High VLDL causes: Difference between revisions

	Very Low Density Lipoprotein Microchapters
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Revision as of 15:52, 25 September 2013

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]

Overview

Lipoproteins other than HD (termed non-HDL cholesterol), especially low density lipoprotein (LDL), can always attribute to the increased risk of atherosclerosis and coronary heart disease. High LDL may primarily be a consequence of inherited (genetic) diseases that affect the lipid metabolism, or due to secondary causes other than the primary inherited disorders of lipid metabolism.

Causes

Life Threatening Causes

Life-threatening causes include conditions which may result in death or permanent disability within 24 hours if left untreated.

Gram negative sepsis

Common Causes

Causes by Organ System

Cardiovascular	No underlying causes
Chemical/Poisoning	Diterpenoids
Dental	No underlying causes
Dermatologic	No underlying causes
Drug Side Effect	Atazanavir, azathioprine, bexarotene, calcineurin inhibitors, chlortalidone, corticosteroids, cyclosporine, desvenlafaxine, fish oil supplements, immunosuppressive agents, levonorgestrel, lopinavir, mycophenolate, nicotine, norgestrel, prednisone, progestin, rapamycin, rosiglitazone, sirolimus, thiazide, tocilizumab
Ear Nose Throat	No underlying causes
Endocrine	Androgens, dehydroepiandrosterone, growth hormone deficiency, hypercortisolism, hypothyroidism, polycystic ovarian syndrome, progestagens, subclinical hypothyroidism, testosterone
Environmental	No underlying causes
Gastroenterologic	No underlying causes
Genetic	Acid sphingomyelinase deficiency, autosomal recessive hypercholesterolemia, familial combined hyperlipidemia, familial defective apolipoprotein B-100, familial hypercholesterolemia, familial hypertriglyceridaemia, familial mixed hyperlipidaemia, IL 28B polymorphisms, Niemann-Pick disease, polygenic hypercholesterolemia
Hematologic	No underlying causes
Iatrogenic	No underlying causes
Infectious Disease	Gram negative bacteremia, H. pylori, small bowel bacterial overgrowth syndrome,
Musculoskeletal/Orthopedic	No underlying causes
Neurologic	No underlying causes
Nutritional/Metabolic	Chenodeoxycholic acid, high carbohydrate diet, high saturated fat diet, omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, polygenic hypercholesterolemia, primary hyperlipoproteinemia, primary hypolipoproteinemia, selenium deficiency
Obstetric/Gynecologic	Polycystic ovarian syndrome
Oncologic	No underlying causes
Ophthalmologic	No underlying causes
Overdose/Toxicity	No underlying causes
Psychiatric	No underlying causes
Pulmonary	No underlying causes
Renal/Electrolyte	Chronic kidney disease, nephrotic syndrome
Rheumatology/Immunology/Allergy	Dysproteinemia, lipopolysaccharides, monoclonal gammopathy, paraproteinemia
Sexual	No underlying causes
Trauma	No underlying causes
Urologic	No underlying causes
Miscellaneous	No underlying causes

Causes in Alphabetical Order

References

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 Durrington, P. (2003). "Dyslipidaemia". Lancet. 362 (9385): 717–31. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(03)14234-1. PMID 12957096. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 Covington, MB. (2004). "Omega-3 fatty acids". Am Fam Physician. 70 (1): 133–40. PMID 15259529. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
↑ Pejic, RN.; Lee, DT. "Hypertriglyceridemia". J Am Board Fam Med. 19 (3): 310–6. PMID 16672684.
↑ Kronenberg, F. (2005). "Dyslipidemia and nephrotic syndrome: recent advances". J Ren Nutr. 15 (2): 195–203. PMID 15827892. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

Template:WikiDoc Sources

[Durrington-2003-1] 1.0 ^1.1 Durrington, P. (2003). "Dyslipidaemia". Lancet. 362 (9385): 717–31. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(03)14234-1. PMID 12957096. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

[Covington-2004-2] 2.0 ^2.1 Covington, MB. (2004). "Omega-3 fatty acids". Am Fam Physician. 70 (1): 133–40. PMID 15259529. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

[Pejic--3] Pejic, RN.; Lee, DT. "Hypertriglyceridemia". J Am Board Fam Med. 19 (3): 310–6. PMID 16672684.

[Kronenberg-2005-4] Kronenberg, F. (2005). "Dyslipidemia and nephrotic syndrome: recent advances". J Ren Nutr. 15 (2): 195–203. PMID 15827892. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

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[2]

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[4]

v t e Lipopedia
Basic Science	Cholesterol • Triglyceride Lipoprotein metabolism and transport Lipoprotein: Chylomicron • Chylomicron remnant • HDL • IDL • LDL • Lipoprotein(a) • VLDL • Lipoprotein-X Apolipoprotein: APOA (1, 2, 4, 5) • APOB ( Apolipoprotein B-48, Apolipoprotein B-100) • APOC (1, 2, 3, 4) • APOD • APOE • APOH • APOJ • APOL • APOM • Apo(a) Lipoprotein receptor: LDL receptor • Soluble low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein (sLRP) • Apolipoprotein E Receptor 2 • Scavenger receptor • Scavenger receptor A • Scavenger receptor B • VLDL receptor Lipoprotein enzymes: Lipoprotein lipase • Lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 (Lp-PLA2) • Cholesterylester transfer protein ( Acetyl-CoA C-acyltransferase, Lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase) • Microsomal triglyceride transfer protein • ABCA1 Genes: Low density lipoprotein receptor gene family • Microsomal triglyceride transfer protein • ABCA1
Lipoprotein Disorders	Lipoprotein disorders Primary lipoprotein disorders: Familial hyperchylomicronemia (Type I) • Familial hypercholesterolemia (Type IIA) • Familial combined hyperlipidemia (Type IIB) • Dysbetalipoproteinemia (Type III) • Primary hypertriglyceridemia (Type IV) • Mixed hyperlipoproteinemia (Type V) Secondary lipoprotein disorders
Abnormal Laboratory Lipid Profile	Low chylomicron • Low chylomicron remnant • Low HDL • Low IDL • Low LDL • Low lipoprotein(a) • Low VLDL High chylomicron • High chylomicron remnant • High HDL • High IDL • High LDL • High Lipoprotein(a) • High VLDL

@@ Line 4: / Line 4: @@
 ==Overview==
+[[Lipoproteins]] other than [[HD]] (termed non-HDL cholesterol), especially low density lipoprotein (LDL), can always attribute to the increased risk of [[atherosclerosis]] and [[coronary heart disease]].  High LDL may primarily be a consequence of [[inherited]] ([[genetic]]) diseases that affect the [[lipid metabolism]], or due to secondary causes other than the primary inherited disorders of lipid metabolism.
-==High VLDL Causes==
+==Causes==
 ===Life Threatening Causes===
+Life-threatening causes include conditions which may result in death or permanent disability within 24 hours if left untreated.
+*[[Gram negative bacteremia|Gram negative sepsis]]
 ===Common Causes===
+*[[Androgens]]
+*[[Chronic liver disease]]
+*[[Familial hypercholesterolemia]]<ref name="Durrington-2003">{{Cite journal  | last1 = Durrington | first1 = P. | title = Dyslipidaemia. | journal = Lancet | volume = 362 | issue = 9385 | pages = 717-31 | month = Aug | year = 2003 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(03)14234-1 | PMID = 12957096 }}</ref>
+*[[Saturated fat|High saturated fat diet]]<ref name="Covington-2004">{{Cite journal  | last1 = Covington | first1 = MB. | title = Omega-3 fatty acids. | journal = Am Fam Physician | volume = 70 | issue = 1 | pages = 133-40 | month = Jul | year = 2004 | doi =  | PMID = 15259529 }}</ref>
+*[[Progestagens]]
 ===Causes by Organ System===
+{|style="width:80%; height:100px" border="1"
+|style="height:100px"; style="width:25%" border="1" bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | '''Cardiovascular'''
+|style="height:100px"; style="width:75%" border="1" bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
+|-
+|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+| '''Chemical/Poisoning'''
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Terpenoid|Diterpenoids]]
+|-
+|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+| '''Dental'''
+|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
+|-
+|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+| '''Dermatologic'''
+|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
+|-
+|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+| '''Drug Side Effect'''
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Atazanavir]],  [[azathioprine]],  [[bexarotene]],  [[Immunosuppressive drug#Drugs acting on immunophilins|calcineurin inhibitors]],  [[chlortalidone]],  [[corticosteroids]],  [[cyclosporine]],  [[desvenlafaxine]],  [[Fish oil|fish oil supplements]],  [[immunosuppressive agents]],  [[levonorgestrel]],  [[lopinavir]],  [[mycophenolate]],  [[nicotine]],  [[norgestrel]],  [[prednisone]],  [[progestin]],  [[rapamycin]],  [[rosiglitazone]],  [[sirolimus]],  [[thiazide]],  [[tocilizumab]]
+|-
+|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+| '''Ear Nose Throat'''
+|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
+|-
+|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+| '''Endocrine'''
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Androgens]],  [[dehydroepiandrosterone]],  [[growth hormone deficiency]],  [[hypercortisolism]],  [[hypothyroidism]],  [[polycystic ovarian syndrome]],  [[progestagens]],  [[Hypothyroidism|subclinical hypothyroidism]],  [[testosterone]]
+|-
+|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+| '''Environmental'''
+|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
+|-
+|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+| '''Gastroenterologic'''
+|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
+|-
+|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+| '''Genetic'''
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Niemann-Pick disease|Acid sphingomyelinase deficiency]], [[Familial hypercholesterolemia|autosomal recessive hypercholesterolemia]], [[familial combined hyperlipidemia]], [[Apolipoprotein B deficiency|familial defective apolipoprotein B-100]], [[familial hypercholesterolemia]], [[familial hypertriglyceridaemia]], [[familial mixed hyperlipidaemia]], [[Interleukin 28#Clinical Significance|IL 28B polymorphisms]], [[Niemann-Pick disease]], [[hypercholesterolemia|polygenic hypercholesterolemia]]
+|-
+|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+| '''Hematologic'''
+|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
+|-
+|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+| '''Iatrogenic'''
+|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
+|-
+|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+| '''Infectious Disease'''
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Gram negative bacteremia]],  [[H. pylori]],  [[small bowel bacterial overgrowth syndrome]],
+|-
+|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+| '''Musculoskeletal/Orthopedic'''
+|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
+|-
+|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+| '''Neurologic'''
+|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
+|-
+|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+| '''Nutritional/Metabolic'''
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Chenodeoxycholic acid]],  [[Carbohydrate#Nutrition|high carbohydrate diet]],  [[Saturated fat|high saturated fat diet]],  [[Omega-3 fatty acid|omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids]],  [[Hypercholesterolemia|polygenic hypercholesterolemia]],  [[primary hyperlipoproteinemia]],  [[Hypolipoproteinemia pathophysiology#Primary Lipoprotein Disorders|primary hypolipoproteinemia]],  [[selenium deficiency]]
+|-
+|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+| '''Obstetric/Gynecologic'''
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Polycystic ovarian syndrome]]
+|-
+|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+| '''Oncologic'''
+|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
+|-
+|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+| '''Ophthalmologic'''
+|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
+|-
+|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+| '''Overdose/Toxicity'''
+|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
+|-
+|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+| '''Psychiatric'''
+|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
+|-
+|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+| '''Pulmonary'''
+|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
+|-
+|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+| '''Renal/Electrolyte'''
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Chronic kidney disease]],  [[nephrotic syndrome]]
+|-
+|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+| '''Rheumatology/Immunology/Allergy'''
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Dysproteinemia]],  [[lipopolysaccharides]],  [[monoclonal gammopathy]],  [[paraproteinemia]]
+|-
+|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+| '''Sexual'''
+|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
+|-
+|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+| '''Trauma'''
+|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
+|-
+|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+| '''Urologic'''
+|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
+|-
+|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+| '''Miscellaneous'''
+|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
+|-
+|}
-===Causes by Alphabetical Order===
+===Causes in Alphabetical Order===
+{{col-begin|width=80%}}
+{{col-break|width=33%}}
+*[[Niemann-Pick disease|Acid sphingomyelinase deficiency]]
+*[[Androgens]]
+*[[Atazanavir]]
+*[[Familial hypercholesterolemia|Autosomal recessive hypercholesterolemia]]
+*[[Azathioprine]]
+*[[Bexarotene]]
+*[[Immunosuppressive drug#Drugs acting on immunophilins|Calcineurin inhibitors]]
+*[[Chenodeoxycholic acid]]
+*[[Chlortalidone]]
+*[[Cholestatic jaundice]]
+*[[Chronic kidney disease]]
+*[[Chronic liver disease]]
+*[[Corticosteroids]]
+*[[Cyclosporine]]
+*[[Dehydroepiandrosterone]]
+*[[Desvenlafaxine]]
+*[[Terpenoid|Diterpenoids]]
+*[[Dysproteinemia]]
+*[[Familial combined hyperlipidemia]]
+*[[Apolipoprotein B deficiency|Familial defective apolipoprotein B-100]]
+*[[Familial hypercholesterolemia]]<ref name="Durrington-2003">{{Cite journal  | last1 = Durrington | first1 = P. | title = Dyslipidaemia. | journal = Lancet | volume = 362 | issue = 9385 | pages = 717-31 | month = Aug | year = 2003 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(03)14234-1 | PMID = 12957096 }}</ref>
+{{col-break|width=33%}}
+*[[Fish oil|Fish oil supplements]]<ref name="Pejic-">{{Cite journal  | last1 = Pejic | first1 = RN. | last2 = Lee | first2 = DT. | title = Hypertriglyceridemia. | journal = J Am Board Fam Med | volume = 19 | issue = 3 | pages = 310-6 | month =  | year =  | doi =  | PMID = 16672684 }}</ref>
+*[[Gram negative bacteremia]]
+*[[Growth hormone deficiency]]
+*[[H. pylori]]
+*[[Carbohydrate#Nutrition|High carbohydrate diet]]
+*[[Saturated fat|High saturated fat diet]]<ref name="Covington-2004">{{Cite journal  | last1 = Covington | first1 = MB. | title = Omega-3 fatty acids. | journal = Am Fam Physician | volume = 70 | issue = 1 | pages = 133-40 | month = Jul | year = 2004 | doi =  | PMID = 15259529 }}</ref>
+*[[Hypercortisolism]]
+*[[Hypothyroidism]]
+*[[Interleukin 28#Clinical Significance|IL 28B polymorphisms]]
+*[[Immunosuppressive agents]]
+*[[LDL receptor deficiency]]
+*[[Levonorgestrel]]
+*[[Lipopolysaccharides]]
+*[[Lopinavir]]
+*[[Monoclonal gammopathy]]
+*[[Mycophenolate]]
+*[[Nephrotic syndrome]]<ref name="Kronenberg-2005">{{Cite journal  | last1 = Kronenberg | first1 = F. | title = Dyslipidemia and nephrotic syndrome: recent advances. | journal = J Ren Nutr | volume = 15 | issue = 2 | pages = 195-203 | month = Apr | year = 2005 | doi =  | PMID = 15827892 }}</ref>
+*[[Nicotine]]
+*[[Niemann-Pick disease]]
+*[[Norgestrel]]
+*[[Xanthomatous biliary cirrhosis|Obstructive liver disease]]
+{{col-break|width=33%}}
+*[[Omega-3 fatty acid|Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids]]
+*[[Pancreatitis]]
+*[[Paraproteinemia]]
+*[[Polycystic ovarian syndrome]]
+*[[Hypercholesterolemia|Polygenic hypercholesterolemia]]
+*[[Prednisone]]
+*[[Primary biliary cirrhosis]]
+*[[Primary hyperlipoproteinemia]]
+*[[Hypolipoproteinemia pathophysiology#Primary Lipoprotein Disorders|Primary hypolipoproteinemia]]
+*[[Progestagens]]
+*[[Progestin]]
+*[[Rapamycin]]
+*[[Rosiglitazone]]
+*[[Selenium deficiency]]
+*[[Sirolimus]]
+*[[Small bowel bacterial overgrowth syndrome]]
+*[[Hypothyroidism|Subclinical hypothyroidism]]
+*[[Testosterone]]
+*[[Thiazide]]
+*[[Tocilizumab]]
+{{col-end}}
 ==References==
@@ Line 21: / Line 208: @@
 [[Category:Lipopedia]]
+[[Category:Cardiology]]
 [[Category:Lipid disorders]]
-[[Category:Cardiology]]
+[[Category:Health risks|Low density lipoprotein]]
 [[Category:Lipoproteins]]
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