Neurofibroma differential diagnosis: Difference between revisions
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==Differential Diagnosis== | ==Differential Diagnosis== | ||
[[Neurofibroma]] must be [[Differentiate|differentiated]] from: | [[Neurofibroma]] must be [[Differentiate|differentiated]] from: | ||
* [[Schwannoma]] | * [[Schwannoma]] | ||
* [[Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans]] (DFSP) | * [[Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans]] (DFSP) | ||
Line 457: | Line 458: | ||
** [[Myxomatous]] Perineuroma | ** [[Myxomatous]] Perineuroma | ||
|- | |- | ||
| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |'''Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor (MPNST)/malignant schwannoma'''<ref name="Valeyrie-AllanoreIsmaili2005">{{cite journal|last1=Valeyrie-Allanore|first1=L.|last2=Ismaili|first2=N.|last3=Bastuji-Garin|first3=S.|last4=Zeller|first4=J.|last5=Wechsler|first5=J.|last6=Revuz|first6=J.|last7=Wolkenstein|first7=P.|title=Symptoms associated with malignancy of peripheral nerve sheath tumours: a retrospective study of 69 patients with neurofibromatosis 1|journal=British Journal of Dermatology|volume=153|issue=1|year=2005|pages=79–82|issn=0007-0963|doi=10.1111/j.1365-2133.2005.06558.x}}</ref><ref name="pmid12011145">{{cite journal| author=Evans DG, Baser ME, McGaughran J, Sharif S, Howard E, Moran A| title=Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumours in neurofibromatosis 1. | journal=J Med Genet | year= 2002 | volume= 39 | issue= 5 | pages= 311-4 | pmid=12011145 | doi= | pmc=1735122 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12011145 }} </ref><ref name="pmid24174807">{{cite journal| author=Panigrahi S, Mishra SS, Das S, Dhir MK| title=Primary malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor at unusual location. | journal=J Neurosci Rural Pract | year= 2013 | volume= 4 | issue= Suppl 1 | pages= S83-6 | pmid=24174807 | doi=10.4103/0976-3147.116480 | pmc=3808069 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24174807 }} </ref><ref name="pmid17705563">{{cite journal| author=Ferrari A, Bisogno G, Carli M| title=Management of childhood malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor. | journal=Paediatr Drugs | year= 2007 | volume= 9 | issue= 4 | pages= 239-48 | pmid=17705563 | doi=10.2165/00148581-200709040-00005 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17705563 }} </ref><ref name="pmid12632346">{{cite journal| author=Neville H, Corpron C, Blakely ML, Andrassy R| title=Pediatric neurofibrosarcoma. | journal=J Pediatr Surg | year= 2003 | volume= 38 | issue= 3 | pages= 343-6; discussion 343-6 | pmid=12632346 | doi=10.1053/jpsu.2003.50105 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12632346 }} </ref><ref name="ZehouFabre2013">{{cite journal|last1=Zehou|first1=Ouidad|last2=Fabre|first2=Elizabeth|last3=Zelek|first3=Laurent|last4=Sbidian|first4=Emilie|last5=Ortonne|first5=Nicolas|last6=Banu|first6=Eugeniu|last7=Wolkenstein|first7=Pierre|last8=Valeyrie-Allanore|first8=Laurence|title=Chemotherapy for the treatment of malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors in neurofibromatosis 1: a 10-year institutional review|journal=Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases|volume=8|issue=1|year=2013|pages=127|issn=1750-1172|doi=10.1186/1750-1172-8-127}}</ref> | | style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |'''[[Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor]] ([[MPNST]])/[[malignant]] [[schwannoma]]'''<ref name="Valeyrie-AllanoreIsmaili2005">{{cite journal|last1=Valeyrie-Allanore|first1=L.|last2=Ismaili|first2=N.|last3=Bastuji-Garin|first3=S.|last4=Zeller|first4=J.|last5=Wechsler|first5=J.|last6=Revuz|first6=J.|last7=Wolkenstein|first7=P.|title=Symptoms associated with malignancy of peripheral nerve sheath tumours: a retrospective study of 69 patients with neurofibromatosis 1|journal=British Journal of Dermatology|volume=153|issue=1|year=2005|pages=79–82|issn=0007-0963|doi=10.1111/j.1365-2133.2005.06558.x}}</ref><ref name="pmid12011145">{{cite journal| author=Evans DG, Baser ME, McGaughran J, Sharif S, Howard E, Moran A| title=Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumours in neurofibromatosis 1. | journal=J Med Genet | year= 2002 | volume= 39 | issue= 5 | pages= 311-4 | pmid=12011145 | doi= | pmc=1735122 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12011145 }} </ref><ref name="pmid24174807">{{cite journal| author=Panigrahi S, Mishra SS, Das S, Dhir MK| title=Primary malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor at unusual location. | journal=J Neurosci Rural Pract | year= 2013 | volume= 4 | issue= Suppl 1 | pages= S83-6 | pmid=24174807 | doi=10.4103/0976-3147.116480 | pmc=3808069 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24174807 }} </ref><ref name="pmid17705563">{{cite journal| author=Ferrari A, Bisogno G, Carli M| title=Management of childhood malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor. | journal=Paediatr Drugs | year= 2007 | volume= 9 | issue= 4 | pages= 239-48 | pmid=17705563 | doi=10.2165/00148581-200709040-00005 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17705563 }} </ref><ref name="pmid12632346">{{cite journal| author=Neville H, Corpron C, Blakely ML, Andrassy R| title=Pediatric neurofibrosarcoma. | journal=J Pediatr Surg | year= 2003 | volume= 38 | issue= 3 | pages= 343-6; discussion 343-6 | pmid=12632346 | doi=10.1053/jpsu.2003.50105 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12632346 }} </ref><ref name="ZehouFabre2013">{{cite journal|last1=Zehou|first1=Ouidad|last2=Fabre|first2=Elizabeth|last3=Zelek|first3=Laurent|last4=Sbidian|first4=Emilie|last5=Ortonne|first5=Nicolas|last6=Banu|first6=Eugeniu|last7=Wolkenstein|first7=Pierre|last8=Valeyrie-Allanore|first8=Laurence|title=Chemotherapy for the treatment of malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors in neurofibromatosis 1: a 10-year institutional review|journal=Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases|volume=8|issue=1|year=2013|pages=127|issn=1750-1172|doi=10.1186/1750-1172-8-127}}</ref> | ||
| | | | ||
* 50% arise denovo | * 50% arise denovo | ||
* 50% associated with neurofibromatosis (loss of heterozygosity of p53 on 17p chromosome) | * 50% associated with [[neurofibromatosis]] ([[loss of heterozygosity]] of [[p53]] on 17p [[chromosome]]) | ||
| | | | ||
* Generalized atypia | * Generalized [[atypia]] | ||
* Increased mitotic activity | * Increased [[mitotic]] [[Activity (chemistry)|activity]] | ||
* Diffuse hypercellularity | * [[Diffuse]] hypercellularity | ||
* Infiltrative growth | * [[Infiltration (medical)|Infiltrative]] [[growth]] | ||
* Pleomorphic nuclei | * [[Pleomorphic]] [[nuclei]] | ||
* Areas of geographic necrosis may show divergent differentiation, with tumor palisading at edges, resembling glioblastoma multiforme | * [[Area|Areas]] of geographic [[necrosis]] may show [[Divergent synthesis|divergent]] [[differentiation]], with [[tumor]] palisading at edges, resembling [[glioblastoma multiforme]] | ||
* Monomorphic serpentine cells, large gaping vascular spaces, perivascular plump tumor cells | * Monomorphic [[Serpentine receptor|serpentine]] [[Cells (biology)|cells]], large [[Gap phenomenon|gaping]] [[vascular]] spaces, [[Perivascular cell|perivascular]] plump [[Tumor cell|tumor cells]] | ||
* May have bizarre cells | * May have bizarre [[Cells (biology)|cells]] | ||
* 15% have metaplastic cartilage, bone, muscle | * 15% have [[Metaplasticity|metaplastic]] [[cartilage]], [[bone]], and [[muscle]] | ||
* May have glandular differentiation, if so, presume malignant | * May have [[glandular]] [[differentiation]], if so, presume [[malignant]] | ||
* May have melanin in tumor cells, particularly if arise from spinal nerve roots (overlaps with primary melanoma of nerves) | * May have [[melanin]] in [[Tumor cell|tumor cells]], particularly if arise from [[Roots of spinal nerves|spinal nerve roots]] (overlaps with primary [[melanoma]] of [[Nerves|nerves)]] | ||
* Some have no discernable Schwannian features at any level | * Some have no discernable [[Schwann cell|Schwannian]] features at any level | ||
Electron | [[Electron microscopy]] shows: | ||
* Cell membrane infoldings with lamellar configuration, discontinuous basal lamina, conspicuous intercellular junctions, and occasional dense-core granules | * [[Cell membrane]] infoldings with [[Lamellar bodies|lamellar]] [[Configuration interaction|configuration]], discontinuous [[basal lamina]], conspicuous intercellular junctions, and occasional [[dense]]-[[Core (anatomy)|core]] [[granules]] | ||
|Positive for: | |Positive for: | ||
* CD99/O13 (86%) | * [[CD99]]/O13 (86%) | ||
* [[ | * [[S100A1|S-100]] (patchy in 62% cases) | ||
* CD57 (55%) | * [[CD57]] (55%) | ||
* Collagen IV | * [[Collagen, type IV, alpha 1|Collagen IV]] | ||
* p53 | * [[p53]] | ||
* Leu7/CD57 (in neurofibroma-like areas) | * Leu7/[[CD57]] (in [[neurofibroma]]-like [[Area|areas]]) | ||
* Protein gene product 9.5 (more sensitive than S100 but not specific) | * [[Protein]] [[gene product]] 9.5 (more sensitive than [[S100A1|S100]] but not specific) | ||
In case of glandular differentiation (malignant), positive for: | In case of [[glandular]] [[differentiation]] ([[malignant]]), positive for: | ||
* Keratin | * [[Keratin]] | ||
* EMA | * EMA | ||
* CEA | * [[CEA]] | ||
* Chromogranin | * [[Chromogranin]] | ||
Negative for: | Negative for: | ||
* CD19 | * [[CD19]] | ||
|Associated with: | |Associated with: | ||
* NF1 | * [[NF1]] | ||
May be associated with: | May be associated with: | ||
* Radiations | * [[Radiation|Radiations]] | ||
* Ganglioneuroma (rarely) | * [[Ganglioneuroma]] ([[Rare|rarely]]) | ||
|Bulky deep-seated tumor usually arising from major nerves in: | |Bulky deep-seated [[tumor]] usually arising from major [[nerves]] in: | ||
* Neck | * [[Neck]] | ||
* Forearm | * [[Forearm]] | ||
* Lower leg | * [[Lower leg]] | ||
* Buttock | * [[Buttock]] | ||
| | | | ||
* Painless swelling in extremities (arms or legs, aka peripheral edema) | * Painless [[swelling]] in [[extremities]] (arms or [[legs]], aka [[peripheral edema]]) | ||
* Difficulty moving the extremity with tumor (limping) | * Difficulty [[moving]] the extremity with [[tumor]] ([[Limp|limping]]) | ||
* Localized soreness in tumor area | * Localized [[Sore|soreness]] in [[tumor]] [[area]] | ||
* Neurological symptoms | * [[Neurological]] [[symptoms]] | ||
* Pain or discomfort: numbness, burning, or tingling (pins and needles) | * [[Pain]] or [[discomfort]]: [[numbness]], burning, or [[Tingling|tingling (pins and needles)]] | ||
* Dizziness | * [[Dizziness]] | ||
* Loss of balance | * [[Loss of balance]] | ||
| | | | ||
* Most common frequent soft tissue sarcoma in the pediatrics population | * Most common frequent [[soft tissue sarcoma]] in the [[pediatrics]] [[population]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |'''Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans (DFSP)''' | | style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |'''[[Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans]] ([[DFSP]])''' | ||
| | | | ||
* t(17,22)(q21;q13) (collagen type 1 alpha 1(COL1A1) gene and platelet derived growth factor (PDGF) beta chain gene), resulting fusion protein is processed into mature platelet-derived growth factor which is a potent growth factor | * t(17,22)(q21;q13) ([[Collagen, type I, alpha 1|collagen type 1 alpha 1(COL1A1)]] [[gene]] and [[Platelet-derived growth factor|platelet derived growth factor (PDGF)]] [[Beta-1|beta]] [[Chain (sequence)|chain]] [[gene]]), resulting [[fusion protein]] is [[Process (anatomy)|processed]] into mature [[platelet-derived growth factor]] which is a [[Potential|potent]] [[growth factor]] | ||
* Supernumerary ring chromosomes derived from t(17;22) | * Supernumerary ring [[chromosomes]] derived from t(17;22) | ||
| | | | ||
* Usually forms a mass | * Usually forms a [[mass]] | ||
* Non circumscribed, highly cellular, tight storiform pattern (cells radiating in spokes at right angles around a central point that often contains a vessel) deeply infiltrating into subcutaneous tissue and entraping fat cells leading to characteristic honeycomb pattern | * Non circumscribed, highly [[cellular]], tight storiform [[pattern]] ([[Cells (biology)|cells]] [[Radiating fibers|radiating]] in spokes at right angles around a central point that often contains a [[vessel]]) deeply [[Infiltration (medical)|infiltrating]] into [[subcutaneous tissue]] and entraping [[fat cells]] leading to characteristic honeycomb [[pattern]] | ||
* Areas of fascicular growth (some tumors) | * [[Area|Areas]] of [[Fascicle|fascicular]] [[growth]] (some [[tumors]]) | ||
* Distinct storiform pattern may be absent in early plaque stage | * [[Distinctive feature|Distinct]] storiform [[pattern]] may be absent in early [[plaque]] stage | ||
* Monomorphic, thin and spindly cells with scant eosinophilic cytoplasm and hyperchromatic nuclei (resembling neurofibroma) | * Monomorphic, thin and [[Spindle cells|spindly cells]] with scant [[eosinophilic]] [[cytoplasm]] and hyperchromatic [[nuclei]] (resembling [[neurofibroma]]) | ||
* Numerous mitotic figures (not atypical ones) | * Numerous [[mitotic]] figures (not atypical ones) | ||
* Non-polarizable and thin collagen | * Non-polarizable and thin [[collagen]] | ||
* Only mild pleomorphism and focal atypia | * Only mild [[pleomorphism]] and focal [[atypia]] | ||
* May coexist with giant cell fibroblastoma | * May coexist with [[giant cell]] fibroblastoma | ||
* Usually no significant pleomorphism, no / rare histiocytes, no histiocyte-like cells, no foam cells, no giant cells or other inflammatory cells | * Usually no [[Significant figure|significant]] [[pleomorphism]], no / [[rare]] [[histiocytes]], no [[histiocyte]]-like [[Cells (biology)|cells]], no [[foam cells]], no [[giant cells]] or other [[inflammatory cells]] | ||
* '''Variants:''' Atrophic (depressed lesion), collagenous (with central thick collagen bundles), granular cell, myxoid, palisading, pigmented, and sclerosing | * '''Variants:''' [[Atrophic]] (depressed [[lesion]]), [[collagenous]] (with [[central]] thick [[collagen]] bundles), [[granular cell]], myxoid, palisading, [[Pigmented Lesions|pigmented]], and sclerosing | ||
|Positive for: | |Positive for: | ||
* [[CD34]] (strong in 95%) | * [[CD34]] ([[strong]] in 95%) | ||
* Vimentin | * [[Vimentin]] | ||
* Actin (focal) | * [[Actin]] (focal) | ||
* ApoD | * ApoD | ||
* Bcl2 | * [[Bcl-2|Bcl2]] | ||
* NKI-C3 | * NKI-C3 | ||
* CD99 | * [[CD99]] | ||
Negative for: | Negative for: | ||
* [[S-100]] | * [[S-100]] | ||
* Factor XIIIa (usually) | * Factor XIIIa (usually) | ||
* Keratin | * [[Keratin]] | ||
* EMA | * EMA | ||
* S100 | * [[S100A1|S100]] | ||
* HMB45 | * HMB45 | ||
* Desmin | * [[Desmin]] | ||
* CD117 | * [[CD117]] | ||
|_ | |_ | ||
| | | | ||
* Head | * [[Head]] | ||
* Deep soft tissue of (posterior) neck | * Deep [[soft tissue]] of ([[posterior]]) [[neck]] | ||
* Trunk | * [[Trunk]] | ||
* Arms | * [[Arm|Arms]] | ||
* Legs | * [[Legs]] | ||
* Doesn't involve hands and feet | * Doesn't involve [[hands]] and [[feet]] | ||
| | | | ||
* Begins as a minor firm area of skin | * Begins as a minor firm [[area]] of [[skin]] | ||
* 1 to 5 cm in diameter | * 1 to 5 cm in [[diameter]] | ||
* Resembles a bruise, birthmark, or pimple | * Resembles a [[bruise]], [[birthmark]], or [[pimple]] | ||
* Can become a raised nodule after growth | * Can become a raised [[Nodule (medicine)|nodule]] after [[growth]] | ||
* May cause redness, open up or bleed | * May cause [[redness]], open up or [[bleed]] | ||
| | | | ||
* Also called intermediate (borderline) fibrous histiocytoma | * Also called intermediate ([[borderline]]) [[fibrous]] [[histiocytoma]] | ||
* More common in blacks in US | * More common in blacks in [[United States|US]] | ||
* Involves adults of 20 - 40 years of age | * Involves [[Adult|adults]] of 20 - 40 years of [[age]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |'''Spindle cell lipoma''' | | style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |'''[[Spindle cell]] [[lipoma]]''' | ||
| | | | ||
* 16q abnormalities (usually) | * 16q [[abnormalities]] (usually) | ||
| | | | ||
* Delicate encapsulation | * Delicate [[Encapsulation (pharmacology)|encapsulation]] | ||
* Floret cell formation | * Floret [[cell]] [[Formation matrix|formation]] | ||
* No degenerative atypia | * No [[degenerative]] [[atypia]] | ||
* Mixture of mature adipocytes and mildly pleomorphic bland spindle cells (pale eosinophilic cytoplasm with uniform wavy nuclei similar to neurofibroma) in mucinous / myxoid or fibrous background with thick collagen bundles | * [[Mixture]] of mature [[adipocytes]] and mildly [[pleomorphic]] bland [[spindle cells]] ([[Paleness|pale]] [[eosinophilic]] [[cytoplasm]] with uniform wavy [[nuclei]] similar to [[neurofibroma]]) in [[mucinous]] / myxoid or [[fibrous]] [[background]] with thick [[collagen]] bundles | ||
* Spindle cells arranged in short fascicles with occasional nuclear palisading | * [[Spindle cells]] arranged in short [[fascicles]] with occasional [[nuclear]] palisading | ||
* Hemangiopericytic or angiomatous vascular pattern may be seen | * Hemangiopericytic or angiomatous [[vascular]] [[pattern]] may be seen | ||
* Minimal or no fat | * Minimal or no [[fat]] | ||
* Variable mast cells and lymphocytes | * Variable [[mast cells]] and [[lymphocytes]] | ||
* No storiform pattern, no lipoblasts, no/rare mitotic activity | * No storiform [[pattern]], no lipoblasts, no/[[rare]] [[mitotic]] [[Activity (chemistry)|activity]] | ||
|Positive for: | |Positive for: | ||
* CD34 (strongly, spindle cells) | * [[CD34]] ([[Strong|strongly]], [[spindle cells]]) | ||
* Androgen receptors in men and usually women (spindle cells) | * [[Androgen receptors]] in [[men]] and usually women ([[spindle cells]]) | ||
* [[S-100]](stains only adipocytes) | * [[S-100]]([[Stain|stains]] only [[adipocytes]]) | ||
Spindle cells are negative for: | [[Spindle cells]] are negative for: | ||
* S100 | * [[S100A1|S100]] | ||
* Desmin | * [[Desmin]] | ||
|_ | |_ | ||
| | | | ||
* Neck | * [[Neck]] | ||
* Posterior upper back | * [[Posterior]] upper [[back]] | ||
* Shoulder | * [[Shoulder]] | ||
| | | | ||
* Multiple well-circumscribed painless nodules involving several body parts | * Multiple well-circumscribed painless [[nodules]] involving several [[body]] parts | ||
|_ | |_ | ||
|- | |- | ||
| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |'''Ganglioneuroma'''<ref name="VasiliadisPapavasiliou2012">{{cite journal|last1=Vasiliadis|first1=K.|last2=Papavasiliou|first2=C.|last3=Fachiridis|first3=D.|last4=Pervana|first4=S.|last5=Michaelides|first5=M.|last6=Kiranou|first6=M.|last7=Makridis|first7=C.|title=Retroperitoneal extra-adrenal ganglioneuroma involving the infrahepatic inferior vena cava, celiac axis and superior mesenteric artery: A case report|journal=International Journal of Surgery Case Reports|volume=3|issue=11|year=2012|pages=541–543|issn=22102612|doi=10.1016/j.ijscr.2012.07.008}}</ref><ref>https://radiopaedia.org/articles/ganglioneuroma</ref> | | style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |'''[[Ganglioneuroma]]'''<ref name="VasiliadisPapavasiliou2012">{{cite journal|last1=Vasiliadis|first1=K.|last2=Papavasiliou|first2=C.|last3=Fachiridis|first3=D.|last4=Pervana|first4=S.|last5=Michaelides|first5=M.|last6=Kiranou|first6=M.|last7=Makridis|first7=C.|title=Retroperitoneal extra-adrenal ganglioneuroma involving the infrahepatic inferior vena cava, celiac axis and superior mesenteric artery: A case report|journal=International Journal of Surgery Case Reports|volume=3|issue=11|year=2012|pages=541–543|issn=22102612|doi=10.1016/j.ijscr.2012.07.008}}</ref><ref>https://radiopaedia.org/articles/ganglioneuroma</ref> | ||
|[[Genes]] involved in the pathogenesis of ganglioneuroma include: | |[[Genes]] involved in the [[pathogenesis]] of [[ganglioneuroma]] include: | ||
* ''MYCN'' [[oncogene]] | * ''MYCN'' [[oncogene]] | ||
* Chromosome 1p36 | * [[Chromosome]] 1p36 | ||
*Activating RET protooncogene mutation (adrenal ganglioneuromas) | *[[Activating group|Activating]] [[RET proto-oncogene|RET protooncogene]] [[mutation]] ([[adrenal]] [[Ganglioneuroma|ganglioneuromas]]) | ||
| | | | ||
* Derived from the primordial [[neural crest cells]] (undifferentiated cells of the [[sympathetic nervous system]]) | * Derived from the [[Primordial elements|primordial]] [[neural crest cells]] ([[undifferentiated]] [[Cells (biology)|cells]] of the [[sympathetic nervous system]]) | ||
* Admixture of [[ganglion cells]], [[schwann cells]], and [[fibrous tissue]] | * Admixture of [[ganglion cells]], [[schwann cells]], and [[fibrous tissue]] | ||
* Doesn't contain [[neuroblasts]], intermediate cells, or [[Mitotic|mitotic figures]] | * Doesn't contain [[neuroblasts]], intermediate [[Cells (biology)|cells]], or [[Mitotic|mitotic figures]] | ||
* Characterized by spindle-shaped cells with cell borders in a fibrillar matrix containing [[ganglion cells]] with large round [[nuclei]], prominent [[nucleoli]], and abundant [[eosinophilic]] cytoplasm | * Characterized by [[spindle]]-shaped [[Cells (biology)|cells]] with [[cell]] borders in a [[Fibrillarin|fibrillar]] [[matrix]] containing [[ganglion cells]] with large round [[nuclei]], prominent [[nucleoli]], and abundant [[eosinophilic]] [[cytoplasm]] | ||
* No significant [[atypia]], necrosis or mitotic activity is present | * No [[Significant figure|significant]] [[atypia]], [[necrosis]] or [[mitotic]] [[Activity (chemistry)|activity]] is present | ||
* Well differentiated neuronal tumors that do not contain immature elements | * Well [[Differentiate|differentiated]] [[neuronal]] [[tumors]] that do not contain immature [[Element|elements]] | ||
*Ganglion cells are mature to mildly dysmorphic: | *[[Ganglion cells]] are mature to mildly [[dysmorphic]]: | ||
**Mature: compact, eosinophilic cytoplasm with distinct cell borders, single eccentric nucleus, prominent nucleolus | **Mature: [[Compact tissue|compact]], [[eosinophilic]] [[cytoplasm]] with [[Distinctive feature|distinct]] [[Cell (biology)|cell]] borders, single [[Eccentricity (mathematics)|eccentric]] [[nucleus]], prominent [[nucleolus]] | ||
**Dysmorphic: single or multiple pyknotic nuclei | **[[Dysmorphic]]: single or multiple [[Pyknosis|pyknotic]] [[nuclei]] | ||
**Vary in distribution and number, may be quite sparse | **Vary in [[Distribution (pharmacology)|distribution]] and [[number]], may be quite [[Sparse coding|sparse]] | ||
**May contain finely granular, gold to brown pigment (lipofuscin or neuromelanin) | **May contain finely [[Granular cell|granular]], [[gold]] to [[brown]] [[pigment]] ([[lipofuscin]] or [[neuromelanin]]) | ||
*Schwann cells: | *[[Schwann cells]]: | ||
**Ensheath neuritic processes | **Ensheath neuritic [[Process (anatomy)|processes]] | ||
**Arranged in small intersecting fascicles, separated by loose myxoid stroma | **Arranged in small intersecting [[fascicles]], separated by loose myxoid [[stroma]] | ||
Two histologic subtypes: | Two [[histologic]] subtypes: | ||
*Mature = every ganglion cell is mature | *Mature = every [[ganglion cell]] is mature | ||
*Maturing = minor component of scattered collections of differentiating neuroblasts or maturing ganglion cells ( | *Maturing = minor component of scattered collections of [[Differentiating (disease name) from other diseases page|differentiating]] [[neuroblasts]] or maturing [[ganglion cells]] (unlike intermixed subtype of ganglioneuroblastoma, these immature foci do not form [[Distinctive feature|distinct]] [[microscopic]] nests) | ||
*Background may include lobules of mature adipose tissue (especially at periphery of lesion), mast cells, chronic inflammation, dense collagenized stroma | *[[Background]] may include [[lobules]] of mature [[adipose tissue]] (especially at [[periphery]] of [[lesion]]), [[mast cells]], [[Chronic (medicine)|chronic]] [[inflammation]], [[dense]] [[Collagen|collagenized]] [[stroma]] | ||
*Mild variation in cellularity may be present | *Mild variation in [[Cellular|cellularity]] may be present | ||
*Masculinizing ganglioneuroma is an admixture of ganglioneuroma and Leydig cells with crystalloids of Reinke or strands/clusters of cells resembling adrenal cortical cells | *[[Masculinization|Masculinizing]] [[ganglioneuroma]] is an admixture of [[ganglioneuroma]] and [[Leydig cells]] with crystalloids of [[Reinke's edema|Reinke]] or strands/[[Cluster (epidemiology)|clusters]] of [[Cells (biology)|cells]] resembling [[Adrenal cortex|adrenal cortical]] [[Cells (biology)|cells]] | ||
*Electron microscopy: | *[[Electron microscopy]]: | ||
**Mixture of neural bundles and normal appearing ganglion cells with eccentric nuclei and large numbers of cytoplasmic organelles | **[[Mixture]] of [[neural]] bundles and normal [[Appearance|appearing]] [[ganglion cells]] with [[Eccentricity (mathematics)|eccentric]] [[nuclei]] and large [[Number|numbers]] of [[cytoplasmic]] [[organelles]] | ||
|Positive for: | |Positive for: | ||
*Schwann cells/stroma: | *[[Schwann cells]]/[[stroma]]: | ||
**S100 | **[[S100A1|S100]] | ||
**Synaptophysin | **[[Synaptophysin]] | ||
**Neurofilament (NF) protein | **[[Neurofilament protein|Neurofilament (NF) protein]] | ||
*Ganglion cells: | *[[Ganglion cells]]: | ||
**S100 | **[[S100A1|S100]] | ||
**Synaptophysin | **[[Synaptophysin]] | ||
**Chromogranin A | **[[Chromogranin A]] | ||
**NF protein | **[[Neurofilament protein|NF protein]] | ||
**Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) | **[[Glial fibrillary acidic protein]] ([[GFAP]]) | ||
**PGP 9.5 | **PGP 9.5 | ||
**Type IV collagen | **[[Type IV collagen]] | ||
**Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) | **[[Vasoactive intestinal peptide]] ([[VIP]]) | ||
Negative for: | Negative for: | ||
*EMA | *EMA | ||
*Cytokeratin | *[[Cytokeratin]] | ||
*HMB45 | *HMB45 | ||
*WT1 | *[[WT1]] | ||
*CD99 | *[[CD99]] | ||
*CD45 | *[[CD45]] | ||
*Desmin | *[[Desmin]] | ||
*Myogenic markers (myogenin, MyoD1) | *[[Myogenic]] [[Marker|markers]] ([[myogenin]], MyoD1) | ||
| | | | ||
Ganglioneuromas may be associated with: | [[Ganglioneuroma|Ganglioneuromas]] may be associated with: | ||
* [[Multiple endocrine neoplasia]] type IIb ([[mucosal]] ganglioneuromas) | * [[Multiple endocrine neoplasia]] type IIb ([[mucosal]] [[Ganglioneuroma|ganglioneuromas]]) | ||
* [[Turner syndrome]] | * [[Turner syndrome]] | ||
* [[Neurofibromatosis type 1]] | * [[Neurofibromatosis type 1]] | ||
| | | | ||
Located along distribution of sympathetic nervous system: | Located along [[Distribution (pharmacology)|distribution]] of [[sympathetic nervous system]]: | ||
* Posterior paraspinal [[mediastinum]] (most common) | * [[Posterior]] paraspinal [[mediastinum]] (most common) | ||
* [[Adrenal gland]] (~20-30% of cases) | * [[Adrenal gland]] (~20-30% of cases) | ||
* Paraspinal [[retroperitoneum]] (especially presacral space) | * Paraspinal [[retroperitoneum]] (especially [[presacral space]]) | ||
*Cervical and parapharyngeal area in neck | *[[Cervical]] and [[Parapharyngeal space infection|parapharyngeal area]] in [[neck]] | ||
*Urinary bladder | *[[Urinary bladder]] | ||
*Prostate | *[[Prostate]] | ||
*Bone | *[[Bone]] | ||
*Pancreas | *[[Pancreas]] | ||
*Skin | *[[Skin]] | ||
*Orbit | *[[Orbit (anatomy)|Orbit]] | ||
*Paratesticular area | *Paratesticular [[area]] | ||
*Appendix | *[[Appendix]] | ||
*Gastrointestinal tract | *[[Gastrointestinal tract]] | ||
|Symptoms of ganglioneuroma vary depending on the location of tumor, and include the following: | |[[Symptoms]] of [[ganglioneuroma]] vary depending on the [[Location parameter|location]] of [[tumor]], and include the following: | ||
* Mediastinum: | * [[Mediastinum]]: | ||
** Dyspnea | ** [[Dyspnea]] | ||
** Chest pain | ** [[Chest pain]] | ||
**Trachea compression | **[[Trachea]] compression | ||
* Retroperitoneum: | * [[Retroperitoneum]]: | ||
** Abdominal pain | ** [[Abdominal pain]] | ||
** Bloating | ** [[Bloating]] | ||
* Spinal cord: | * [[Spinal cord]]: | ||
** Paresis | ** [[Paresis]] | ||
** Pain and numbness/loss of sensation in limbs | ** [[Pain]] and [[numbness]]/[[loss of sensation]] in [[limbs]] | ||
Patients with ganglioneuroma may also have [[paraneoplastic syndrome]], which may manifest with: | [[Patients]] with [[ganglioneuroma]] may also have [[paraneoplastic syndrome]], which may manifest with: | ||
* [[Diarrhea]] | * [[Diarrhea]] | ||
* [[Diaphoresis]] | * [[Diaphoresis]] | ||
* [[Hirsuitism|Hirsutism]] | * [[Hirsuitism|Hirsutism]] | ||
*Enlarged clitoris (in females) | *[[Clitoris enlargement|Enlarged clitoris]] (in [[females]]) | ||
*High blood pressure | *[[High blood pressure]] | ||
*Sweating | *[[Sweating]] | ||
| | | | ||
Ganglioneuromas are included in the ''neuroblastic tumors'' group, which includes: | [[Ganglioneuroma|Ganglioneuromas]] are included in the ''neuroblastic [[tumors]]'' [[Group (sociology)|group]], which includes: | ||
* Ganglioneuroma (benign) | * [[Ganglioneuroma]] ([[benign]]) | ||
* Ganglioneuroblastoma (intermediate) | * Ganglioneuroblastoma (intermediate) | ||
* Neuroblastoma (aggressive) | * [[Neuroblastoma]] (aggressive) | ||
|- | |- | ||
| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |'''Myxoid liposarcoma'''<ref>{{Cite journal | | style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |'''Myxoid [[liposarcoma]]'''<ref>{{Cite journal | ||
| author = [[Khin Thway]], [[Rashpal Flora]], [[Chirag Shah]], [[David Olmos]] & [[Cyril Fisher]] | | author = [[Khin Thway]], [[Rashpal Flora]], [[Chirag Shah]], [[David Olmos]] & [[Cyril Fisher]] | ||
| title = Diagnostic utility of p16, CDK4, and MDM2 as an immunohistochemical panel in distinguishing well-differentiated and dedifferentiated liposarcomas from other adipocytic tumors | | title = Diagnostic utility of p16, CDK4, and MDM2 as an immunohistochemical panel in distinguishing well-differentiated and dedifferentiated liposarcomas from other adipocytic tumors | ||
Line 773: | Line 774: | ||
| | | | ||
'''Well-differentiated liposarcoma''': | '''Well-differentiated liposarcoma''': | ||
* '''Sclerosing [[liposarcoma]]('''distinctive [[stromal]][[Cells (biology)|cells]] distributed across the [[Tissue (biology)|tissue]], associated with lipoblasts filled with multiple [[vacuoles]], and [[collagenous]]<nowiki/>background of fibrillary appearance) | * '''Sclerosing [[liposarcoma]] ('''distinctive [[stromal]] [[Cells (biology)|cells]] distributed across the [[Tissue (biology)|tissue]], associated with lipoblasts filled with multiple [[vacuoles]], and [[collagenous|collageno]]<nowiki/>[[collagenous|us]] background of fibrillary appearance) | ||
* '''[[Adipocyte|Adipocytic]][[liposarcoma]]'''([[adipocytes]] with different [[Cell (biology)|cell]] sizes, hyperchromasia, and [[nuclear]] atypia. [[Fibrous]] [[septa]]<nowiki/>containing hyperchromatic[[stromal cells]]<nowiki/>surrounding [[adipocytes]]) | * '''[[Adipocyte|Adipocytic]][[liposarcoma]]''' ([[adipocytes]] with different [[Cell (biology)|cell]] sizes, hyperchromasia, and [[nuclear]] atypia. [[Fibrous]] [[septa|sept]]<nowiki/>[[septa|a]]<nowiki/>containing hyperchromatic [[stromal cells|stromal cel]]<nowiki/>[[stromal cells|ls]] surrounding [[adipocytes]]) | ||
* '''[[Inflammatory]][[liposarcoma]]''' (heavy [[Chronic (medical)|chronic]] [[inflammatory]]<nowiki/>infiltrate composed of different lympho-plasmacytic aggregates) | * '''[[Inflammatory]][[liposarcoma]]''' (heavy [[Chronic (medical)|chronic]] [[inflammatory]]<nowiki/>infiltrate composed of different lympho-plasmacytic aggregates) | ||
* '''[[Spindle cells|Spindle cell]][[liposarcoma]]'''([[proliferation]] of [[neural]]-like [[spindle cells]] organized in a [[fibrous]] [[Structure factor|structure]]<nowiki/>containing lipoblasts) | * '''[[Spindle cells|Spindle cell]][[liposarcoma]]'''([[proliferation]] of [[neural]]-like [[spindle cells]] organized in a [[fibrous]] [[Structure factor|structure]]<nowiki/>containing lipoblasts) | ||
'''De-differentiated [[liposarcoma]]''': | '''De-differentiated [[liposarcoma]]''': | ||
* '''Myxoid [[liposarcoma]]'''( non-homogenous [[appearance]] with [[cystic]] and [[solid]]<nowiki/>components) | * '''Myxoid [[liposarcoma]]''' ( non-homogenous [[appearance]] with [[cystic]] and [[solid|soli]]<nowiki/>[[solid|d]] components) | ||
* '''Round [[cell]][[liposarcoma]]''' ( small, round, or [[spindle cells]] with sparse [[Eosinophilia|eosinophilic]] and [[Granular cell|granular]] [[cytoplasm]]<nowiki/> | * '''Round [[cell]][[liposarcoma]]''' (small, round, or [[spindle cells]] with sparse [[Eosinophilia|eosinophilic]] and [[Granular cell|granular]] [[cytoplasm]]<nowiki/>a<nowiki/>nd large [[nuclei]],scattered lipoblasts and [[Area|areas]] <nowiki/>of [[necrosis]]) | ||
* '''[[Pleiomorphic]][[liposarcoma]]'''([[pleiomorphic]] [[Cells (biology)|cells]]<nowiki/>with enlarged round to bizarre [[nuclei]]) | * '''[[Pleiomorphic|Pleomorphic]][[liposarcoma]]''' ([[pleiomorphic|pleomorphic]] [[Cells (biology)|cells]] <nowiki/>with enlarged round to bizarre [[nuclei]]) | ||
| | | | ||
Atypical [[Lipomatous neoplasm|lipomatous tumor]]/well differentiated [[liposarcoma]] is positive for: | Atypical [[Lipomatous neoplasm|lipomatous tumor]]/well differentiated [[liposarcoma]] is positive for: | ||
Line 793: | Line 794: | ||
** [[Dioxin]][[Contamination|contaminations]] | ** [[Dioxin]][[Contamination|contaminations]] | ||
** [[Arsenic]] | ** [[Arsenic]] | ||
** [[Thorium dioxide]]([[Thorotrast]]) | ** [[Thorium dioxide]] ([[Thorotrast]]) | ||
* [[Radiation]] ([[dose]] of 50 GY) | * [[Radiation]] ([[dose]] of 50 GY) | ||
* [[Immunodeficiency]](regional [[acquired]][[immunodeficiency]]) | * [[Immunodeficiency]](regional [[acquired]][[immunodeficiency]]) | ||
Line 799: | Line 800: | ||
*** [[Li-Fraumeni syndrome]] | *** [[Li-Fraumeni syndrome]] | ||
*** [[Neurofibromatosis]]([[NF1]]; [[von Recklinghausen disease]]) | *** [[Neurofibromatosis]]([[NF1]]; [[von Recklinghausen disease]]) | ||
*** [[Gardner syndrome]]([[Familial adenomatous polyposis]]) | *** [[Gardner syndrome]] ([[Familial adenomatous polyposis]]) | ||
*** [[Retinoblastoma]] | *** [[Retinoblastoma]] | ||
*** [[Werner syndrome]] | *** [[Werner syndrome]] | ||
Line 818: | Line 819: | ||
** [[Abdominal tenderness]] | ** [[Abdominal tenderness]] | ||
** [[Abdominal distention]] | ** [[Abdominal distention]] | ||
* '''[[Esophageal]] [[liposarcoma]]'''may [[Causes|cause]]: | * '''[[Esophageal]] [[liposarcoma]]''' may [[Causes|cause]]: | ||
** [[Dysphagia]] | ** [[Dysphagia]] | ||
** [[Vomiting]] | ** [[Vomiting]] | ||
Line 826: | Line 827: | ||
* '''[[Bowel]] [[liposarcoma]]''' may cause: | * '''[[Bowel]] [[liposarcoma]]''' may cause: | ||
** [[Gastrointestinal tract|Gastrointestinal]][[bleeding]] | ** [[Gastrointestinal tract|Gastrointestinal]][[bleeding]] | ||
* '''[[Mediastinal]] [[liposarcoma]]'''may [[Causes|cause]]: | * '''[[Mediastinal]] [[liposarcoma]]''' may [[Causes|cause]]: | ||
** [[Dyspnea]] | ** [[Dyspnea]] | ||
** [[Cough]] | ** [[Cough]] | ||
Line 833: | Line 834: | ||
|_ | |_ | ||
|- | |- | ||
| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |'''Leiomyoma'''<ref name="pmid7611533">{{cite journal| author=Coffin CM, Watterson J, Priest JR, Dehner LP| title=Extrapulmonary inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor (inflammatory pseudotumor). A clinicopathologic and immunohistochemical study of 84 cases. | journal=Am J Surg Pathol | year= 1995 | volume= 19 | issue= 8 | pages= 859-72 | pmid=7611533 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=7611533 }} </ref><ref name="pmid8635024">{{cite journal| author=Wenig BM, Devaney K, Bisceglia M| title=Inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor of the larynx. A clinicopathologic study of eight cases simulating a malignant spindle cell neoplasm. | journal=Cancer | year= 1995 | volume= 76 | issue= 11 | pages= 2217-29 | pmid=8635024 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8635024 }} </ref><ref name="pmid8847061">{{cite journal| author=Ramachandra S, Hollowood K, Bisceglia M, Fletcher CD| title=Inflammatory pseudotumour of soft tissues: a clinicopathological and immunohistochemical analysis of 18 cases. | journal=Histopathology | year= 1995 | volume= 27 | issue= 4 | pages= 313-23 | pmid=8847061 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8847061 }} </ref><ref name="pmid12673560">{{cite journal| author=Häusler M, Schaade L, Ramaekers VT, Doenges M, Heimann G, Sellhaus B| title=Inflammatory pseudotumors of the central nervous system: report of 3 cases and a literature review. | journal=Hum Pathol | year= 2003 | volume= 34 | issue= 3 | pages= 253-62 | pmid=12673560 | doi=10.1053/hupa.2003.35 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12673560 }} </ref><ref name="pmid16160478">{{cite journal| author=Rabban JT, Zaloudek CJ, Shekitka KM, Tavassoli FA| title=Inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor of the uterus: a clinicopathologic study of 6 cases emphasizing distinction from aggressive mesenchymal tumors. | journal=Am J Surg Pathol | year= 2005 | volume= 29 | issue= 10 | pages= 1348-55 | pmid=16160478 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16160478 }} </ref><ref name="pmid16967468">{{cite journal| author=Kovach SJ, Fischer AC, Katzman PJ, Salloum RM, Ettinghausen SE, Madeb R et al.| title=Inflammatory myofibroblastic tumors. | journal=J Surg Oncol | year= 2006 | volume= 94 | issue= 5 | pages= 385-91 | pmid=16967468 | doi=10.1002/jso.20516 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16967468 }} </ref><ref name="pmid9606802">{{cite journal| author=Coffin CM, Dehner LP, Meis-Kindblom JM| title=Inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor, inflammatory fibrosarcoma, and related lesions: an historical review with differential diagnostic considerations. | journal=Semin Diagn Pathol | year= 1998 | volume= 15 | issue= 2 | pages= 102-10 | pmid=9606802 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9606802 }} </ref><ref name="pmid6336632">{{cite journal| author=Berardi RS, Lee SS, Chen HP, Stines GJ| title=Inflammatory pseudotumors of the lung. | journal=Surg Gynecol Obstet | year= 1983 | volume= 156 | issue= 1 | pages= 89-96 | pmid=6336632 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=6336632 }} </ref><ref name="pmid8635024">{{cite journal| author=Wenig BM, Devaney K, Bisceglia M| title=Inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor of the larynx. A clinicopathologic study of eight cases simulating a malignant spindle cell neoplasm. | journal=Cancer | year= 1995 | volume= 76 | issue= 11 | pages= 2217-29 | pmid=8635024 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8635024 }} </ref><ref name="pmid16160478">{{cite journal| author=Rabban JT, Zaloudek CJ, Shekitka KM, Tavassoli FA| title=Inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor of the uterus: a clinicopathologic study of 6 cases emphasizing distinction from aggressive mesenchymal tumors. | journal=Am J Surg Pathol | year= 2005 | volume= 29 | issue= 10 | pages= 1348-55 | pmid=16160478 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16160478 }} </ref><ref name="pmid17414097">{{cite journal| author=Coffin CM, Hornick JL, Fletcher CD| title=Inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor: comparison of clinicopathologic, histologic, and immunohistochemical features including ALK expression in atypical and aggressive cases. | journal=Am J Surg Pathol | year= 2007 | volume= 31 | issue= 4 | pages= 509-20 | pmid=17414097 | doi=10.1097/01.pas.0000213393.57322.c7 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17414097 }} </ref> | | style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |'''[[Leiomyoma]]'''<ref name="pmid7611533">{{cite journal| author=Coffin CM, Watterson J, Priest JR, Dehner LP| title=Extrapulmonary inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor (inflammatory pseudotumor). A clinicopathologic and immunohistochemical study of 84 cases. | journal=Am J Surg Pathol | year= 1995 | volume= 19 | issue= 8 | pages= 859-72 | pmid=7611533 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=7611533 }} </ref><ref name="pmid8635024">{{cite journal| author=Wenig BM, Devaney K, Bisceglia M| title=Inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor of the larynx. A clinicopathologic study of eight cases simulating a malignant spindle cell neoplasm. | journal=Cancer | year= 1995 | volume= 76 | issue= 11 | pages= 2217-29 | pmid=8635024 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8635024 }} </ref><ref name="pmid8847061">{{cite journal| author=Ramachandra S, Hollowood K, Bisceglia M, Fletcher CD| title=Inflammatory pseudotumour of soft tissues: a clinicopathological and immunohistochemical analysis of 18 cases. | journal=Histopathology | year= 1995 | volume= 27 | issue= 4 | pages= 313-23 | pmid=8847061 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8847061 }} </ref><ref name="pmid12673560">{{cite journal| author=Häusler M, Schaade L, Ramaekers VT, Doenges M, Heimann G, Sellhaus B| title=Inflammatory pseudotumors of the central nervous system: report of 3 cases and a literature review. | journal=Hum Pathol | year= 2003 | volume= 34 | issue= 3 | pages= 253-62 | pmid=12673560 | doi=10.1053/hupa.2003.35 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12673560 }} </ref><ref name="pmid16160478">{{cite journal| author=Rabban JT, Zaloudek CJ, Shekitka KM, Tavassoli FA| title=Inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor of the uterus: a clinicopathologic study of 6 cases emphasizing distinction from aggressive mesenchymal tumors. | journal=Am J Surg Pathol | year= 2005 | volume= 29 | issue= 10 | pages= 1348-55 | pmid=16160478 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16160478 }} </ref><ref name="pmid16967468">{{cite journal| author=Kovach SJ, Fischer AC, Katzman PJ, Salloum RM, Ettinghausen SE, Madeb R et al.| title=Inflammatory myofibroblastic tumors. | journal=J Surg Oncol | year= 2006 | volume= 94 | issue= 5 | pages= 385-91 | pmid=16967468 | doi=10.1002/jso.20516 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16967468 }} </ref><ref name="pmid9606802">{{cite journal| author=Coffin CM, Dehner LP, Meis-Kindblom JM| title=Inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor, inflammatory fibrosarcoma, and related lesions: an historical review with differential diagnostic considerations. | journal=Semin Diagn Pathol | year= 1998 | volume= 15 | issue= 2 | pages= 102-10 | pmid=9606802 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9606802 }} </ref><ref name="pmid6336632">{{cite journal| author=Berardi RS, Lee SS, Chen HP, Stines GJ| title=Inflammatory pseudotumors of the lung. | journal=Surg Gynecol Obstet | year= 1983 | volume= 156 | issue= 1 | pages= 89-96 | pmid=6336632 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=6336632 }} </ref><ref name="pmid8635024">{{cite journal| author=Wenig BM, Devaney K, Bisceglia M| title=Inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor of the larynx. A clinicopathologic study of eight cases simulating a malignant spindle cell neoplasm. | journal=Cancer | year= 1995 | volume= 76 | issue= 11 | pages= 2217-29 | pmid=8635024 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8635024 }} </ref><ref name="pmid16160478">{{cite journal| author=Rabban JT, Zaloudek CJ, Shekitka KM, Tavassoli FA| title=Inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor of the uterus: a clinicopathologic study of 6 cases emphasizing distinction from aggressive mesenchymal tumors. | journal=Am J Surg Pathol | year= 2005 | volume= 29 | issue= 10 | pages= 1348-55 | pmid=16160478 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16160478 }} </ref><ref name="pmid17414097">{{cite journal| author=Coffin CM, Hornick JL, Fletcher CD| title=Inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor: comparison of clinicopathologic, histologic, and immunohistochemical features including ALK expression in atypical and aggressive cases. | journal=Am J Surg Pathol | year= 2007 | volume= 31 | issue= 4 | pages= 509-20 | pmid=17414097 | doi=10.1097/01.pas.0000213393.57322.c7 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17414097 }} </ref> | ||
| | | | ||
* Loss of normal [[chromosome]] 1q ([[hereditary]][[leiomyomatosis]]) | * Loss of normal [[chromosome]] 1q ([[hereditary]][[leiomyomatosis]]) | ||
Line 839: | Line 840: | ||
| | | | ||
* Prominent [[cellular]] [[atypia]] | * Prominent [[cellular]] [[atypia]] | ||
* [[Nuclear]] [[atypia]], including [[nuclear]] [[pleomorphism]], hyperchromatism, irregularity in [[nuclear|nucle]]<nowiki/>[[nuclear|ar]] membranes, high [[nuclear]] size, and prominent [[nucleoli]] | * [[Nuclear]] [[atypia]], including [[nuclear]] [[pleomorphism]], hyperchromatism, irregularity in [[nuclear|nucle]]<nowiki/>[[nuclear|ar]] [[Membrane|membranes]], high [[nuclear]] size, and prominent [[nucleoli]] | ||
* [[Cigar]]-shaped [[nuclei]] | * [[Cigar]]-shaped [[nuclei]] | ||
* Abundant [[mitoses]], [[mitotic index]] higher than 10 or more per 10 <nowiki/>high-power fields | * Abundant [[mitoses]], [[mitotic index]] higher than 10 or more per 10 <nowiki/>high-power fields | ||
Line 880: | Line 881: | ||
* [[Retroperitoneum]] | * [[Retroperitoneum]] | ||
* [[Extremities]] | * [[Extremities]] | ||
* Large [[vessels]]([[inferior vena cava]], [[saphenous vein]], [[femoral vein]], [[pulmonary artery]], [[femoral artery]]) | * Large [[vessels]] ([[inferior vena cava]], [[saphenous vein]], [[femoral vein]], [[pulmonary artery]], [[femoral artery]]) | ||
* [[Superficial]] or deep [[Soft tissue|soft tissues]] | * [[Superficial]] or deep [[Soft tissue|soft tissues]] | ||
* [[Bone]] | * [[Bone]] |
Latest revision as of 16:12, 1 November 2019
Neurofibroma Microchapters |
Diagnosis |
---|
Treatment |
Case Studies |
Neurofibroma differential diagnosis On the Web |
American Roentgen Ray Society Images of Neurofibroma differential diagnosis |
Risk calculators and risk factors for Neurofibroma differential diagnosis |
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Sara Mohsin, M.D.[2]
Overview
Neurofibroma must be differentiated from schwannoma, dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans (DFSP), ganglioneuroma, dermal neurotized melanocytic nevus, myxoid liposarcoma, solitary circumscribed neuroma, traumatic neuroma, superficial angiomyxoma, nerve sheath myxoma, malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor, spindle cell lipoma, leiomyoma, inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor, and fibroepithelial polyp.
Differential Diagnosis
Neurofibroma must be differentiated from:
- Schwannoma
- Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans (DFSP)
- Ganglioneuroma
- Dermal neurotized melanocytic nevus
- Myxoid liposarcoma
- Solitary circumscribed neuroma/palisaded encapsulated neuroma
- Traumatic neuroma
- Superficial angiomyxoma
- Nerve sheath myxoma
- Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor (MPNST)/malignant schwannoma
- Spindle cell lipoma
- Leiomyoma
- Inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor
- Fibroepithelial polyp/acrochordon (aka skin tag or soft fibroma)
References
- ↑ Rodriguez, Fausto J.; Folpe, Andrew L.; Giannini, Caterina; Perry, Arie (2012). "Pathology of peripheral nerve sheath tumors: diagnostic overview and update on selected diagnostic problems". Acta Neuropathologica. 123 (3): 295–319. doi:10.1007/s00401-012-0954-z. ISSN 0001-6322.
- ↑ Choi, Kwangmin; Komurov, Kakajan; Fletcher, Jonathan S.; Jousma, Edwin; Cancelas, Jose A.; Wu, Jianqiang; Ratner, Nancy (2017). "An inflammatory gene signature distinguishes neurofibroma Schwann cells and macrophages from cells in the normal peripheral nervous system". Scientific Reports. 7 (1). doi:10.1038/srep43315. ISSN 2045-2322.
- ↑ Liao, Chung-Ping; Booker, Reid C.; Brosseau, Jean-Philippe; Chen, Zhiguo; Mo, Juan; Tchegnon, Edem; Wang, Yong; Clapp, D. Wade; Le, Lu Q. (2018). "Contributions of inflammation and tumor microenvironment to neurofibroma tumorigenesis". Journal of Clinical Investigation. 128 (7): 2848–2861. doi:10.1172/JCI99424. ISSN 0021-9738.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Staser, K.; Yang, F.-C.; Clapp, D. W. (2010). "Mast cells and the neurofibroma microenvironment". Blood. 116 (2): 157–164. doi:10.1182/blood-2009-09-242875. ISSN 0006-4971.
- ↑ Muir, David; Neubauer, Debbie; Lim, Ingrid T.; Yachnis, Anthony T.; Wallace, Margaret R. (2001). "Tumorigenic Properties of Neurofibromin-Deficient Neurofibroma Schwann Cells". The American Journal of Pathology. 158 (2): 501–513. doi:10.1016/S0002-9440(10)63992-2. ISSN 0002-9440.
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- ↑ Bernthal, Nicholas; Jones, Kevin; Monument, Michael; Liu, Ting; Viskochil, David; Randall, R. (2013). "Lost in Translation: Ambiguity in Nerve Sheath Tumor Nomenclature and Its Resultant Treatment Effect". Cancers. 5 (4): 519–528. doi:10.3390/cancers5020519. ISSN 2072-6694.
- ↑ Mautner, V. F.; Friedrich, R. E.; von Deimling, A.; Hagel, C.; Korf, B.; Knöfel, M. T.; Wenzel, R.; Fünsterer, C. (2003). "Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumours in neurofibromatosis type 1: MRI supports the diagnosis of malignant plexiform neurofibroma". Neuroradiology. 45 (9): 618–625. doi:10.1007/s00234-003-0964-6. ISSN 0028-3940.
- ↑ Shen, M H; Harper, P S; Upadhyaya, M (1996). "Molecular genetics of neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1)". Journal of Medical Genetics. 33 (1): 2–17. doi:10.1136/jmg.33.1.2. ISSN 1468-6244.
- ↑ Rubin, Joshua B.; Gutmann, David H. (2005). "Neurofibromatosis type 1 — a model for nervous system tumour formation?". Nature Reviews Cancer. 5 (7): 557–564. doi:10.1038/nrc1653. ISSN 1474-175X.
- ↑ Gray, Mark H. (1990). "Immunohistochemical Demonstration of Factor XIIIa Expression in Neurofibromas". Archives of Dermatology. 126 (4): 472. doi:10.1001/archderm.1990.01670280056009. ISSN 0003-987X.
- ↑ Schwannoma. Dr Tim Luijkx and Dr Sara Wein et al. http://radiopaedia.org/articles/schwannoma
- ↑ Vestibular Schwannoma. Wikipedia(2015) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vestibular_schwannoma Accessed on October 2 2015
- ↑ Giordano J, Rogers LV (1989). "Peripherally administered serotonin 5-HT3 receptor antagonists reduce inflammatory pain in rats". European Journal of Pharmacology. 170 (1–2): 83–6. PMID 2612565.
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(help) - ↑ Kolvenbach H, Lauven PM, Schneider B, Kunath U (1989). "Repetitive intercostal nerve block via catheter for postoperative pain relief after thoracotomy". The Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgeon. 37 (5): 273–6. doi:10.1055/s-2007-1020331. PMID 2588243. Retrieved 2015-11-20.
- ↑ Opaleva-Stegantseva VA, Ivanov AG, Gavrilina IA, Khar'kov EI, Ratovskaia VI (1986). "[Incidence of sudden death cases in acute coronary insufficiency and acute myocardial infarction at the pre-hospital stage in Krasnoyarsk]". Kardiologiia (in Russian). 26 (5): 23–6. PMID 3735913.
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(help) - ↑ Misago N, Inoue T, Narisawa Y (2007). "Unusual benign myxoid nerve sheath lesion: myxoid palisaded encapsulated neuroma (PEN) or nerve sheath myxoma with PEN/PEN-like features?". Am J Dermatopathol. 29 (2): 160–4. doi:10.1097/01.dad.0000256688.91974.09. PMID 17414438.
- ↑ Lee EJ, Calcaterra TC, Zuckerbraun L (1998). "Traumatic neuromas of the head and neck". Ear Nose Throat J. 77 (8): 670–4, 676. PMID 9745184.
- ↑ Hanna SA, Catapano J, Borschel GH (2016). "Painful pediatric traumatic neuroma: surgical management and clinical outcomes". Childs Nerv Syst. 32 (7): 1191–4. doi:10.1007/s00381-016-3109-z. PMID 27179535.
- ↑ Foltán R, Klíma K, Spacková J, Sedý J (2008). "Mechanism of traumatic neuroma development". Med Hypotheses. 71 (4): 572–6. doi:10.1016/j.mehy.2008.05.010. PMID 18599222.
- ↑ Yao C, Zhou X, Zhao B, Sun C, Poonit K, Yan H (2017). "Treatments of traumatic neuropathic pain: a systematic review". Oncotarget. 8 (34): 57670–57679. doi:10.18632/oncotarget.16917. PMC 5593675. PMID 28915703.
- ↑ Gray MH, Smoller BR, McNutt NS, Hsu A (1990). "Neurofibromas and neurotized melanocytic nevi are immunohistochemically distinct neoplasms". Am J Dermatopathol. 12 (3): 234–41. PMID 1693815.
- ↑ Chen Y, Klonowski PW, Lind AC, Lu D (2012). "Differentiating neurotized melanocytic nevi from neurofibromas using Melan-A (MART-1) immunohistochemical stain". Arch Pathol Lab Med. 136 (7): 810–5. doi:10.5858/arpa.2011-0335-OA. PMID 22742554.
- ↑ Singh N, Chandrashekar L, Kar R, Sylvia MT, Thappa DM (2015). "Neurotized congenital melanocytic nevus resembling a pigmented neurofibroma". Indian J Dermatol. 60 (1): 46–50. doi:10.4103/0019-5154.147789. PMC 4318062. PMID 25657396.
- ↑ Gray MH, Smoller BR, McNutt NS, Hsu A (1990). "Immunohistochemical demonstration of factor XIIIa expression in neurofibromas. A practical means of differentiating these tumors from neurotized melanocytic nevi and schwannomas". Arch Dermatol. 126 (4): 472–6. PMID 1690969.
- ↑ https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/medicine-and-dentistry/cutaneous-myxoma
- ↑ Alaiti, Samer; Nelson, Fern P.; Ryoo, Jei W. (2000). "Solitary cutaneous myxoma". Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 43 (2): 377–379. doi:10.1067/mjd.2000.101878. ISSN 0190-9622.
- ↑ Carney, J. Aidan (1986). "Cutaneous Myxomas". Archives of Dermatology. 122 (7): 790. doi:10.1001/archderm.1986.01660190068018. ISSN 0003-987X.
- ↑ Iida, Ken; Egi, Takeshi; Shigi, Masato; Sogabe, Yusuke; Ohashi, Hirotsugu (2019). "Cutaneous Myxoma of Multiple Lesions". Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery - Global Open. 7 (2): e2040. doi:10.1097/GOX.0000000000002040. ISSN 2169-7574.
- ↑ Fetsch JF, Laskin WB, Miettinen M (2005). "Nerve sheath myxoma: a clinicopathologic and immunohistochemical analysis of 57 morphologically distinctive, S-100 protein- and GFAP-positive, myxoid peripheral nerve sheath tumors with a predilection for the extremities and a high local recurrence rate". Am J Surg Pathol. 29 (12): 1615–24. PMID 16327434.
- ↑ Yadav SK, Singh S, Sarin N, Naeem R, Pruthi SK (2019). "Nerve Sheath Myxoma of Scalp: A Rare Site of Presentation". Int J Trichology. 11 (1): 34–37. doi:10.4103/ijt.ijt_45_18. PMC 6385516. PMID 30820132.
- ↑ Bhat A, Narasimha A, C V, Vk S (2015). "Nerve sheath myxoma: report of a rare case". J Clin Diagn Res. 9 (4): ED07–9. doi:10.7860/JCDR/2015/10911.5810. PMC 4437072. PMID 26023558.
- ↑ Avninder S, Ramesh V, Vermani S (2007). "Benign nerve sheath myxoma (myxoid neurothekeoma) in the leg". Dermatol Online J. 13 (2): 14. PMID 17498433.
- ↑ Kim BW, Won CH, Chang SE, Lee MW (2014). "A case of nerve sheath myxoma on finger". Indian J Dermatol. 59 (1): 99–101. doi:10.4103/0019-5154.123526. PMC 3884944. PMID 24470676.
- ↑ Pulitzer DR, Reed RJ (1985). "Nerve-sheath myxoma (perineurial myxoma)". Am J Dermatopathol. 7 (5): 409–21. PMID 4091218.
- ↑ Valeyrie-Allanore, L.; Ismaili, N.; Bastuji-Garin, S.; Zeller, J.; Wechsler, J.; Revuz, J.; Wolkenstein, P. (2005). "Symptoms associated with malignancy of peripheral nerve sheath tumours: a retrospective study of 69 patients with neurofibromatosis 1". British Journal of Dermatology. 153 (1): 79–82. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2133.2005.06558.x. ISSN 0007-0963.
- ↑ Evans DG, Baser ME, McGaughran J, Sharif S, Howard E, Moran A (2002). "Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumours in neurofibromatosis 1". J Med Genet. 39 (5): 311–4. PMC 1735122. PMID 12011145.
- ↑ Panigrahi S, Mishra SS, Das S, Dhir MK (2013). "Primary malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor at unusual location". J Neurosci Rural Pract. 4 (Suppl 1): S83–6. doi:10.4103/0976-3147.116480. PMC 3808069. PMID 24174807.
- ↑ Ferrari A, Bisogno G, Carli M (2007). "Management of childhood malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor". Paediatr Drugs. 9 (4): 239–48. doi:10.2165/00148581-200709040-00005. PMID 17705563.
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- ↑ Zehou, Ouidad; Fabre, Elizabeth; Zelek, Laurent; Sbidian, Emilie; Ortonne, Nicolas; Banu, Eugeniu; Wolkenstein, Pierre; Valeyrie-Allanore, Laurence (2013). "Chemotherapy for the treatment of malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors in neurofibromatosis 1: a 10-year institutional review". Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases. 8 (1): 127. doi:10.1186/1750-1172-8-127. ISSN 1750-1172.
- ↑ Vasiliadis, K.; Papavasiliou, C.; Fachiridis, D.; Pervana, S.; Michaelides, M.; Kiranou, M.; Makridis, C. (2012). "Retroperitoneal extra-adrenal ganglioneuroma involving the infrahepatic inferior vena cava, celiac axis and superior mesenteric artery: A case report". International Journal of Surgery Case Reports. 3 (11): 541–543. doi:10.1016/j.ijscr.2012.07.008. ISSN 2210-2612.
- ↑ https://radiopaedia.org/articles/ganglioneuroma
- ↑ Khin Thway, Rashpal Flora, Chirag Shah, David Olmos & Cyril Fisher (2012). "Diagnostic utility of p16, CDK4, and MDM2 as an immunohistochemical panel in distinguishing well-differentiated and dedifferentiated liposarcomas from other adipocytic tumors". The American journal of surgical pathology. 36 (3): 462–469. doi:10.1097/PAS.0b013e3182417330. PMID 22301498. Unknown parameter
|month=
ignored (help) - ↑ J. Rosai, M. Akerman, P. Dal Cin, I. DeWever, C. D. Fletcher, N. Mandahl, F. Mertens, F. Mitelman, A. Rydholm, R. Sciot, G. Tallini, H. Van den Berghe, W. Van de Ven, R. Vanni & H. Willen (1996). "Combined morphologic and karyotypic study of 59 atypical lipomatous tumors. Evaluation of their relationship and differential diagnosis with other adipose tissue tumors (a report of the CHAMP Study Group)". The American journal of surgical pathology. 20 (10): 1182–1189. PMID 8827023. Unknown parameter
|month=
ignored (help) - ↑ Dal Cin, Paola; Kools, Patrick; Sciot, Raf; De Wever, Ivo; Van Damme, Boudewijn; Van de Ven, Wim; Van Den Berghe, Herman (1993). "Cytogenetic and fluorescence in situ hybridization investigation of ring chromosomes characterizing a specific pathologic subgroup of adipose tissue tumors". Cancer Genetics and Cytogenetics. 68 (2): 85–90. doi:10.1016/0165-4608(93)90001-3. ISSN 0165-4608.
- ↑ Dei Tos, Angelo P.; Doglioni, Claudio; Piccinin, Sara; Sciot, Raf; Furlanetto, Alberto; Boiocchi, Mauro; Dal Cin, Paola; Maestro, Roberta; Fletcher, Christopher D. M.; Tallini, Giovanni (2000). "Coordinated expression and amplification of theMDM2,CDK4, andHMGI-C genes in atypical lipomatous tumours". The Journal of Pathology. 190 (5): 531–536. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1096-9896(200004)190:5<531::AID-PATH579>3.0.CO;2-W. ISSN 0022-3417.
- ↑ Dei Tos, A (2000). "Liposarcoma: New entities and evolving concepts". Annals of Diagnostic Pathology. 4 (4): 252–266. doi:10.1053/adpa.2000.8133. ISSN 1092-9134.
- ↑ M. D. Kraus, L. Guillou & C. D. Fletcher (1997). "Well-differentiated inflammatory liposarcoma: an uncommon and easily overlooked variant of a common sarcoma". The American journal of surgical pathology. 21 (5): 518–527. PMID 9158675. Unknown parameter
|month=
ignored (help) - ↑ P. Argani, F. Facchetti, G. Inghirami & J. Rosai (1997). "Lymphocyte-rich well-differentiated liposarcoma: report of nine cases". The American journal of surgical pathology. 21 (8): 884–895. PMID 9255251. Unknown parameter
|month=
ignored (help) - ↑ H. L. Evans (1979). "Liposarcoma: a study of 55 cases with a reassessment of its classification". The American journal of surgical pathology. 3 (6): 507–523. PMID 534388. Unknown parameter
|month=
ignored (help) - ↑ A. P. Dei Tos, T. Mentzel, P. L. Newman & C. D. Fletcher (1994). "Spindle cell liposarcoma, a hitherto unrecognized variant of liposarcoma. Analysis of six cases". The American journal of surgical pathology. 18 (9): 913–921. PMID 8067512. Unknown parameter
|month=
ignored (help) - ↑ D. C. Dahlin, K. K. Unni & T. Matsuno (1977). "Malignant (fibrous) histiocytoma of bone--fact or fancy?". Cancer. 39 (4): 1508–1516. PMID 192432. Unknown parameter
|month=
ignored (help) - ↑ 54.0 54.1 Coffin CM, Watterson J, Priest JR, Dehner LP (1995). "Extrapulmonary inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor (inflammatory pseudotumor). A clinicopathologic and immunohistochemical study of 84 cases". Am J Surg Pathol. 19 (8): 859–72. PMID 7611533.
- ↑ 55.0 55.1 55.2 55.3 Wenig BM, Devaney K, Bisceglia M (1995). "Inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor of the larynx. A clinicopathologic study of eight cases simulating a malignant spindle cell neoplasm". Cancer. 76 (11): 2217–29. PMID 8635024.
- ↑ 56.0 56.1 Ramachandra S, Hollowood K, Bisceglia M, Fletcher CD (1995). "Inflammatory pseudotumour of soft tissues: a clinicopathological and immunohistochemical analysis of 18 cases". Histopathology. 27 (4): 313–23. PMID 8847061.
- ↑ 57.0 57.1 Häusler M, Schaade L, Ramaekers VT, Doenges M, Heimann G, Sellhaus B (2003). "Inflammatory pseudotumors of the central nervous system: report of 3 cases and a literature review". Hum Pathol. 34 (3): 253–62. doi:10.1053/hupa.2003.35. PMID 12673560.
- ↑ 58.0 58.1 58.2 58.3 Rabban JT, Zaloudek CJ, Shekitka KM, Tavassoli FA (2005). "Inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor of the uterus: a clinicopathologic study of 6 cases emphasizing distinction from aggressive mesenchymal tumors". Am J Surg Pathol. 29 (10): 1348–55. PMID 16160478.
- ↑ 59.0 59.1 Kovach SJ, Fischer AC, Katzman PJ, Salloum RM, Ettinghausen SE, Madeb R; et al. (2006). "Inflammatory myofibroblastic tumors". J Surg Oncol. 94 (5): 385–91. doi:10.1002/jso.20516. PMID 16967468.
- ↑ 60.0 60.1 Coffin CM, Dehner LP, Meis-Kindblom JM (1998). "Inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor, inflammatory fibrosarcoma, and related lesions: an historical review with differential diagnostic considerations". Semin Diagn Pathol. 15 (2): 102–10. PMID 9606802.
- ↑ 61.0 61.1 Berardi RS, Lee SS, Chen HP, Stines GJ (1983). "Inflammatory pseudotumors of the lung". Surg Gynecol Obstet. 156 (1): 89–96. PMID 6336632.
- ↑ 62.0 62.1 Coffin CM, Hornick JL, Fletcher CD (2007). "Inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor: comparison of clinicopathologic, histologic, and immunohistochemical features including ALK expression in atypical and aggressive cases". Am J Surg Pathol. 31 (4): 509–20. doi:10.1097/01.pas.0000213393.57322.c7. PMID 17414097.
- ↑ Cukic O, Jovanovic MB (2019). "Large Fibroepithelial Polyp of the Palatine Tonsil". Ear Nose Throat J: 145561319841203. doi:10.1177/0145561319841203. PMID 30997841.
- ↑ Vatansever M, Dinç E, Dursun Ö, Oktay ÖÖ, Arpaci R (2019). "Atypical presentation of fibroepithelial polyp: a report of two cases". Arq Bras Oftalmol. doi:10.5935/0004-2749.20190050. PMID 30916216.
- ↑ Rexhepi M, Trajkovska E, Besimi F, Rufati N (2018). "Giant Fibroepithelial Polyp of Vulva: A Case Report and Review of Literature". Pril (Makedon Akad Nauk Umet Odd Med Nauki). 39 (2–3): 127–130. doi:10.2478/prilozi-2018-0051. PMID 30864355.
- ↑ Jabbour J, Chappell JR, Busby M, McCubbery NW, Brown DF, Park SJK; et al. (2019). "Glottic Obstruction from Fibroepithelial Polyp". Am J Case Rep. 20: 219–223. doi:10.12659/AJCR.914907. PMC 6388646. PMID 30778021.
- ↑ Hong P, Cai Y, Li Z, Fan S, Yang K, Hao H; et al. (2019). "Modified Laparoscopic Partial Ureterectomy for Adult Ureteral Fibroepithelial Polyp: Technique and Initial Experience". Urol Int. 102 (1): 13–19. doi:10.1159/000494804. PMID 30448831.
- ↑ Uçar M, Baş E, Akkoç A, Topçuoğlu M (2018). "Fibroepithelial Polyp of the Ureter: A Rare Cause of Hydronephrosis". J Endourol Case Rep. 4 (1): 166–168. doi:10.1089/cren.2018.0031. PMC 6225073. PMID 30426076.
- ↑ Chaker K, Rhouma SB, Daly KM, Zehani A, Bibi M, Chehida MAB; et al. (2019). "Benign fibroepithelial polyp of the ureter: A case report". Urol Case Rep. 22: 52–53. doi:10.1016/j.eucr.2018.10.019. PMC 6226574. PMID 30425926.
- ↑ Hajji F, Moufid K, Ghoundale O, Touiti D (2019). "A rare case of successful endoscopic management of a fibroepithelial polyp with intussusception of the ureter and periodic prolapse into bladder". Ann R Coll Surg Engl. 101 (2): e66–e70. doi:10.1308/rcsann.2018.0198. PMC 6351868. PMID 30421620.
- ↑ Lee H, Sade I, Gilani S, Zhong M, Lombardo G (2018). "A Giant Fibroepithelial Polyp of the Small Bowel Associated with High-Grade Obstruction". Am Surg. 84 (7): e210–e211. PMID 30401014.
- ↑ Chaker K (2019). "Benign fibroepithelial polyp of the ureter: A case report". Urol Case Rep. 22: 15–16. doi:10.1016/j.eucr.2018.09.021. PMC 6180234. PMID 30319938.
- ↑ Lozano-Peña AK, Lamadrid-Zertuche AC, Ocampo-Candiani J (2019). "Giant fibroepithelial polyp of the vulva". Australas J Dermatol. 60 (1): 70–71. doi:10.1111/ajd.12886. PMID 30009441.
- ↑ Eckstein M, Agaimy A, Woenckhaus J, Winter A, Bittmann I, Janzen J; et al. (2019). "DICER1 mutation-positive giant botryoid fibroepithelial polyp of the urinary bladder mimicking embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma". Hum Pathol. 84: 1–7. doi:10.1016/j.humpath.2018.05.015. PMID 29883781.
- ↑ Akdere H, Çevik G (2018). "Rare Fibroepithelial Polyp Extending Along the Ureter: A Case Report". Balkan Med J. 35 (3): 275–277. doi:10.4274/balkanmedj.2017.1537. PMC 5981127. PMID 29843497.
- ↑ Ballard DH, Rove KO, Coplen DE, Chen TY, Hulett Bowling RL (2018). "Fibroepithelial polyp causing urethral obstruction: Diagnosis by cystourethrogram". Clin Imaging. 51: 164–167. doi:10.1016/j.clinimag.2018.05.009. PMC 6404776. PMID 29800931.
- ↑ Amin A, Amin Z, Al Farsi AR (2018). "Septic presentation of a giant fibroepithelial polyp of the vulva". BMJ Case Rep. 2018. doi:10.1136/bcr-2017-222789. PMID 29574427.
- ↑ Gupta R, Smita S, Sinha R, Sinha N, Sinha L (2018). "Giant fibroepithelial polyp of the thigh and retroperitoneal fibromatosis in a young woman: a rare case". Skeletal Radiol. 47 (9): 1299–1304. doi:10.1007/s00256-018-2904-x. PMID 29487969.
- ↑ Rajeesh Mohammed PK, Choudhury BK, Dalai RP, Rana V (2017). "Fibroepithelial Polyp with Sebaceous Hyperplasia: A Case Report". Indian J Med Paediatr Oncol. 38 (3): 404–406. doi:10.4103/ijmpo.ijmpo_124_17. PMC 5686997. PMID 29200704.
- ↑ Lee MH, Hwang JY, Lee JH, Kim DH, Song SH (2017). "Fibroepithelial polyp of the vulva accompanied by lymphangioma circumscriptum". Obstet Gynecol Sci. 60 (4): 401–404. doi:10.5468/ogs.2017.60.4.401. PMC 5547092. PMID 28791276.
- ↑ Ten Donkelaar CS, Houwert AC, Ten Kate FJW, Lock MTWT (2017). "Polypoid arteriovenous malformation of the ureter mimicking a fibroepithelial polyp, a case report". BMC Urol. 17 (1): 55. doi:10.1186/s12894-017-0237-z. PMC 5504856. PMID 28693464.
- ↑ Saito N, Yamasaki M, Daido W, Ishiyama S, Deguchi N, Taniwaki M (2017). "A bronchial fibroepithelial polyp with abnormal findings on auto-fluorescence imaging". Respirol Case Rep. 5 (5): e00244. doi:10.1002/rcr2.244. PMC 5465754. PMID 28603622.