Tongue

Jump to navigation Jump to search

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]


Overview

Template:Infobox Anatomy

WikiDoc Resources for Tongue

Articles

Most recent articles on Tongue

Most cited articles on Tongue

Review articles on Tongue

Articles on Tongue in N Eng J Med, Lancet, BMJ

Media

Powerpoint slides on Tongue

Images of Tongue

Photos of Tongue

Podcasts & MP3s on Tongue

Videos on Tongue

Evidence Based Medicine

Cochrane Collaboration on Tongue

Bandolier on Tongue

TRIP on Tongue

Clinical Trials

Ongoing Trials on Tongue at Clinical Trials.gov

Trial results on Tongue

Clinical Trials on Tongue at Google

Guidelines / Policies / Govt

US National Guidelines Clearinghouse on Tongue

NICE Guidance on Tongue

NHS PRODIGY Guidance

FDA on Tongue

CDC on Tongue

Books

Books on Tongue

News

Tongue in the news

Be alerted to news on Tongue

News trends on Tongue

Commentary

Blogs on Tongue

Definitions

Definitions of Tongue

Patient Resources / Community

Patient resources on Tongue

Discussion groups on Tongue

Patient Handouts on Tongue

Directions to Hospitals Treating Tongue

Risk calculators and risk factors for Tongue

Healthcare Provider Resources

Symptoms of Tongue

Causes & Risk Factors for Tongue

Diagnostic studies for Tongue

Treatment of Tongue

Continuing Medical Education (CME)

CME Programs on Tongue

International

Tongue en Espanol

Tongue en Francais

Business

Tongue in the Marketplace

Patents on Tongue

Experimental / Informatics

List of terms related to Tongue

The tongue is the large bundle of skeletal muscles on the floor of the mouth that manipulates food for chewing and swallowing (deglutition). It is the primary organ of taste. Much of the surface of the tongue is covered in taste buds. The tongue, with its wide variety of possible movements, assists in forming the sounds of speech. It is sensitive and kept moist by saliva, and is richly supplied with nerves and blood vessels to help it move.

The tongue is often cited as the "strongest muscle in the body," a claim that does not correspond to any conventional definition of strength. For more on this subject, see Muscle: The strongest human muscle.

"Tongue" as a word

The word tongue can be used as a metonym for language, as in the phrase mother tongue. In fact, Albanian (gjuha), Catalan (llengua), Portuguese (língua), French (langue), Maltese, (ilsien), Arabic (لسان lisān), Romanian (limba), Russian (язык yazyk), Bulgarian (ezik), Persian (zabaan), Greek (γλώσσα), Spanish (lengua), Polish, Slovak, Czech, Slovene, Bosnian, Serbian, Croatian ( jezik), Armenian (լեզու), Finnish (kieli), Estonian (keel), Irish, Icelandic (tunga), Italian (lingua), Latin (lingua), Urdu (za'baan), Aramaic (ܠܫܢܐ/לשנא lišānā), Hungarian (nyelv), Hebrew (לָשׁוֹן lashon), and Turkish (dil), have the same word for "tongue" and "language". A common temporary failure in word retrieval from memory is referred to as the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon. The term "tongue in cheek" also exists. "Tongue twisted" is a term used to described being unable to pronounce a word or phrase correctly. A "tongue twister" is a phrase made specifically to be very difficult to pronounce. An example of a tongue twister is: She sells seashells by the seashore. Another example is: Peter Piter picked a peck of pickled peppers. If Peter Piter picked a peck of pickled peppers, how many pickled peppers did Peter Piter pick? Tongue Twisters are meant to trick your tongue.

Anatomy

Structure

Drawing of an anterior view of the tongue and oral cavity, with cheeks removed for clarity.
Lateral view of the tongue, with extrinsic muscles highlighted.

The tongue is made mainly of skeletal muscle. The tongue extends much further than is commonly perceived, past the posterior border of the mouth and into the oropharynx.

The dorsum (upper surface) of the tongue can be divided into two parts:

  • an oral part (anterior two-thirds of the tongue) that lies mostly in the mouth
  • a pharyngeal part (posterior third of the tongue), which faces backward to the oropharynx

The two parts are separated by a V-shaped groove, which marks the sulcus terminalis (or terminal sulcus).

Since the tongue contains no bony supports for the muscles, the tongue is an example of a muscular hydrostat, similar in concept to an octopus arm. Instead of bony attachments, the extrinsic muscles of the tongue anchor the tongue firmly to surrounding bones and prevent the mythical possibility of 'swallowing' the tongue.

Other divisions of the tongue, are based on the area of the tongue:

normal name anatomical name adjective
tongue tip apex apical
tongue blade lamina laminal
tongue dorsum dorsum (back) dorsal
tongue root radix radical
tongue body corpus corporeal

Muscles of the tongue

The intrinsic muscles lie entirely within the tongue, while the extrinsic muscles attach the tongue to other structures.

3/4 view of a 6.5 cm human tongue.

The extrinsic muscles reposition the tongue, while the intrinsic muscles alter the shape of the tongue for talking and swallowing.

Extrinsic muscles

Extrinsic muscles of the tongue by definition originate from structures outside the tongue and insert into the tongue. The four paired extrinsic muscles protrude, retract, depress, and elevate the tongue:

Muscle From Nerve Function
Genioglossus muscle mandible hypoglossal nerve protrudes the tongue as well as depressing its center.
Hyoglossus muscle hyoid bone hypoglossal nerve depresses the tongue.
Styloglossus muscle styloid process hypoglossal nerve elevates and retracts the tongue.
Palatoglossus muscle palatine aponeurosis pharyngeal branch of vagus nerve depresses the soft palate, moves the palatoglossal fold towards the midline, and elevates the back of the tongue.

Intrinsic muscles

Coronal section of tongue, showing intrinsic muscles

Four paired intrinsic muscles of the tongue originate and insert within the tongue, running along its length. These muscles alter the shape of the tongue by: lengthening and shortening it, curling and uncurling its apex and edges, and flattening and rounding its surface.[1]

Papillae and taste buds

The oral part of the tongue is covered with small bumpy projections called papillae. There are four types of papillae:

  • filiform (thread-shape)
  • fungiform (mushroom-shape)
  • circumvallate (ringed-circle)
  • foliate

All papillae except the filiform have taste buds on their surface.

Close-up view of a tongue with visible fungiform papillae (large bumps) scattered among filiform papillae (small bumps).

The circumvallate are the largest of the papillae. There are 8 to 14 circumvallate papillae arranged in a V-shape in front of the sulcus terminalis, creating a border between the oral and pharyngeal parts of the tongue.

There are no lingual papillae on the underside of the tongue. It is covered with a smooth mucous membrane, with a fold (the lingual frenulum) in the center. If the lingual frenulum is too taut or too far forward, it can impede motion of the tongue, a condition called Tongue-tie (Ankyloglossia).

The upper side of the posterior tongue (pharyngeal part) has no visible taste buds, but it is bumpy because of the lymphatic nodules lying underneath. These follicles are known as the lingual tonsil.

The human tongue can detect five basic taste components: sweet, sour, salty, bitter and umami. The sense of taste is referred to as a gustatory sense. Contrary to the popular myth and generations of schoolbooks, there are no distinct regions for tasting different tastes. This myth arose because Edwin_G._Boring replotted data from one of Wundt's students (Hanig) without labeling the axes, leading some to misinterpret the graph as all or nothing response. [2] The common conception of taste has a significant contribution from olfaction.

Innervation of the tongue

Motor innervation of the tongue is complex and involves several cranial nerves. All the muscles of the tongue are innervated by the hypoglossal nerve (cranial nerve XII) with one exception: the palatoglossal muscle is innervated by the pharyngeal branch of vagus nerve (cranial nerve X).

Sensory innervation of the tongue is different for taste sensation and general sensation.

Vasculature of the tongue

The underside of a human tongue

The tongue receives its blood supply primarily from the lingual artery, a branch of the external carotid artery. The floor of the mouth also receives its blood supply from the lingual artery.

There is also secondary blood supply to the tongue from the tonsillar branch of the facial artery and the ascending pharyngeal artery.

Use of tongue in pharmacy

The sublingual region underneath the front of the tongue is a location where the oral mucosa is very thin, and underlied by a plexus of veins. This is an ideal location for introducing certain medications to the body. The sublingual route takes advantage of the highly vascular quality of the oral cavity, and allows for the speedy application of medication into the cardiovascular system, bypassing the gastrointestinal tract. This is the only convenient and efficacious route of administration of nitroglycerin to a patient suffering angina pectoris, chest pain. If the tablet is swallowed, the medication is completely neutralized by the detoxification process of the liver.

Clinical significance

White tongue: White spots and patches or coating of the tongue are a symptom of several medical conditions:

The tongue is also examined and observed diagnostically in traditional Chinese medicine. A painful tongue may be an indication of several underlying serious medical conditions [3]

Secondary uses

In addition to eating and human vocalization, the human tongue has many secondary uses. These include certain forms of kissing known as "tongue kissing" or sometimes "french kissing" in which the tongue plays a primary role. Generally, use of the tongue (such as licking), or interaction between tongues, appears to be a common gesture of affection, not just in humans but throughout the animal kingdom, and particularly in mammals.

The tongue also has a distinct use in both male and female forms of oral sex, and is typically used to a great extent in foreplay and traditional sexual intercourse as well. Because of its use in both the phenomenon of human sexual interactions, the tongue sometimes is associated with a sensual or erotic connotation. In art the human tongue is often depicted as a seductive instrument, similar to the status of the lips.

A tongue piercing, which has become popular with youth culture in the West

The tongue is also one of the more common parts of the human anatomy to be subject to piercing and body modification, a phenomenon that is sometimes associated with certain subcultures or demographics. Tongue piercing has appeared historically in many ancient cultures, and is an increasingly popular trend in the West today, particularly in youth culture. Pop culture references to tongue piercings are common as well.

Showing tongue (tongue out) is an international emotional gesture used primarily by children, or by adults behaving (deliberately or not) in a childish manner.

The human tongue also plays a valuable role in other acts, such as for blowing bubbles with bubble gum and whistling.

Injury to the tongue is often very painful. The muscle is vulnerable to various cancers.

Non-human tongues

An okapi using its tongue to scratch an itch

Most multi-cellular animals, that is, members of the subkingdom Metazoa, have tongues or similar organs.

In animals, such as dogs and cats, the tongue is often used to clean the fur and body. Rough textures of the tongues of these species helps them to use their tongues to remove oils and parasites by licking themselves and each other. Aside from daily uses for eating and drinking, a dog's tongue acts as a heat regulator. As a dog increases its exercise the tongue will increase in size due to greater blood flow. The tongue hangs out of the dog's mouth and the moisture on the tongue will cool down further cooling down the bloodflow.[2][3]

Some animals have prehensile tongues. For example, chameleons, frogs, salamanders and some species of fish use their tongues to catch prey. Many insects have a type of tongue called a proboscis that is used for the same purpose or, in the case of butterflies, to drink nectar [4]. The corresponding organ in ants is called the hypopharynx [5]. Molluscs have a rough tongue called a radula [6], which they use to grind food.

Tongue rolling

Rolled Tongue

Tongue rolling is the act of rolling the tongue axially into a tube shape. The ability to roll the tongue has been generally believed to depend on genetic inheritance. Tongue rolling was believed to be a dominant trait with simple Mendelian inheritance, and is still commonly used as an example in high school and introductory biology courses. It provided a simple experiment to demonstrate inheritance.

There is little laboratory evidence, though, for the common belief that tongue rolling is inheritable and dominant. A 1975 twin study found that identical twins (who share all of their genes) were no more likely than fraternal twins (who share an average of half) to both have the same phenotype for tongue rolling.[4][5]

Tongue as a food

The tongues of some animals are consumed and sometimes considered delicacies. In America and the United Kingdom, cow tongues are among the more common. Hot tongue sandwiches are frequently found on menus in Kosher delicatessens and in America. In the United Kingdom tongue can often be found at the local grocer, where it is often sold in reformed slices of meat after being ground up and set in gelatine. Taco de lengua (lengua being Spanish for tongue) is a taco filled with beef tongue, and is especially popular in Mexican cuisine. Tongue can also be prepared as birria. Duck tongues are sometimes employed in Szechuan dishes, while lamb's tongue is occasionally employed in Continental and contemporary American cooking. Fried cod tongue is a relatively common part of fish meals in Norway and Newfoundland.

Tongues are also used in sausage making. Historically, buffalo tongue was once considered an especially exquisite dish, and is one of the reasons for the American Bison being hunted by humans to the point of near extinction.

Miscellaneous facts

  • Tung was the original Webster spelling of tongue
  • Stephen Taylor holds the world record for the world's longest tongue. It measures 9.5 centimeters from the tip to the center of his closed top lip. Annika Irmler holds the record for longest female tongue, at 7 centimeters.[6]

Additional images

See also

External links


Template:Oral pathology Template:Gustatory system Template:Human anatomical features Template:Head and neck general

References

  1. Drake, R. et al. Gray's Anatomy for Students, Elsevier, 2005. ISBN 0-443-06612-4
  2. Bartoshuk, L.M. (1989). Taste: Robust across the Age Span? Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 561, pp. 65-75.
  3. "Painful tongue".
  4. http://www.discovery.com/area/skinnyon/skinnyon970226/skinny1.html
  5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/dispomim.cgi?id=189300
  6. 'I've got the world's longest tongue' Retrieved 24 April 2007.


ar:لسان bg:Език (биология) ca:Llengua (múscul) cs:Jazyk (orgán) cy:Tafod da:Tunge de:Zunge el:Γλώσσα (ανατομία) eo:Lango (anatomio) gd:Teanga ko:혀 hr:Jezik (anatomija) id:Lidah ia:Lingua (anatomia) it:Lingua (anatomia) he:לשון (איבר) ka:ენა (ორგანო) la:Lingua (membrum) lt:Liežuvis ln:Lolému hu:Nyelv (testrész) mk:Јазик (анатомски орган) ml:നാവ് nl:Tong (anatomie) no:Tunge nn:Tunge rmy:Chhib (korposki) qu:Qallu simple:Tongue sk:Jazyk (orgán) fi:Kieli (anatomia) sv:Tunga ta:நாக்கு te:నాలుక th:ลิ้น tg:Забон (андом) uk:Язик fiu-vro:Kiil (anatoomia) yi:צונג zh-yue:脷 diq:Zıwan (organ)

Template:Jb1 Template:WH Template:WS