Digestive system

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]

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The digestive system is the organ system that breaks down and absorbs nutrients that are essential for growth and maintenance.

The digestive system includes the mouth, esophagus, stomach, pancreas, liver, gallbladder, duodenum, jejunum, ileum, (intestines), rectum, and anus.

This page contains links to all the parts of the digestive system.

External links

Overview at Colorado State University

v • d • e Human organ systems
Cardiovascular system • Digestive system • Endocrine system • Immune system • Integumentary system • Lymphatic system • Muscular system • Nervous system • Reproductive system • Respiratory system • Skeletal system • Urinary system

v • d • e Anatomy of torso, digestive system: Gastrointestinal tract
Upper GI: to stomach	Mouth • Pharynx (nasopharynx, oropharynx, hypopharynx) • Esophagus • Crop
Upper GI: stomach	rugae - gastric pits - cardia/gland - fundus/gland - pylorus/gland - pyloric antrum - pyloric canal - greater curvature - lesser curvature - angular incisure
Lower GI: intestines	Small intestine: Duodenum (Suspensory muscle, Major duodenal papilla, Minor duodenal papilla) • Duodenojejunal flexure • Jejunum • Ileum • continuous (intestinal villus, crypts of Lieberkühn, circular folds) Junction: Vermiform appendix • Ileocecal valve Large intestine: Cecum • Colon (ascending colon, hepatic flexure, transverse colon, splenic flexure, descending colon, sigmoid colon) • continuous (taenia coli, haustra, epiploic appendix)
Lower GI: termination	Rectum: Houston valve • rectal ampulla • pectinate line Anal canal: anal valves • anal sinuses • anal columns • Hilton's white line Anus: Sphincter ani internus muscle • Sphincter ani externus muscle
Lower GI: lymph	GALT: Peyer's patches (M cells)

v • d • e Anatomy of torso, digestive system: Digestive glands
Liver	by region: Left lobe (Caudate lobe, Quadrate lobe) • Right lobe • Transverse fissure of liver by function: Fibrous capsule of Glisson • Hepatocyte • Space of Disse • Space of Mall • Kupffer cell • Liver sinusoid • Ito cell • Hepatic lobule bile ducts: Bile canaliculus • Canals of Hering • Interlobular bile ducts • Intrahepatic bile ducts • Left and Right hepatic ducts • Common hepatic duct
Gallbladder	by region: Body • Fundus • Neck ducts: Cystic duct
Pancreas	by region: Tail • Body • Head • Uncinate process by function: Islets of Langerhans • Exocrine pancreas ducts: Pancreatic duct • Accessory pancreatic duct
Common	Common bile duct • Hepatopancreatic ampulla • Sphincter of Oddi

v • d • e

Prenatal development/Mammalian development of digestive system

Gut

Stomodeum

Foregut (Buccopharyngeal membrane, Rathke's pouch, Tracheoesophageal septum, Pancreatic bud, Hepatic diverticulum)

Midgut

Hindgut (Urorectal septum )

Proctodeum

Mesentery

Dorsal mesentery - Ventral mesentery

Other

Septum transversum

v • d • e

Digestive system - Digestive disease - Gastroenterology (primarily K20-K93, 530-579)

Upper GI tract

Esophagus	Esophagitis (Candidal) - Boerhaave syndrome - UES (Zenker's diverticulum) - LES (Barrett's esophagus, Mallory-Weiss syndrome) - Esophageal motility disorder (Nutcracker esophagus, Achalasia, Diffuse esophageal spasm, GERD) - Esophageal stricture
Stomach	Peptic (gastric) ulcer - Gastritis (Atrophic, Ménétrier's disease) - Gastroenteritis - Dyspepsia - Pyloric stenosis - Achlorhydria - Gastroparesis - Gastroptosis - Portal hypertensive gastropathy - Gastric antral vascular ectasia - Gastric dumping syndrome

Intestinal

Duodenum/ileum	Peptic (duodenal) ulcer - Duodenitis - Ileitis
Enteritis & colitis/ enterocolitis	noninfective: IBD (Crohn's disease, Ulcerative colitis) - noninfective gastroenteritis infective: Pseudomembranous colitis
Vascular	Abdominal angina - Mesenteric ischemia - Ischemic colitis - Angiodysplasia
Malabsorption	Coeliac - Tropical sprue - Blind loop syndrome - Whipple's - Short bowel syndrome - Steatorrhea
Motility/ functional	Ileus/Bowel obstruction (Intussusception, Volvulus) - Constipation - Diarrhea Functional colonic disease (IBS, Intestinal pseudoobstruction/Ogilvie syndrome)
Rectum/anus	Proctalgia fugax - Anal fissure/Anal fistula - Anal abscess - Rectal prolapse - Proctitis (Radiation proctitis)
Other	Diverticulitis/Diverticulosis - Megacolon/Toxic megacolon - Appendicitis

Accessory

Liver/hepatitis	Alcoholic liver disease - Liver failure (Hepatic encephalopathy, Acute liver failure) - Cirrhosis - autoimmune (PBC, Autoimmune hepatitis) - Liver abscess - NASH - Fatty liver - Peliosis hepatis - Hepatic veno-occlusive disease - Portal hypertension - Hepatorenal syndrome
Gallbladder	Gallstones - common bile duct (Choledocholithiasis, Biliary dyskinesia) - Cholecystitis - Cholesterolosis - Rokitansky-Aschoff sinuses - Postcholecystectomy syndrome
Biliary tree	Cholangitis (PSC, Ascending) - Cholestasis/Mirizzi's syndrome - Biliary fistula
Pancreatic	Pancreatitis (Acute, Chronic, Hereditary) - Pancreatic pseudocyst - Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency - Pancreatic fistula

Hernia

Diaphragmatic: Congenital diaphragmatic - Hiatus

Abdominal hernia: Inguinal (Indirect, Direct) - Umbilical - Incisional - Femoral

Obturator hernia

Peritoneal

Peritonitis (Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis) - Hemoperitoneum - Pneumoperitoneum

GI bleeding

Upper (Hematemesis, Melena) - Lower (Hematochezia)

See also congenital, neoplasia

v • d • e Digestive system, physiology: gastrointestinal physiology
Enteric nervous system	Meissner's plexus - Auerbach's plexus
Exocrine	Chief cells (Pepsinogen) - Parietal cells (Gastric acid, Intrinsic factor) - Goblet cells (Mucus)
Endocrine/paracrine	G cells (gastrin), D cells (somatostatin) - ECL cells (Histamine) - enterogastrone: I cells (CCK), K cells (GIP), S cells (secretin)
Border	Brunner's glands - Paneth cells - Enterocytes
Fluids	Saliva - Bile - Intestinal juice - Gastric juice - Pancreatic juice
Processes	Swallowing - Vomiting - Peristalsis (Interstitial cell of Cajal) - Migrating motor complex - Borborygmus - Gastrocolic reflex - Segmentation contractions - Defecation