Low density lipoprotein risk factors
|
Low Density Lipoprotein Microchapters |
|
Diagnosis |
|---|
|
Treatment |
|
Case Studies |
|
Low density lipoprotein risk factors On the Web |
|
American Roentgen Ray Society Images of Low density lipoprotein risk factors |
|
Risk calculators and risk factors for Low density lipoprotein risk factors |
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Vendhan Ramanujam M.B.B.S [2]
Overview
The risk factors which can influence the development of high LDL, but do not cause its development directly can be factors like genetic predisposition, aging and unhealthy life style choices.
Common Risk Factors
The common risk factors that contribute to the high LDL levels are
- Genetic predisposition plays a major role in determining a persons blood cholesterol level. Genetic factors and family history are the primary contributing factors to high LDL levels and it mostly has a polygenic mechanism that might add to the variable penetrance of the disorder.[1]
- Aging might increase the risk of dyslipidemia. Men aged 45 years or older and women aged 55 years or older are at increased risk of having high LDL levels.
- Before the age of menopause, women have lower LDL levels than men of the same age. But after the age of menopause, women's LDL levels tend to rise and thus women of post menopausal age group carry the risk of developing high LDL disorder.
- Life style choices have also been demonstrated as significant risk factors for developing high LDL during the adulthood.[2] High trans fat and saturated fat diet, physical inactivity, smoking (especially in diabetics), excessive alcohol intake are the contributing unhealthy life style choices.
- Being overweight or obese can be a risk factor in elevating the LDL cholesterol levels.
- Type 2 diabetes either by itself or along with obesity, poses a significant risk for high LDL levels and heart disease.
- Malnutrition and their increased oxidative stress can be risk factors for high LDL levels and atherosclerosis.[3]
- Pregnancy can significantly increase LDL along with TG, total cholesterol and HDL.[4]
- Puberty can predispose to both increase in high LDL level and HDL particle size.[5][6]
References
- ↑ Talmud, PJ.; Shah, S.; Whittall, R.; Futema, M.; Howard, P.; Cooper, JA.; Harrison, SC.; Li, K.; Drenos, F. (2013). "Use of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol gene score to distinguish patients with polygenic and monogenic familial hypercholesterolaemia: a case-control study". Lancet. 381 (9874): 1293–301. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)62127-8. PMID 23433573. Unknown parameter
|month=ignored (help) - ↑ Magnussen, CG.; Thomson, R.; Cleland, VJ.; Ukoumunne, OC.; Dwyer, T.; Venn, A. (2011). "Factors affecting the stability of blood lipid and lipoprotein levels from youth to adulthood: evidence from the Childhood Determinants of Adult Health Study". Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 165 (1): 68–76. doi:10.1001/archpediatrics.2010.246. PMID 21199983. Unknown parameter
|month=ignored (help) - ↑ Rao, P.; Reddy, GC.; Kanagasabapathy, AS. (2008). "Malnutrition-inflammation-atherosclerosis syndrome in Chronic Kidney disease". Indian J Clin Biochem. 23 (3): 209–17. doi:10.1007/s12291-008-0048-9. PMID 23105756. Unknown parameter
|month=ignored (help) - ↑ Emet, T.; Ustüner, I.; Güven, SG.; Balık, G.; Ural, UM.; Tekin, YB.; Sentürk, S.; Sahin, FK.; Avşar, AF. (2013). "Plasma lipids and lipoproteins during pregnancy and related pregnancy outcomes". Arch Gynecol Obstet. 288 (1): 49–55. doi:10.1007/s00404-013-2750-y. PMID 23400357. Unknown parameter
|month=ignored (help) - ↑ Kaitosaari, T.; Simell, O.; Viikari, J.; Raitakari, O.; Siltala, M.; Hakanen, M.; Leino, A.; Jokinen, E.; Rönnemaa, T. (2009). "Tracking and determinants of LDL particle size in healthy children from 7 to 11 years of age: the STRIP Study". Eur J Pediatr. 168 (5): 531–9. doi:10.1007/s00431-008-0780-4. PMID 18604555. Unknown parameter
|month=ignored (help) - ↑ Chen, TJ.; Ji, CY.; Hu, YH. (2009). "Genetic and environmental influences on serum lipids and the effects of puberty: a Chinese twin study". Acta Paediatr. 98 (6): 1029–36. doi:10.1111/j.1651-2227.2009.01257.x. PMID 19292833. Unknown parameter
|month=ignored (help)