Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo differential diagnosis

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Fahimeh Shojaei, M.D.

Overview

BPPV must be differentiated from other diseases that cause vertigo, nystagmus, and hearing problems, such as vestibular neuritis, HSV oticus, Meniere disease, labyrinrhine concussion, perilymphatic fistula, semicircular canal dehiscence syndrome, vestibular paroxysmia, Cogan syndrome, vestibular schwannoma, otitis media, aminoglycoside toxicity, recurrent vestibulopathy, vestibular migraine, epileptic vertigo, multiple sclerosis, brain tumors, cerebellar infarction/hemorrhage, brain stem ischemia, chiari malformation, and Parkinson.

Differentiating BPPV from other Diseases

BPPV must be differentiated from other diseases that cause vertigo, nystagmus, and hearing problems, such as vestibular neuritis, HSV oticus, Meniere disease, labyrinrhine concussion, perilymphatic fistula, semicircular canal dehiscence syndrome, vestibular paroxysmia, Cogan syndrome, vestibular schwannoma, otitis media, aminoglycoside toxicity, recurrent vestibulopathy, vestibular migraine, epileptic vertigo, multiple sclerosis, brain tumors, cerebellar infarction/hemorrhage, brain stem ischemia, chiari malformation, and Parkinson.

Differentiating BPPV from other diseases on the basis of vertigo, nystagmus, and hearing problems

On the basis of vertigo, nystagmus, and hearing problems, BPPV must be differentiated from vestibular neuritis, HSV oticus, Meniere disease, labyrinrhine concussion, perilymphatic fistula, semicircular canal dehiscence syndrome, vestibular paroxysmia, Cogan syndrome, vestibular schwannoma, otitis media, aminoglycoside toxicity, recurrent vestibulopathy, vestibular migraine, epileptic vertigo, multiple sclerosis, brain tumors, cerebellar infarction/hemorrhage, brain stem ischemia, chiari malformation, and Parkinson.

Diseases Clinical manifestations Para-clinical findings Gold standard Additional findings
Symptoms Physical examination
Lab Findings Imaging
Acute onset Recurrency Nystagmus Hearing problems
Peripheral
BPPV
[1][2][3]
+ + +/−
Vestibular neuritis
[4]
+ +/− + /−

(unilateral)

  • + Head thrust test
HSV oticus
[5][6][7][8]
+ +/− +/− + VZV antibody titres
Meniere disease
[9][10]
+/− + +/− + (Progressive)
Labyrinthine concussion
[11][12]
+ +
Perilymphatic fistula
[13][14][15]
+/− + +
  • CT scan may show fluid around the round window recess
Semicircular canal

dehiscence syndrome
[16][17]

+/− + +

(air-bone gaps on audiometry)

Vestibular paroxysmia
[18][19][20]
+ + +/−

(Induced by hyperventilation)

Cogan syndrome
[21][22][23]
+ +/− + Increased ESR and cryoglobulins
  • In CT scan we may see calcification or soft tissue attenuation obliterating the intralabyrinthine fluid spaces
Vestibular schwannoma
[24][25]
+ +/− +
Otitis media
[26][27]
+ +/− Increased acute phase reactants
Aminoglycoside toxicity
[28]
+ +
Recurrent vestibulopathy
[29][30]
+
  • It may happen infrequently, every one to two years
  • It may be associated with nausea and vomiting
  • It may overlap with vestibular migraine
Central
Vestibular migrain
[31][32]
+ +/− +/−
  • ICHD-3 criteria
Epileptic vertigo
[33]
+ +/−
  • They response well to anti-seizure drugs
Multiple sclerosis
[34][35][36]
+ +/− Elevated concentration of CSF oligoclonal bands
  • MS is at least two times more common among women than men
  • The onset of symptoms is mostly between the age of fifteen to forty years, rarely before age fifteen or after age sixty
Brain tumors
[37]
+/− + + + Cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) may show cancerous cells
  • On CT scan most of the brain tumors appears as a hypodense mass lesions
  • On MRI most of the brain tumors appears as a hypointense or isointense on T1-weighted scans, or hyperintense on T2-weighted MRI.
Cerebellar infarction/hemorrhage + ++/−
  • Based on the time interval between stroke and imaging we may have different presentations
Brain stem ischemia + +/−
  • Based on the time interval between stroke and imaging we may have different presentations
  • For more information click here
Chiari malformation
[38][39]
+ +
  • Patient may experience ringing in the ears
Parkinson
[40][41][42]
+

ABBREVIATIONS

VZV= Varicella zoster virus, MRI= Magnetic resonance imaging, ESR= Erythrocyte sedimentation rate, EEG= Electroencephalogram, CSF= Cerebrospinal fluid, GPe= Globus pallidus externa, ICHD= International Classification of Headache Disorders

References

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