Encopresis
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Editor(s)-in-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S.,M.D. [1] Phone:617-632-7753; Angela Botts, M.D., Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center Geriatric Medicine [2]
Synonyms and keywords: Bowel training problem; soiling; incontinence - stool
Overview
Historical Perspective
Classification
Pathophysiology
Causes
Differentiating Encopresis from other Diseases
Epidemiology and Demographics
Risk Factors
Natural History, Complications and Prognosis
Diagnosis
Diagnostic Criteria | History and Symptoms | Physical Examination | Laboratory Findings | Abdominal X Ray | CT | MRI | Ultrasound | Other Imaging Findings | Other Diagnostic Studies
Treatment
Medical Therapy | Surgery | Primary Prevention | Secondary Prevention | Cost-Effectiveness of Therapy | Future or Investigational Therapies
Case Studies
Related Chapters
Symptoms and signs: circulatory (R00–R03, 785) | |||||||
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| Cardiovascular |
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| Myeloid/blood |
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Symptoms and signs: respiratory system (R04–R07, 786) | |
|---|---|
| Hemorrhage | * Epistaxis |
| Abnormalities of breathing | ; Respiratory sounds: |
| Other | * Asphyxia |
| Chest, general | * Chest pain |
Symptoms and signs: skin and subcutaneous tissue (R20-R23, 782) | |
|---|---|
| Disturbances of skin sensation | Hypoesthesia - Paresthesia - Hyperesthesia |
| Other | Rash - Cyanosis - Pallor - Flushing - Petechia - Desquamation - Induration - Diaphoresis |
Symptoms and signs: nervous and musculoskeletal systems (R25-R29, 781) | |
|---|---|
| Abnormal involuntary movements (see also movement disorders) | Tremor - Spasm - Fasciculation - Athetosis |
| Gait abnormality | Scissor gait - Antalgic gait - Cerebellar ataxia - Festinating gait - Pigeon gait - Propulsive gait - Steppage gait - Stomping gait - Spastic gait - Myopathic gait - Magnetic gait - Trendelenburg gait |
| Lack of coordination | Ataxia (Cerebellar ataxia, Sensory ataxia) - Dysmetria - Dysdiadochokinesia - Hypotonia |
| Other | Tetany - Meningism - Hyperreflexia - Opisthotonus - Abnormal posturing - Hemispatial neglect |
Symptoms and signs: urinary system (R30-R39, 788) | |
|---|---|
| General | Renal colic - Dysuria - Vesical tenesmus - Urinary incontinence - Urinary retention - Oliguria - Polyuria - Nocturia - Extravasation of urine - Extrarenal uremia |
Symptoms and signs: cognition, perception, emotional state and behaviour (R40-R46, 780-781) | |
|---|---|
| General | Anxiety - Somnolence - Coma - Amnesia (Anterograde amnesia, Retrograde amnesia) - Dizziness/Vertigo |
| Olfaction | Anosmia - Parosmia |
| Taste | Ageusia - Parageusia |
Symptoms and signs: Speech and voice (R47-R49, 784) | |
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| Aphasia/Dysphasia | Expressive aphasia - Receptive aphasia - Conduction aphasia |
| Other speech disturbances | Dysarthria - Schizophasia |
| Symbolic dysfunctions | Dyslexia - Alexia - Agnosia (Prosopagnosia) - Apraxia - Acalculia - Agraphia |
| Voice disturbances | Dysphonia - Aphonia |
Symptoms and signs: general (R50-R69, 780-789) | |
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| General | Fever (Hyperpyrexia) - Headache - Chronic pain - Malaise/Fatigue (Asthenia, Debility) - Fainting (Vasovagal syncope) - Febrile seizure - Shock (Cardiogenic shock) - Lymphadenopathy - Edema (Peripheral edema, Anasarca) - Hyperhidrosis (Sleep hyperhidrosis) - Delayed milestone - Failure to thrive - Short stature (Idiopathic) - food and fluid intake (Anorexia, Polydipsia, Polyphagia) - Cachexia - Xerostomia - Clubbing - Tenderness |
Symptoms and signs: Symptoms concerning nutrition, metabolism and development (R62–R64, 783) | |
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| Ingestion/Weight | |
| Growth | Delayed milestone • Failure to thrive • Short stature (e.g., Idiopathic) |
Symptoms and signs: digestive system and abdomen (R10–R19, 787,789) | |||||
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| GI tract |
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| Accessory | Hepatosplenomegaly/Hepatomegaly Jaundice | ||||
| Abdominopelvic | Ascites | ||||
| Abdominal – general | |||||
Geriatrics | |
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| Health in Geriatrics | Physical activity in the elderly • Nutrition and diet in the elderly • Hypertension in the elderly • Sexual function in the elderly • Cardiovascular disease prevention in the elderly • Respiratory disease and flu prevention in the elderly • Cancer screening in the elderly • Endocrine function and metabolism in the elderly • Longevity • Rejuvenation • Anti-aging • Nursing in the elderly • Physical therapy and rehabilitation • Myocardial infarction in the elderly • Bladder control problems • Encopresis • Bening prostatic hypertrophy • Pressure ulcers |
| Psychiatric conditions | Dementia • Delirium • Depression • Sleep disorders in the elderly • Memory loss • |
| Palliative care | Hearing impairment • Visual impairment • |
| Cardiovascular system | Hypertension • Syncope • Coronary artery disease • Myocardial infarction • Peripheral arterial disease • Carotid bruit • Heart murmurs • Chest pain • Syncope in the elderly |
| Respiratory system | Dyspnea • Orthopnoea • Stridor • Wheeze • Hyperventilation • Mouth breathing • Hiccup • Bradypnea • Hypoventilation • Asphyxia • Pleurisy • Respiratory arrest • Sputum • Rales • |
| Oncology related issues | Hyperplasia • Cyst • Pseudocyst • Hamartoma • Benign tumor • Colorectal cancer • Dysplasia • Carcinoma in situ • Cancer • Metastasis • Oral • Head/Neck • Nasopharyngeal • Staging/grading • Carcinogenesis • Carcinogen • Research • Paraneoplastic syndrome
Digestive system: (Esophagus • Stomach • Small intestine • Colon/rectum • Appendix • Anus) • glands (Liver • Bile duct • Gallbladder • Pancreas) Respiratory system: Larynx • Lung • Bone, articular cartilage, skin, and connective tissue: Bone • (Tailbone) • Skin • Blood Urogenital: Breast and female genital organs (Breast • Vagina • Cervix, Uterus • Endometrium • Ovaries) Male genital organs (Penis • Prostate • Testicles) • urinary organs (Kidney • Bladder) Nervous system: Eye • (Uvea) • Brain • (Choroid plexus) Endocrine system: Thyroid (Papillary • Follicular, Medullary • Anaplastic) • Adrenal tumor • (Adrenocortical carcinoma • Pheochromocytoma) • Pituitary |
| Neurological system | Alzheimer disease • Parkinson's disease • Stroke • |
| Rheumatologic and Musculosceletal system | Difficulty walking • Falls and Injuries • Arthritis • Sarcopenia • |
| Hepatic and Gastrointestinal system | Difficulty swallowing • Malnutrition • |
| Endocrine system and metabolism | Diabetes mellitus • Thyroid disease • Osteoporosis • |
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