsal, Ventral) • pain/temp: Spinothalamic (Lateral, Anterior) • Posterolateral (Lissauer) • Spinotectal motor/descending (red) Lateral: Corticospinal (Lateral) • Ep (Rubrospinal, Olivospinal) Anterior: Corticospinal (Anterior) • Ep (Vestibulospinal, Reticulospinal, Tectospinal) Layers Epidural space • Dura mater • Subdural space • Arachnoid mater • Subarachnoid space • Pia mater Other structures Denticulate ligaments • Conus medullaris • Cauda equina • Filum terminale • Cervical enlargement • Lumbar enlargement Anterior median fissure • Posterior median sulcus Anterior white commissure v • d • e Nerves: spinal nerves Cervical (8) C1, C2, C3, C4, C5, C6, C7, C8 anterior (Cervical plexus, Brachial plexus) - posterior (Posterior branches of cervical nerves, Suboccipital - C1, Greater occipital - C2, Third occipital - C3) Thoracic (12) T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6, T7, T8, T9, T10, T11, T12 anterior (Intercostal, Intercostobrachial - T2, Thoraco-abdominal nerves - T7-T11, Subcostal - T12) - posterior (Posterior branches of thoracic nerves) Lumbar (5) L1, L2, L3, L4, L5 anterior (Lumbar plexus, Lumbosacral trunk) - posterior (Posterior branches of the lumbar nerves, Superior cluneal L1-L3) Sacral (5) S1, S2, S3, S4, S5 anterior (Sacral plexus) - posterior (Posterior branches of sacral nerves, Medial cluneal nerves) Coccygeal (1) anterior (Coccygeal plexus) - posterior (Posterior branch of coccygeal nerve) v • d • e Nerves of head and neck: the cervical plexus (C1-C4) superficial C2-C3: Lesser occipital • Greater auricular • Transverse cervical C3-C4: Supraclavicular deep C1-C3: Ansa cervicalis (superior root, inferior root) C3-C5: Phrenic v • d • e Nerves of upper limbs (primarily): the brachial plexus (C5-T1) Supraclavicular root (dorsal scapular, long thoracic) - upper trunk (suprascapular, to the subclavius) Infraclavicular: lateral cord lateral pectoral musculocutaneous (lateral cutaneous of forearm) median/lateral root: anterior interosseous - palmar - recurrent - common palmar digital (proper palmar digital) Infraclavicular: medial cord medial pectoral cutaneous: medial cutaneous of forearm • medial cutaneous of arm ulnar: muscular - palmar - dorsal (dorsal digital nerves) - superficial (common palmar digital, proper palmar digital) - deep median/medial root: see above Infraclavicular: posterior cord subscapular (upper, lower) • thoracodorsal axillary (superior lateral cutaneous of arm) radial: muscular - cutaneous (posterior of arm, inferior lateral of arm, posterior of forearm) - superficial (dorsal digital nerves) - deep (posterior interosseous) Other cutaneous innervation of the upper limbs v • d • e Nerves of lower limbs and lower torso: the lumbosacral plexus (L1-Co) lumbar plexus (L1-L4) iliohypogastric: lateral cutaneous branch - anterior cutaneous branch ilioinguinal: anterior scrotal ♂/labial ♀ genitofemoral: femoral branch/lumboinguinal - genital branch lateral cutaneous of thigh: patellar obturator: anterior (cutaneous) - posterior - accessory femoral: anterior cutaneous branches - saphenous (infrapatellar, medial crural cutaneous) sacral plexus (L4-S4) sciatic common fibular: lateral sural cutaneous (sural communicating branch) - deep fibular (lateral terminal branch, medial terminal branch, dorsal digital) - superficial fibular (medial dorsal cutaneous, intermediate dorsal cutaneous, dorsal digital) tibial: medial sural cutaneous - medial calcaneal - medial plantar (common plantar digital nerves, proper plantar digital) - lateral plantar (deep branch, superficial branch, common plantar digital, proper plantar digital) sural: lateral dorsal cutaneous - lateral calcaneal other muscular: superior gluteal/inferior gluteal - lateral rotator group (to quadratus femoris, to obturator internus, to the piriformis) cutaneous: posterior cutaneous of thigh (inferior cluneal, perineal branches) - perforating cutaneous coccygeal plexus (S4-Co) pudendal: inferior anal - perineal (deep, posterior scrotal ♂/labial ♀) - dorsal of the penis ♂/clitoris ♀ anococcygeal cutaneous innervation of the lower limbs v • d • e Nervous system: Sensory systems/sense Special senses Visual system/Visual perception • Auditory system/Hearing • Chemoreception (Olfactory system/Olfaction • Gustatory system/Taste) Somatosensory system Nociception • Thermoreception • Vestibular system • Mechanoreception (Pressure, Vibration, Proprioception) Other Sensory receptor v • d • e Sensory system - Visual system Eye • Optic nerve • Optic chiasm • Optic tract • Lateral geniculate nucleus • Optic radiation • Visual cortex • Blobs v • d • e Sensory system - Visual system - Eye Fibrous tunic (outer) Conjunctiva • Sclera  • Schlemm's canal • Trabecular meshwork • Limbus Cornea (Epithelium, Bowman's, Stroma, Descemet's, Endothelium) Uvea (middle) Choroid (Ciliary processes, Choriocapillaris, Bruch's membrane) • Iris (Stroma)  • Pupil • Ciliary body Retina (inner) Macula • Fovea • Optic disc Anterior segment Anterior chamber • Aqueous humour • Posterior chamber • Lens Posterior segment Vitreous humour • Zonule of Zinn Intraocular muscles parasympathetic (Ciliary muscle, Iris sphincter muscle) • sympathetic (Iris dilator muscle) v • d • e Sensory system: Olfactory system/Olfaction Olfactory bulb • Olfactory nerve • Olfactory epithelium • Glomeruli • Olfactory mucosa • Olfactory receptor neurons • Mitral cells • Piriform cortex Rhinencephalon • Olfactory tract • Olfactory trigone v • d • e Sensory system: Auditory and Vestibular systems Outer ear pinna (Helix, Antihelix, Tragus, Antitragus, Earlobe) • Ear canal Middle ear Eardrum (Umbo) • Ossicles (Malleus, Incus & Stapes) • muscles (Stapedius, Tensor tympani) • Eustachian tube (Torus tubarius) Inner ear/Labyrinth Bony labyrinth (Vestibule) • Membranous labyrinth Oval window • Helicotrema • Round window Cochlea: Spiral ganglion • Modiolus • Cochlear duct/scala media (Endolymph, Stria vascularis, Spiral ligament, Organ of Corti) • Scala vestibuli and Scala tympani (Perilymph) Reissner's/vestibular membrane • Basilar membrane • Tectorial membrane Organ of Corti: Hair cells • Stereocilia • Sulcus spiralis (externus, internus) • Limbus spiralis Vestibular system Static/translations: Utricle (Macula) - Saccule (Macula, Endolymphatic sac, Endolymphatic duct) - Kinocilium - Otolith Kinetic/rotations: Semicircular canals (Superior, Posterior, Horizontal) • Cupula • Ampullae (Crista ampullaris) Brain (auditory) Cochlear nerve VIII → Cochlear nuclei → Trapezoid body → Superior olivary nuclei → Lateral lemniscus → Inferior colliculi → Medial geniculate nuclei → Primary auditory cortex v • d • e Sensory system: Gustatory system Tongue Taste bud (Circumvallate papillae, Filiform papilla, Fungiform papilla) • Foliate papillae Other Gustatory cortex • Basic tastes v • d • e Nervous system, receptors: somatosensory system Medial lemniscus Touch/mechanoreceptors: Pacinian corpuscles - vibration • Meissner's corpuscles - light touch • Merkel's discs - pressure • Ruffini endings • Free nerve endings - pain • Hair cells • Baroreceptor Proprioception: Golgi organ - tension/length • Muscle spindle - velocity of change (Intrafusal muscle fiber • Nuclear chain fiber • Nuclear bag fiber) Spinothalamic tract Pain: Nociception and Nociceptors Temperature: Thermoreceptors Lymphatic system v • d • e Immune system: Lymphatic system (Lymph, Lymphocytes) Primary Bone marrow – Thymus (Hassall's corpuscles) Secondary: Spleen (process blood) Hilum – Trabeculae Red pulp (Cords of Billroth, Marginal zone) White pulp (Periarteriolar lymphoid sheaths, Germinal center) Trabecular arteries – Trabecular veins Secondary: Lymph nodes (process extracellular fluid) Afferent lymph vessels - Cortical sinuses - Medullary sinuses - Efferent lymph vessels T cells: High endothelial venules B cells: Primary follicle/Germinal center - Mantle zone - Marginal zone Lymph node capsule - Subcapsular sinus - Cortex - Paracortex - Medulla (Medullary cord) - Hilus Lymph node trabeculae Secondary: MALT (process mucosa) GALT – Peyer's patches – Germinal center v • d • e Lymphatics of head and neck Head Posterior Occipital - Mastoid/retroauricular Parotid: Superficial - Deep (Preauricular, Infra-auricular, Intraglandular) Anterior Facial (Buccinator, Nasolabial) - Mandibular Submandibular - Submental Neck/Cervical Superficial cervical: Superficial anterior cervical - Superficial lateral cervical Deep cervical: Deep anterior cervical (Pretracheal, Paratracheal, Prelaryngeal, Thyroid) - Deep lateral cervical (Superior deep cervical, Inferior deep cervical, Retropharyngeal, Jugulodigastric, Jugulo-omohyoid) Anterior cervical - Lateral cervical Supraclavicular (Virchow's) Jugular trunk Tonsils/Waldeyer's tonsillar ring Palatine - Lingual - Pharyngeal - Tubal v • d • e Lymphatics of upper limbs Axillary brachial - pectoral axillary - subscapular axillary - central - apical subclavian trunk Other supratrochlear - deltopectoral v • d • e Lymphatics of torso Chest Right lymphatic duct - Thoracic duct (spans diaphragm) Bronchomediastinal trunk (Tracheobronchial, Parasternal) - Intercostal Abdomen Cisterna chyli Lumbar trunk - lumbar/paraaortic: Retroaortic - Lateral aortic - iliac: Common (External, Internal, Sacral) Intestinal trunk - preaortic: Celiac (Gastric, Hepatic, Splenic) - Superior mesenteric (Mesenteric, Ileocolic, Mesocolic) - Inferior mesenteric (Pararectal) v • d • e Lymphatics of lower limbs Inguinal Deep inguinal - Superficial inguinal Other Popliteal Template group

ar:تشريح الإنسان

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